Assessing Competence in Professional Performance across Disciplines and Professions pp 237-252 | Cite as
Assessment of Interprofessional Education: Key Issues, Ideas, Challenges, and Opportunities
Abstract
Over the past few decades interprofessional education (IPE) has grown within the health professional education. IPE aims to provide learners with interactive experiences in order to prepare them better to work collaboratively to effectively meet the needs of patients, clients, and families. While the IPE literature has expanded significantly in the past few years, efforts to produce rigorous assessment of IPE continue to be a challenge. At present, most IPE assessment is focused on learner self-assessment that only provides a perception of what the learner thinks she/he may have learned. These struggles with assessing IPE appear to be rooted in a number of factors, including uncertainty about what to assess (e.g., individuals, groups, and/or teams), logistical challenges with organizing assessment for large groups of students and limited resources for IPE assessment. Despite these difficulties, it is recommended that the principles of assessment should be adhered to in any IPE activity. This chapter provides an exploration of key issues related to the assessment of IPE. It outlines the purpose of assessment and the use of an assessment blueprint to ensure that learners cover the relevant collaborative competencies. It also reflects on the processes of designing and implementing an IPE assessment activity and conceptualizes what needs to be assessed in IPE. This is illustrated using a clinical competency continuum model that employs the concept of milestones and applies ‘entrusted professional activities’ in a performance framework.
References
- Barr, H., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., Hammick, M., & Freeth, D. (2005). Effective interprofessional education: Assumption. Blackwell, Oxford: Argument and Evidence.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert. American Journal of Nursing, 82(3), 402–407.Google Scholar
- Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE). (2002). Interprofessional education: A definition. Available at: www.caipe.org/ipe-definition
- Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. (2010). A national interprofessional competency framework. Available at: http://www.cihc.ca/files/CIHC_IPCompetencies_Feb1210.pdf
- Chumley, H. S. (2008). What does an OSCE checklist measure? Family Medicine, 40, 589–591.Google Scholar
- Curran, V., Hollett, A., Casimiro, L., Mccarthy, P., Banfield, V., Hall, P., et al. (2011). Development and validation of the interprofessional collaborator assessment rubric (ICAR). Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(5), 339–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- D’Eon, M. (2004). A blueprint for interprofessional learning. Medical Teacher, 26(7), 604–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dreyfus, H. L. (1972). What computers can’t do: A critique of artificial reason. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
- Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., et al. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet, 376(9756), 1923–1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hamdy, H. (2006). Blueprinting for assessment of health care professionals. Clinical Teacher, 3, 175–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hammick, M., Freeth, D., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., & Barr, H. (2007). A best evidence systematic review of interprofessional education. Medical Teacher, 29, 735–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Institute of Medicine. (2013). Interprofessional education for collaboration: Learning how to improve health from interprofessional models across the continuum of education to practice—Workshop summary. Washington DC: National Academies of Practice.Google Scholar
- Institute of Medicine. (2014). Measuring the impact of interprofessional education (IPE) on collaborative practice and patient outcomes: A consensus study. Washington DC: National Academies of Practice.Google Scholar
- Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. (2011). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: Report of an expert panel. Washington, DC: Interprofessional Education Collaborative.Google Scholar
- Lidskog, M., Löfmark, A., & Ahlström, G. (2009). Learning through participating on an interprofessional training ward. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 23, 486–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lundon, K., Kennedy, C., Rozmovits, L., Sinclair, L., Shupak, R., Warmington, K., et al. (2013). Evaluation of perceived collaborative behaviour amongst stakeholders and clinicians of a continuing education programme in arthritis care. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27(401–407), 11.Google Scholar
- Miller, G. (1990). The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine, 65, S63–S67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morison, S., & Stewart, M. (2005). Developing interprofessional assessment. Learning in Health and Social Care, 4(4), 192–202.Google Scholar
- Mulder, M., Gulikers, J., Biemans, H. J. A., & Wesselink, R. (2010).The new competence concept in higher education: error or enrichment? In D. Münk & A. Schelten (Eds.), Kompetenzermittlung für die Berufsbildung. Verfahren, Probleme und Perspektiven im nationalen, europäischen und internationalen Raum (pp. 189–204). Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, Bonn.Google Scholar
- Pollard, K. C., & Miers, M. E. (2008). From students to professionals: Results of a longitudinal study of attitudes to pre-qualifying collaborative learning and working in health and social care in the United Kingdom. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22, 399–416.Google Scholar
- Reeves, S. (2012). The rise and rise of interprofessional competence. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 26, 253–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reeves, S., Lewin, S., Espin, S., & Zwarenstein, M. (2010). Interprofessional teamwork for health and social care. London: Blackwell-Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reeves, S., Perrier, L., Goldman, J., Freeth, D., Zwarenstein, M. (2013). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002213.pub3
- Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. (2005). CanMEDS physician competencies. Ottawa: RCPSC.Google Scholar
- Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
- Singleton, S., Smith, F., Harris, T., Ross-Harper, R., & Hilton, S. (1999). An evaluation of the team objective structured clinical examination (TOSCE). Medical Education, 33, 34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simmons, B., Egan-Lee, E., Wagner, S., Esdaile, M., Baker, L., & Reeves, S. (2011). Assessment of interprofessional learning: the design an interprofessional objective structured examination approach. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25, 73–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simmons, B., Egan-Lee, E., Wagner, S., Esdaile, M., Baker, L., & Reeves, S. (2012). Interprofessional objective structured examination (iOSCE): Final evaluation report. Toronto: University of Toronto.Google Scholar
- Sterkenburg, A., Barach, P., Kalkman, C., Gielen, M., & ten Cate, O. (2010). When do supervising physicians decide to entrust residents with unsupervised tasks? Academic Medicine, 85(9), 1408–1417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Symonds, I., Cullen, L., & Fraser, D. (2003). Evaluation of a formative interprofessional team objective structured clinical examination (ITOSCE): A method of shared learning in maternity education. Medical Teacher, 25(1), 38–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- ten Cate, O. (2005). Entrustability of professional activities and competency-based training. Medical Education, 39, 1176–1177.Google Scholar
- ten Cate, O. (2013). Nuts and bolts of entrustable professional activities. Journal of graduate medical education, 5(1), 157–158.Google Scholar
- Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- van der Vleuten, C. (2008). Assessment past present and future, theories and concepts. Keynote Presentation, Wilson Centre Research Day, University of Toronto, November 2008.Google Scholar
- Wagner, S., & Reeves, S. (2015). Milestones and entrustable professional activities: The key to practically translating competencies? Journal of Interprofessional Care, 29, 507–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. (2010). Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
- Zwarenstein, M., Atkins, J., Hammick, M., Barr, H., Koppel, I., & Reeves, S. (1999). Interprofessional education and systematic review: A new initiative in evaluation. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13, 417–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar