Introduction
Abstract
A significant part of the flux of dissolved substances from land to the sea occurs through river transport via the drainage basins network (Turner et al. 1999). The input from major rivers is gauged and well analyzed with relatively precise estimates of the quantities of freshwater and chemical constituents entering the marine environment. Recently, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important factor influencing coastal zones (Burnett et al. 2006; McCoy and Corbett 2009; Moore 2010). It has been indicated that subterranean non-point pathways of material transport may be of considerable importance in some coastal areas (Beck et al. 2010; Lee et al. 2011; Kim and Kim 2014). SGD is an essential component of the water cycle and can be, in selected areas, comparable in volume to the riverine flux (e.g. Atlantic Ocean, Moore 2010).
Keywords
Coastal Zone Chemical Substance Chemical Constituent Water Cycle Coastal EcosystemReferences
- Beck AJ, Tsukamato Y, Tovar-Sanchez A, Huerta-Diaz M, Bokuniewicz HJ, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA (2006) Importance of geochemical transformations in determining submarine groundwater discharge-derived trace metal and nutrient fluxes. Appl Geochem 22:477–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beck AJ, Rapaglia JP, Cochran JK, Bokuniewicz HJ (2007) Radium mass-balance in Jamaica Bay, NY: Evidence for substantial flux of submarine groundwater. Mar Chem 106:419–441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beck AJ, Cochran JK, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA (2010) The distribution and speciation of dissolved trace metals in a shallow subterranean estuary. Mar Chem 121:145–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burnett WC, Aggarwal PK, Aureli A, Bokuniewicz HJ, Cable JE, Charette MA, Kontar E, Krupa S, Kulkarni KM, Loveless A, Moore WS, Oberdorfer JA, Oliveira J, Ozyurt N, Povinec P, Privitera AMG, Rajar R, Ramessur RT, Scholten J, Stieglitz T, Taniguchi M, Turner JV (2006) Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal zone via multiple methods. Sci Total Environ 367:498–543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Charette MA, Sholkovitz ER (2006) Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: Part 2. Geochemistry of the pore water. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 70:811–826CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Eemus D, Froend G, Lommes R, Hose G, Murray B (2006) A functional methodology for determining the groundwater regime needed to maintain health of groundwater-dependent vegetation. Austr J Botan 54:97–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kim G, Kim JS (2014) Submarine groundwater discharge as a main source of rare earth elements in coastal waters. Mar Chem 160:11–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kotwicki L, Grzelak K, Czub M, Dellwig O, Gentz T, Szymczycha B, Böttcher M (2014) Submarine groundwater discharge to the Baltic coastal zone—Impact on meiofaunal community. J Mar Syst 129:118–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee YW, Rahman MDM, Kim G, Han S (2011) Mass balance of total mercury and monomethylmercury in coastal embayments of a volcanic islands: significance of submarine groundwater discharge. Environ Sci Technol 45:9891–9900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McCoy CA, Corbett DR (2009) Review of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in coastal zones of the Southeast and Gulf Coast regions of the United States with management implications. J Environ Manag 90:644–651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Moore WS (1999) The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of ground water and sea water. Mar Chem 65:111–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Moore WS (2010) The effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2:59–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Valiela I, Foreman K, LaMontagne M, Hersh D, Costa J, Peckol P, DeMeo-Anderson B, D’Avanzo D, Babione M, Sham CH, Brawlej J, Lajtha K (1992) Coupling of watersheds and coastal waters: sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 15:443–457CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Turner RK, Georgiou S, Gren I-M, Wulff F, Barret S, Sӧderqvist T, Bateman IJ, Folke C, Langaas S, Żylicz T, Mäler K-G, Markowska A (1999) Managing nutrient fluxes and pollution in the Baltic: an interdisciplinary simulation study. Ecolog Econ 30:333–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar