Abstract

This chapter discussed general issues important in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, one of the most common co-morbidities found in persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). IDD is not an homogeneous condition, there are many different causes causing IDD, however not all of them are associated with epilepsy. The presence of epilepsy as well as the prognosis is related mostly to the cause of IDD, but not to the presence of IDD.

Keywords

Status Epilepticus Epileptic Seizure Ketogenic Diet Vagal Nerve Stimulation Epileptic Encephalopathy 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. 1.
    Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde BW, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51:676–85.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Berg AT, Scheffer IE. New concepts in classification of the epilepsies: entering the 21st century. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1058–62.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Blume WT, Lüders HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, van Emde Boas W, Engel Jr J. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2001;42(9):1212–8.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Russ SA, Larson K, Halfon N. A national profile of childhood epilepsy and seizure disorder. Pediatrics. 2012;129:256–64.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Sillanpaa M. Learning disability: occurrence and long-term consequences in childhood-onset epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5:937–44.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    McKee JR, Bodfish JW. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in adults with mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard. 2000;105:229–35.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Neill JC, Alvarez N. Differential diagnosis of epileptic versus pseudoepileptic seizures in developmentally disabled persons. Appl Res Ment Retard. 1986;7:285–98.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Finkelstein Y, Hutson JR, Freedman SB, Wax P, Brent J. Drug-induced seizures in children and adolescents presenting for emergency care: current and emerging trends. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51:761–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Chadwick D, Guerreiro C, et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1094–120.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, Kalviainen R, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013;54:551–63.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Rutecki PA, Gidal BE. Antiepileptic drug treatment in the developmentally disabled: treatment considerations with the newer antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3:24–31.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Working group of the International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disability Clinical guidelines for the management of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability. Seizure. 2001;10:401–9.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BF, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA, Johannessen SI, et al. Antiepileptic drugs–best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2008;49:1239–76.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Fisher RS, van Emde BW, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005;46:470–2.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Delgado MR, Riela AR, Mills J, Pitt A, Browne R. Discontinuation of antiepileptic drug treatment after two seizure-free years in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 1996;97:192–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Wirrell EC. Predicting pharmacoresistance in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54 Suppl 2:19–22.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Bourgeois BF. Differential cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs. J Child Neurol. 2002;17 Suppl 2:2s28–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Beerhorst K, Tan IY, De Krom M, Verschuure P, Aldenkamp AP. Antiepileptic drugs and high prevalence of low bone mineral density in a group of inpatients with chronic epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128:273–80.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Waisburg H, Alvarez N. Carbamazepine in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1998;42 Suppl 1:36–40.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Moosa AN, Jehi L, Marashly A, Cosmo G, Lachhwani D, Wyllie E, et al. Long-term functional outcomes and their predictors after hemispherectomy in 115 children. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1771–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Morris 3rd GL, Gloss D, Buchhalter J, Mack KJ, Nickels K, Harden C. Evidence-based guideline update: vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013;81:1453–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Elovaara I, Apostolski S, van Doorn P, Gilhus NE, Hietaharju A, Honkaniemi J, et al. EFNS guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases: EFNS task force on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15:893–908.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Hitiris N, Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Predictors of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2007;75:192–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Hitiris N, Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Brodie MJ. Mortality in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:363–76.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Dow C, Jones J, Rutecki P, Bhattacharya A, et al. Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:80–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Hancock EC, Cross JH. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2, CD003277.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of NeurologyChildren’s Hospital BostonBostonUSA

Personalised recommendations