Assessment of Interprofessional Education: Key Issues, Ideas, Challenges, and Opportunities

  • Brian S. Simmons
  • Susan J. Wagner
  • Scott Reeves
Chapter
Part of the Innovation and Change in Professional Education book series (ICPE, volume 13)

Abstract

Over the past few decades interprofessional education (IPE) has grown within the health professional education. IPE aims to provide learners with interactive experiences in order to prepare them better to work collaboratively to effectively meet the needs of patients, clients, and families. While the IPE literature has expanded significantly in the past few years, efforts to produce rigorous assessment of IPE continue to be a challenge. At present, most IPE assessment is focused on learner self-assessment that only provides a perception of what the learner thinks she/he may have learned. These struggles with assessing IPE appear to be rooted in a number of factors, including uncertainty about what to assess (e.g., individuals, groups, and/or teams), logistical challenges with organizing assessment for large groups of students and limited resources for IPE assessment. Despite these difficulties, it is recommended that the principles of assessment should be adhered to in any IPE activity. This chapter provides an exploration of key issues related to the assessment of IPE. It outlines the purpose of assessment and the use of an assessment blueprint to ensure that learners cover the relevant collaborative competencies. It also reflects on the processes of designing and implementing an IPE assessment activity and conceptualizes what needs to be assessed in IPE. This is illustrated using a clinical competency continuum model that employs the concept of milestones and applies ‘entrusted professional activities’ in a performance framework.

References

  1. Barr, H., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., Hammick, M., & Freeth, D. (2005). Effective interprofessional education: Assumption. Blackwell, Oxford: Argument and Evidence.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert. American Journal of Nursing, 82(3), 402–407.Google Scholar
  3. Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE). (2002). Interprofessional education: A definition. Available at: www.caipe.org/ipe-definition
  4. Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. (2010). A national interprofessional competency framework. Available at: http://www.cihc.ca/files/CIHC_IPCompetencies_Feb1210.pdf
  5. Chumley, H. S. (2008). What does an OSCE checklist measure? Family Medicine, 40, 589–591.Google Scholar
  6. Curran, V., Hollett, A., Casimiro, L., Mccarthy, P., Banfield, V., Hall, P., et al. (2011). Development and validation of the interprofessional collaborator assessment rubric (ICAR). Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(5), 339–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. D’Eon, M. (2004). A blueprint for interprofessional learning. Medical Teacher, 26(7), 604–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Dreyfus, H. L. (1972). What computers can’t do: A critique of artificial reason. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
  9. Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., et al. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet, 376(9756), 1923–1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Hamdy, H. (2006). Blueprinting for assessment of health care professionals. Clinical Teacher, 3, 175–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Hammick, M., Freeth, D., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., & Barr, H. (2007). A best evidence systematic review of interprofessional education. Medical Teacher, 29, 735–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Institute of Medicine. (2013). Interprofessional education for collaboration: Learning how to improve health from interprofessional models across the continuum of education to practice—Workshop summary. Washington DC: National Academies of Practice.Google Scholar
  13. Institute of Medicine. (2014). Measuring the impact of interprofessional education (IPE) on collaborative practice and patient outcomes: A consensus study. Washington DC: National Academies of Practice.Google Scholar
  14. Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. (2011). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: Report of an expert panel. Washington, DC: Interprofessional Education Collaborative.Google Scholar
  15. Lidskog, M., Löfmark, A., & Ahlström, G. (2009). Learning through participating on an interprofessional training ward. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 23, 486–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Lundon, K., Kennedy, C., Rozmovits, L., Sinclair, L., Shupak, R., Warmington, K., et al. (2013). Evaluation of perceived collaborative behaviour amongst stakeholders and clinicians of a continuing education programme in arthritis care. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27(401–407), 11.Google Scholar
  17. Miller, G. (1990). The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine, 65, S63–S67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Morison, S., & Stewart, M. (2005). Developing interprofessional assessment. Learning in Health and Social Care, 4(4), 192–202.Google Scholar
  19. Mulder, M., Gulikers, J., Biemans, H. J. A., & Wesselink, R. (2010).The new competence concept in higher education: error or enrichment? In D. Münk & A. Schelten (Eds.), Kompetenzermittlung für die Berufsbildung. Verfahren, Probleme und Perspektiven im nationalen, europäischen und internationalen Raum (pp. 189–204). Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, Bonn.Google Scholar
  20. Pollard, K. C., & Miers, M. E. (2008). From students to professionals: Results of a longitudinal study of attitudes to pre-qualifying collaborative learning and working in health and social care in the United Kingdom. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22, 399–416.Google Scholar
  21. Reeves, S. (2012). The rise and rise of interprofessional competence. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 26, 253–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Reeves, S., Lewin, S., Espin, S., & Zwarenstein, M. (2010). Interprofessional teamwork for health and social care. London: Blackwell-Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Reeves, S., Perrier, L., Goldman, J., Freeth, D., Zwarenstein, M. (2013). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002213. doi:  10.1002/14651858.CD002213.pub3
  24. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. (2005). CanMEDS physician competencies. Ottawa: RCPSC.Google Scholar
  25. Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
  26. Singleton, S., Smith, F., Harris, T., Ross-Harper, R., & Hilton, S. (1999). An evaluation of the team objective structured clinical examination (TOSCE). Medical Education, 33, 34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Simmons, B., Egan-Lee, E., Wagner, S., Esdaile, M., Baker, L., & Reeves, S. (2011). Assessment of interprofessional learning: the design an interprofessional objective structured examination approach. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25, 73–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Simmons, B., Egan-Lee, E., Wagner, S., Esdaile, M., Baker, L., & Reeves, S. (2012). Interprofessional objective structured examination (iOSCE): Final evaluation report. Toronto: University of Toronto.Google Scholar
  29. Sterkenburg, A., Barach, P., Kalkman, C., Gielen, M., & ten Cate, O. (2010). When do supervising physicians decide to entrust residents with unsupervised tasks? Academic Medicine, 85(9), 1408–1417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Symonds, I., Cullen, L., & Fraser, D. (2003). Evaluation of a formative interprofessional team objective structured clinical examination (ITOSCE): A method of shared learning in maternity education. Medical Teacher, 25(1), 38–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. ten Cate, O. (2005). Entrustability of professional activities and competency-based training. Medical Education, 39, 1176–1177.Google Scholar
  32. ten Cate, O. (2013). Nuts and bolts of entrustable professional activities. Journal of graduate medical education, 5(1), 157–158.Google Scholar
  33. Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. van der Vleuten, C. (2008). Assessment past present and future, theories and concepts. Keynote Presentation, Wilson Centre Research Day, University of Toronto, November 2008.Google Scholar
  35. Wagner, S., & Reeves, S. (2015). Milestones and entrustable professional activities: The key to practically translating competencies? Journal of Interprofessional Care, 29, 507–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. World Health Organization. (2010). Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
  37. Zwarenstein, M., Atkins, J., Hammick, M., Barr, H., Koppel, I., & Reeves, S. (1999). Interprofessional education and systematic review: A new initiative in evaluation. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13, 417–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Brian S. Simmons
    • 1
  • Susan J. Wagner
    • 2
  • Scott Reeves
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of PaediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
  2. 2.Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
  3. 3.Faculty of Health, Social Care and EducationKingston UniversityLondonUK

Personalised recommendations