Invariant Theory of Finite Groups

  • David A. Cox
  • John Little
  • Donal O’Shea
Part of the Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics book series (UTM)

Abstract

Invariant theory has had a profound effect on the development of algebraic geometry. For example, the Hilbert Basis Theorem and Hilbert Nullstellensatz, which play a central role in the earlier chapters in this book, were proved by Hilbert in the course of his investigations of invariant theory.In this chapter, we will study the invariants of finite groups. The basic goal is to describe all polynomials that are unchanged when we change variables according to a given finite group of matrices. Our treatment will be elementary and by no means complete. In particular, we do not presume a prior knowledge of group theory.

References

  1. J. Abbott, A. Bigatti, G. Lagorio, CoCoA-5: A System for Doing Computations in Commutative Algebra (2014), available at http://cocoa.dima.unige.it
  2. W. Adams, P. Loustaunau, An Introduction to Gröbner Bases. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 3 (AMS, Providence, 1994) Google Scholar
  3. C. Aholt, B. Sturmfels, R. Thomas, A Hilbert scheme in computer vision. Can. J. Math. 65, 961–988 (2013) Google Scholar
  4. D. Anderson, R. Goldman, T. Sederberg, Implicit representation of parametric curves and surfaces. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Des. 28, 72–84 (1984a) Google Scholar
  5. D. Anderson, R. Goldman, T. Sederberg, Vector elimination: a technique for the implicitization, inversion and intersection of planar parametric rational polynomial curves. Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 1, 327–356 (1984b)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  6. E. Arnold, S. Lucas, L. Taalman, Gröbner basis representations of sudoku. Coll. Math. J. 41, 101–112 (2010) Google Scholar
  7. M. Aschenbrenner, Ideal membership in polynomial rings over the integers. J. Am. Math. Soc. 17, 407–441 (2004) Google Scholar
  8. M.F. Atiyah, I.G. MacDonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969) Google Scholar
  9. P. Aubry, D. Lazard, M. Moreno Maza, On the theories of triangular sets. J. Symb. Comput. 28, 105–124 (1999) Google Scholar
  10. J. Baillieul et al., Robotics. In: Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. 41 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1990) Google Scholar
  11. A.A. Ball, The Parametric Representation of Curves and Surfaces Using Rational Polynomial Functions, in The Mathematics of Surfaces, II, ed. by R.R. Martin (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987), pp. 39–61 Google Scholar
  12. D. Bayer, The division algorithm and the Hilbert scheme, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1982 Google Scholar
  13. D. Bayer, D. Mumford, What Can Be Computed in Algebraic Geometry?, in Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra, ed. by D. Eisenbud, L. Robbiano (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993), pp. 1–48 Google Scholar
  14. D. Bayer, M. Stillman, A criterion for detecting m-regularity. Invent. Math. 87, 1–11 (1987a) Google Scholar
  15. D. Bayer, M. Stillman, A theorem on refining division orders by the reverse lexicographic order. Duke J. Math. 55, 321–328 (1987b)MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  16. D. Bayer, M. Stillman, On the Complexity of Computing Syzygies, in Computational Aspects of Commutative Algebra, ed. by L. Robbiano (Academic Press, New York, 1988), pp. 1–13Google Scholar
  17. T. Becker, V. Weispfenning, Gröbner Bases (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1993) Google Scholar
  18. C.T. Benson, L.C. Grove, Finite Reflection Groups, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1985) Google Scholar
  19. A. Bigatti, Computation of Hilbert-Poincaré series. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 119, 237–253 (1997) Google Scholar
  20. E. Brieskorn, H. Knörrer, Plane Algebraic Curves (Birkhäuser, Basel-Boston-Stuttgart, 1986) