License to Kill: A New Model for Excusing Medically Assisted Dying?
Abstract
In this chapter, we seek to offer a fresh perspective on whether or not doctors should be “licensed to kill”. As that phrase indicates, we metaphorically refer to the adventures of fictional spy James Bond, although we hope, in doing so, that readers will not think that we are belittling the serious topic with which the chapter is concerned. Having surveyed some of the familiar arguments for and against allowing medically-assisted dying, we advance a new proposal, which seeks to strike a compromise between such arguments. Our exploratory model builds on an analogy with armed response police units as they operate in England, and specifically with situations in which such officers are found to have killed someone in the course of their duties. Rather than confer immunity prospectively (as proponents of assisted dying often seek) or deny immunity completely (as opponents insist), our policy would provide a potential retrospective excuse.
Keywords
Slippery Slope Criminal Sanction Assisted Suicide Autonomous Choice Voluntary FormReferences
- Anonymous. 1988. A piece of my mind. JAMA 259: 272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Association of Chief Police Officers, Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland, and National Policing Improvement Agency. 2011. Manual of guidance on the management, command, and deployment of armed officers, third edition. http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/uniformed/2011/201111MCDofAO3.pdf.
- Austin, J.L. 1956. A plea for excuses. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 57: 1–30.Google Scholar
- Beauchamp, Tom L., and Arnold I. Davidson. 1979. The definition of euthanasia. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 4: 294–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beyleveld, Deryck, and Roger Brownsword. 2001. Human dignity in bioethics and biolaw. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Biggs, Hazel. 1998. ‘I don’t want to be a burden!’ A feminist reflects on women’s experiences of death and dying. In Feminist perspectives on health care law, ed. Sally Sheldon, and Michael Thomson, 279–295. London: Cavendish.Google Scholar
- Brazier, Margaret. 1996. Euthanasia and the law. British Medical Bulletin 52: 317–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burt, Robert A. 2005. The end of autonomy. Hastings Center Report, Special Report 35: s9–s13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Campbell, Martin. dir. 2006. Casino Royale [film]. UK: EON Productions.Google Scholar
- Commission on Assisted Dying. 2011. The current legal status of assisted dying is inadequate and incoherent. London: Demos.Google Scholar
- De Haan, Jurriaan. 2002. The ethics of euthanasia: Advocates’ perspectives. Bioethics 16: 154–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Donchin, Anne. 2001. Understanding autonomy relationally: Toward a reconfiguration of bioethical principles. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26: 365–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Downie, Jocelyn. 2000. The contested lessons of euthanasia in the Netherlands. Health Law Journal 8: 119–139.Google Scholar
- Doyal, Len. 2006. Dignity in dying should include the legalisation of non-voluntary euthanasia. Clinical Ethics 1: 65–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dworkin, Ronald. 1993. Life’s dominion: An argument about abortion and euthanasia. London: Harper Collins Publishers.Google Scholar
- Foster, Charles. 2011. Human dignity in bioethics and law. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
- Gaylin, Willard, Leon R. Kass, Edmund D. Pellegrino, and Mark Siegler. 1998. Doctors must not kill. JAMA 259: 2139–2140.Google Scholar
- Gillett, Grant. 1988. Euthanasia, letting die and the pause. Journal of Medical Ethics 14: 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gillon, Raanan. 2003. Ethics needs principles—four can encompass the rest—and respect for autonomy should be “first among equals”. Journal of Medical Ethics 29: 307–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hagelin, Joakim, Tore Nilstun, Jann Hau, and Hans-Erik Carlsson. 2004. Surveys on attitudes towards legalisation of euthanasia: Importance of question phrasing. Journal of Medical Ethics 30: 521–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Halliday, Robert. 1997. Medical futility and the social context. Journal of Medical Ethics 23: 148–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harris, John. 1997. Euthanasia and the value of life. In Euthanasia examined: Ethical, clinical and legal perspectives, ed. John Keown, 6–22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Holm, Sören. 2010. Euthanasia: Agreeing to disagree? Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 13: 399–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huxtable, Richard. 2007. Euthanasia, ethics and the law: From conflict to compromise. London: Routledge-Cavendish.Google Scholar
- Huxtable, Richard. 2012. Law, ethics and compromise at the limits of life: To treat or not to treat?. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Huxtable, Richard, and Maaike Möller. 2007. “Setting a principled boundary”? Euthanasia as a response to ‘life fatigue’. Bioethics 21: 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huxtable Richard. and Mullock, Alexandra. 2015. ‘Voices of discontent? Conscience, compromise, and assisted dying’. Medical Law Review, 23: 242–262.Google Scholar
