Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

  • William S. Asch
  • Sergio F. F. Santos
  • Aldo J. Peixoto
Part of the Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases book series (CHVD)

Abstract

Hypertension is a cause and a consequence of kidney disease, contributes to chronic kidney disease progression, and is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor in this population. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring provide additive information about hypertensive disease burden and have generated ample data on the commonly abnormal BP profile in patients with chronic kidney diseases, dialysis, and transplantation. While the data are less definitive than in the general population and in essential hypertension, these out-of-office BP measures appear to be superior to office BP in the prediction of adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Keywords

Chronic kidney disease Dialysis Interdialytic blood pressure 

References

  1. 1.
    Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):260–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Peixoto AJ, Santos SF. Blood pressure management in hemodialysis: what have we learned? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19(6):561–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Weir MR, Burgess ED, Cooper JE, et al. Assessment and management of hypertension in transplant patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014080834.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet. 2013;382(9889):339–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    McManus RJ, Caulfield M, Williams B, National Institute for H, Clinical E. NICE hypertension guideline 2011: evidence based evolution. BMJ. 2012;344:e181.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49–61.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Peixoto AJ, White WB. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in chronic renal disease: technical aspects and clinical relevance. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002;11(5):507–16.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Baumgart P, Walger P, Gemen S, von Eiff M, Raidt H, Rahn KH. Blood pressure elevation during the night in chronic renal failure, hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Nephron. 1991;57(3):293–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Pogue V, Rahman M, Lipkowitz M, et al. Disparate estimates of hypertension control from ambulatory and clinic blood pressure measurements in hypertensive kidney disease. Hypertension. 2009;53(1):20–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Mojon A, Ayala DE, Pineiro L, et al. Comparison of ambulatory blood pressure parameters of hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease. Chronobiol Int. 2013;30(1–2):145–58.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Hermida RC, Smolensky MH, Ayala DE, et al. Abnormalities in chronic kidney disease of ambulatory blood pressure 24 h patterning and normalization by bedtime hypertension chronotherapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(6):1160–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, et al. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(11):797–805.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Timio M, Venanzi S, Lolli S, et al. “Non-dipper” hypertensive patients and progressive renal insufficiency: a 3-year longitudinal study. Clin Nephrol. 1995;43(6):382–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Farmer CK, Goldsmith DJ, Quin JD, et al. Progression of diabetic nephropathy—is diurnal blood pressure rhythm as important as absolute blood pressure level? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(3):635–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Csiky B, Kovacs T, Wagner L, Vass T, Nagy J. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(1):86–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of ambulatory blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;69(7):1175–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Gabbai FB, Rahman M, Hu B, et al. Relationship between ambulatory BP and clinical outcomes in patients with hypertensive CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(11):1770–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Tucker B, Fabbian F, Giles M, Thuraisingham RC, Raine AE, Baker LR. Left ventricular hypertrophy and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12(4):724–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Szelestei T, Kovacs T, Barta J, Nagy J. Circadian blood pressure changes and cardiac abnormalities in IgA nephropathy. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(5):546–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Valero FA, Martinez-Vea A, Bardaji A, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass in normotensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(5):1020–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Correlates of systolic hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hypertension. 2005;46(3):514–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;69(2):406–11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Minutolo R, Agarwal R, Borrelli S, et al. Prognostic role of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(12):1090–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Minutolo R, Gabbai FB, Agarwal R, et al. Assessment of achieved clinic and ambulatory blood pressure recordings and outcomes during treatment in hypertensive patients with CKD: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(5):744–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Cheigh JS, Milite C, Sullivan JF, Rubin AL, Stenzel KH. Hypertension is not adequately controlled in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1992;19(5):453–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Cannella G, Paoletti E, Ravera G, et al. Inadequate diagnosis and therapy of arterial hypertension as causes of left ventricular hypertrophy in uremic dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2000;58(1):260–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Rahman M, Griffin V, Heyka R, Hoit B. Diurnal variation of blood pressure; reproducibility and association with left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Blood Press Monit. 2005;10(1):25–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Santos SF, Mendes RB, Santos CA, Dorigo D, Peixoto AJ. Profile of interdialytic blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23(2):96–105.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Agarwal R, Light RP. Arterial stiffness and interdialytic weight gain influence ambulatory blood pressure patterns in hemodialysis patients. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;294(2):F303–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Peixoto AJ, Sica DA. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in end-stage renal disease. Blood Press Monit. 1997;2(6):275–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Kotanko P, Garg AX, Depner T, et al. Effects of frequent hemodialysis on blood pressure: results from the randomized frequent hemodialysis network trials. Hemodial Int. 2015;2015(5):12255.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Mendes RB, Santos SF, Dorigo D, et al. The use of peridialysis blood pressure and intradialytic blood pressure changes in the prediction of interdialytic blood pressure in haemodialysis patients. Blood Press Monit. 2003;8(6):243–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Agarwal R, Lewis RR. Prediction of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60(5):1982–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Coomer RW, Schulman G, Breyer JA, Shyr Y. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in dialysis patients and estimation of mean interdialytic blood pressure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29(5):678–84.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Rodby RA, Vonesh EF, Korbet SM. Blood pressures in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23(3):401–11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Agarwal R, Metiku T, Tegegne GG, et al. Diagnosing hypertension by intradialytic blood pressure recordings. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(5):1364–72. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01510308. Epub 2008 May 21.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Agarwal R. Supervised atenolol therapy in the management of hemodialysis hypertension. Kidney Int. 1999;55(4):1528–35.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Agarwal R, Lewis R, Davis JL, Becker B. Lisinopril therapy for hemodialysis hypertension: hemodynamic and endocrine responses. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(6):1245–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    da Silva GV, de Barros S, Abensur H, Ortega KC, Mion Jr D. Home blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure control among haemodialysis patients: an open randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(12):3805–11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Santos SF, Peixoto AJ, Perazella MA. How should we manage adverse intradialytic blood pressure changes? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19(3):158–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Batlle DC, von Riotte A, Lang G. Delayed hypotensive response to dialysis in hypertensive patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Nephrol. 1986;6(1):14–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Van Buren PN, Kim C, Toto R, Inrig JK. Intradialytic hypertension and the association with interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(7):1684–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Agarwal R, Light RP. Intradialytic hypertension is a marker of volume excess. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(10):3355–61.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Agarwal R. Managing hypertension using home blood pressure monitoring among haemodialysis patients—a call to action. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(6):1766–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Cocchi R, Degli Esposti E, Fabbri A, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in patients on peritoneal dialysis: results of an Italian multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(6):1536–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Farmer CK, Goldsmith DJ, Cox J, Dallyn P, Kingswood JC, Sharpstone P. An investigation of the effect of advancing uraemia, renal replacement therapy and renal transplantation on blood pressure diurnal variability. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12(11):2301–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Wang MC, Tseng CC, Tsai WC, Huang JJ. Blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients on different peritoneal dialysis regimens. Perit Dial Int. 2001;21(1):36–42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Tonbul Z, Altintepe L, Sozlu C, Yeksan M, Yildiz A, Turk S. The association of peritoneal transport properties with 24-hour blood pressure levels in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int. 2003;23(1):46–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Covic A, Goldsmith DJ, Georgescu G, Venning MC, Ackrill P. Echocardiographic findings in long-term, long-hour hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1996;45(2):104–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    McGregor DO, Buttimore AL, Nicholls MG, Lynn KL. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients receiving long, slow home haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(11):2676–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Nishikimi T, Minami J, Tamano K, et al. Left ventricular mass relates to average systolic blood pressure, but not loss of circadian blood pressure in stable hemodialysis patients: an ambulatory 48-hour blood pressure study. Hypertens Res. 2001;24(5):507–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Erturk S, Ertug AE, Ates K, Duman N, Aslan SM, Nergisoglu G, et al. Relationship of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data to echocardiographic findings in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(10):2050–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Agarwal R, Brim NJ, Mahenthiran J, Andersen MJ, Saha C. Out-of-hemodialysis-unit blood pressure is a superior determinant of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2006;47(1):62–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Goldsmith DJ, Covic AC, Venning MC, Ackrill P. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in renal dialysis and transplant patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29(4):593–600.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Conlon PJ, Walshe JJ, Heinle SK, Minda S, Krucoff M, Schwab SJ. Predialysis systolic blood pressure correlates strongly with mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass in stable hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(12):2658–63.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, et al. Prediction of left ventricular geometry by clinic, pre-dialysis and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring in hemodialysis patients: CREED investigators. J Hypertens. 1999;17(12 Pt 1):1751–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Stewart GA, Foster J, Cowan M, et al. Echocardiography overestimates left ventricular mass in hemodialysis patients relative to magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney Int. 1999;56(6):2248–53.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Amar J, Vernier I, Rossignol E, Lenfant V, Conte JJ, Chamontin B. Influence of nycthemeral blood pressure pattern in treated hypertensive patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1997;51(6):1863–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Covic A, Goldsmith DJ, Covic M. Reduced blood pressure diurnal variability as a risk factor for progressive left ventricular dilatation in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(4):617–23.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1999;99:2434–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Karpetas A, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, et al. Ambulatory recording of wave reflections and arterial stiffness during intra- and interdialytic periods in patients treated with dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(4):630–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Amar J, Vernier I, Rossignol E, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure and 24-hour pulse pressure are potent indicators of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2000;57(6):2485–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Liu M, Takahashi H, Morita Y, et al. Non-dipping is a potent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with autonomic dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(3):563–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Tripepi G, Fagugli RM, Dattolo P, et al. Prognostic value of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and of night/day ratio in nondiabetic, cardiovascular events-free hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2005;68(3):1294–302.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Agarwal R. Blood pressure and mortality among hemodialysis patients. Hypertension. 2010;55(3):762–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Fagugli RM, Vecchi L, Valente F, Santirosi P, Laviola MM. Comparison between oscillometric and auscultatory methods of ambulatory blood pressure measurement in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 2002;57(4):283–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Peixoto AJ, Gray TA, Crowley ST. Validation of the SpaceLabs 90207 ambulatory blood pressure device for hemodialysis patients. Blood Press Monit. 1999;4(5):217–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Peixoto AJ, Santos SF, Mendes RB, Crowley ST, Maldonado R, Orias M, et al. Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(5):983–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Sankaranarayanan N, Santos SF, Peixoto AJ. Blood pressure measurement in dialysis patients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2004;11(2):134–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Ojo AO, Hanson JA, Wolfe RA, Leichtman AB, Agodoa LY, Port FK. Long-term survival in renal transplant recipients with graft function. Kidney Int. 2000;57(1):307–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Ghods AJ, Ossareh S. Detection and treatment of coronary artery disease in renal transplantation candidates. Transplant Proc. 2002;34(6):2415–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Ostovan MA, Fazelzadeh A, Mehdizadeh AR, Razmkon A, Malek-Hosseini SA. How to decrease cardiovascular mortality in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(9):2887–92.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Fellström B. Risk factors for and management of post-transplantation cardiovascular disease. BioDrugs. 2001;15(4):261–78.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Kasiske BL, Guijarro C, Massy ZA, Wiederkehr MR, Ma JZ. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(1):158–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Kasiske BL, Chakkera HA, Roel J. Explained and unexplained ischemic heart disease risk after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(9):1735–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Hillebrand U, Suwelack BM, Loley K, et al. Blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, and graft survival in kidney transplant patients. Transpl Int. 2009;22(11):1073–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Opelz G, Döhler B, Study CT. Improved long-term outcomes after renal transplantation associated with blood pressure control. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(11):2725–31.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Fernandez Fresnedo G, Franco Esteve A, Gómez Huertas E, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in kidney transplant patients: RETENAL study. Transplant Proc. 2012;44(9):2601–2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Czyżewski Ł, Wyzgał J, Kołek A. Evaluation of selected risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among patients after kidney transplantation, with particular focus on the role of 24-hour automatic blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension: an introductory report. Ann Transplant. 2014;19:188–98.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Miller LW. Cardiovascular toxicities of immunosuppressive agents. Am J Transplant. 2002;2(9):807–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Azancot MA, Ramos N, Moreso FJ, et al. Hypertension in chronic kidney disease: the influence of renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2014;98(5):537–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Masding MG, Jones JR, Bartley E, Sandeman DD. Assessment of blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes: comparison between home blood pressure monitoring, clinic blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diabet Med. 2001;18(6):431–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Agena F, Prado Eo S, Souza PS, et al. Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in kidney transplant recipients is more adequate to monitor BP than office BP. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(11):3745–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Covic A, Segall L, Goldsmith DJ. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in renal transplantation: should ABPM be routinely performed in renal transplant patients? Transplantation. 2003;76(11):1640–2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Ferreira SR, Moises VA, Tavares A, Pacheco-Silva A. Cardiovascular effects of successful renal transplantation: a 1-year sequential study of left ventricular morphology and function, and 24-hour blood pressure profile. Transplantation. 2002;74(11):1580–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Jacobi J, Rockstroh J, John S, et al. Prospective analysis of the value of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure on renal function after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2000;70(5):819–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Wadei HM, Amer H, Taler SJ, et al. Diurnal blood pressure changes one year after kidney transplantation: relationship to allograft function, histology, and resistive index. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(5):1607–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Haydar AA, Covic A, Agharazili M, Jayawardene S, Taylor J, Goldsmith DJ. Systolic blood pressure diurnal variation is not a predictor of renal target organ damage in kidney transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2003;4(2):244–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Ibernon M, Moreso F, Sarrias X, et al. Reverse dipper pattern of blood pressure at 3 months is associated with inflammation and outcome after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(5):2089–95.