- Ives, Jonathan. 2014. A method of reflexive balancing in a pragmatic, interdisciplinary and reflexive bioethics. Bioethics 28: 302–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kass, Leonard R. 1975. Regarding the end of medicine and the pursuit of health. Public Interest 40: 11.Google Scholar
- Keown, John. 2002. Euthanasia, ethics and public policy: An argument against legalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kuhse, Helga. 1987. The sanctity-of-life doctrine in medicine: A critique. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
- Lewis, Penney, and Isra Black. 2012. The effectiveness of legal safeguards in jurisdictions that allow assisted dying. London: Demos.Google Scholar
- Manninen, Bertha A. 2006. A case for justified non-voluntary active euthanasia: Exploring the ethics of the Groningen protocol. Journal of Medical Ethics 32: 643–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Miller, Franklin G., and Howard Brody. 1995. Professional integrity and physician-assisted death. Hastings Center Report 25: 8–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Momeyer, Richard. 1995. Does physician assisted suicide violate the integrity of medicine? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20: 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ost, Suzanne. 2010. The de-medicalisation of assisted dying: Is a less medicalised model the way forward? Medical Law Review 18: 497–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ouellette, Alicia. 2006. Disability and the end of life. Oregon Law Review 85: 123–182.Google Scholar
- Parker, Malcolm. 2005. End games: Euthanasia under interminable scrutiny. Bioethics 19: 523–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pellegrino, Edmund D. 2001. The internal morality of clinical medicine: A paradigm for the ethics of the helping and healing professions. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26: 559–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rachels, James. 1986. The end of life: Euthanasia and morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Rachels, James. 1993. Euthanasia, in T. Regan, ed. Matters of life and death: new introductory essays in moral philosophy, 30–68, New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
- Saunders, Peter. 2014. Support for UK assisted dying bill plummets to 43 % after hearing opposing arguments. http://www.lifesitenews.com/pulse/support-for-uk-assisted-dying-bill-plummets-to-43-after-hearing-opposing-ar. Accessed 29 Apr 2015.
- Siegel, Andrew M., Dominic A. Sisti, and Arthur L. Caplan. 2014. Pediatric euthanasia in Belgium: Disturbing developments. JAMA 311: 1963–1964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Singer, Peter. 1993. Practical ethics, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Smith, Stephen W. 2005. Fallacies of the logical slippery slope in the debate on physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. Medical Law Review 13: 224–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, Dame J. (2002). The shipman enquiry—first report: Death disguised. The National archives.http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090808154959/http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/home.asp . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
- Stevens Jr, Kenneth R. 2006. Emotional and psychological effects of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia on participating physicians. Issues in Law and Medicine 21: 187–200.Google Scholar
- UK Police Firearms Officers Association (PFOA), n.d. Post-shooting procedures. 2015. https://www.pfoa.co.uk/211/post-shooting-procedures. Accessed 29 Apr 2015.
- Varelius, Jukka. 2007. Illness, suffering and voluntary euthanasia. Bioethics 21: 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Willigenburg, Theo. 2000. Moral compromises, moral integrity and the indeterminacy of value rankings. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 3: 385–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- van Zyl, Liezl. 2000. Death and compassion: A virtue-based approach to euthanasia. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Velleman, David J. 1992. Against the right to die. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 17: 665–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Williams, Glanville. 1969. Euthanasia legislation: A rejoinder to the non-religious objections. In Euthanasia and the right to death: The case for voluntary euthanasia, ed. A.B. Downing, 134–147. London: Peter Owen.Google Scholar
- Wreen, Michael. 1998. The definition of euthanasia. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 48: 637–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Court Cases and Rulings
- R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) v Ministry of Justice; R (on the application of AM) v The Director of Public Prosecutions [2014] UKSC 38.Google Scholar
Laws and Legislation
- UK, House of Lords Select Committee (2005). Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill [HL], Volume I – Report, HL Paper 86-I, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 125–127.Google Scholar