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Anderson CF, Velosa JA, Frohnert PP, et al. The risks of unilateral nephrectomy: status of kidney donors 10 to 20 years postoperatively. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60(6):367–74.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Torres VE, Offord KP, Anderson CF, et al. Blood pressure determinants in living-related renal allograft donors and their recipients. Kidney Int. 1987;31(6):1383–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Talseth T, Fauchald P, Skrede S, et al. Long-term blood pressure and renal function in kidney donors. Kidney Int. 1986;29(5):1072–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Ommen ES, Schröppel B, Kim JY, et al. Routine use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in potential living kidney donors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(5):1030–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    DeLoach SS, Meyers KE, Townsend RR. Living donor kidney donation: another form of white coat effect. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(1):75–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Routledge FS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Dean CR, Society CH. Night-time blood pressure patterns and target organ damage: a review. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23(2):132–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Mjøen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney Int. 2014;86(1):162–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, et al. Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA. 2014;311(6):579–86.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Prasad GV, Lipszyc D, Huang M, Nash MM, Rapi L. A prospective observational study of changes in renal function and cardiovascular risk following living kidney donation. Transplantation. 2008;86(9):1315–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Sinha AD, Agarwal R. The complex relationship between CKD and ambulatory blood pressure patterns. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015;22(2):102–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Peixoto AJ, White WB. Circadian blood pressure: clinical implications based on the pathophysiology of its variability. Kidney Int. 2007;71(9):855–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    O’Shea JC, Murphy MB. Nocturnal blood pressure dipping: a consequence of diurnal physical activity blipping? Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(6 Pt 1):601–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Kutner NG, Cardenas DD, Bower JD. Rehabilitation, aging and chronic renal disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71(2):97–101.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Uzu T, Ishikawa K, Fujii T, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, Kimura G. Sodium restriction shifts circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1997;96(6):1859–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Higashi Y, Oshima T, Ozono R, et al. Nocturnal decline in blood pressure is attenuated by NaCl loading in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension: noninvasive 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 1997;30(2 Pt 1):163–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Uzu T, Kimura G. Diuretics shift circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1999;100(15):1635–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Charra B, Calemard E, Ruffet M, et al. Survival as an index of adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int. 1992;41(5):1286–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Katzarski KS, Charra B, Luik AJ, Nisell J, Divino Filho JC, Leypoldt JK, et al. Fluid state and blood pressure control in patients treated with long and short haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(2):369–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Chazot C, Charra B, Laurent G, et al. Interdialysis blood pressure control by long haemodialysis sessions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(6):831–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Fagugli RM, Reboldi G, Quintaliani G, et al. Short daily hemodialysis: blood pressure control and left ventricular mass reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(2):371–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Agarwal R, Light RP. GFR, proteinuria and circadian blood pressure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(8):2400–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Peixoto AJ, Orias M, Desir GV. Does kidney disease cause hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15(2):89–94.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Hanly PJ, Pierratos A. Improvement of sleep apnea in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo nocturnal hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(2):102–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Tripepi G, et al. Nocturnal hypoxemia, night-day arterial pressure changes and left ventricular geometry in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1998;53(4):1078–84.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and nocturnal hypoxemia in hemodialysis patients. J Hypertens. 2001;19(2):287–93.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Langevin B, Fouque D, Leger P, Robert D. Sleep apnea syndrome and end-stage renal disease. Cure after renal transplantation. Chest. 1993;103(5):1330–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Agarwal R, Light RP, Bills JE, Hummel LA. Nocturia, nocturnal activity, and nondipping. Hypertension. 2009;54(3):646–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27(8):1629–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Manfredini R, degli Uberti EC, Fersini C. Time-dependent effect of isradipine on the nocturnal hypertension in chronic renal failure. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(7):719–26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. Bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(12):2313–21.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Minutolo R, Gabbai FB, Borrelli S, et al. Changing the timing of antihypertensive therapy to reduce nocturnal blood pressure in CKD: an 8-week uncontrolled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(6):908–17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Rahman M, Greene T, Phillips RA, et al. A trial of 2 strategies to reduce nocturnal blood pressure in blacks with chronic kidney disease. Hypertension. 2013;61(1):82–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • William S. Asch
    • 1
  • Sergio F. F. Santos
    • 2
  • Aldo J. Peixoto
    • 3
  1. 1.Section of NephrologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUSA
  2. 2.Division of NephrologyState University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
  3. 3.Department of Internal Medicine, Section of NephrologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUSA

Personalised recommendations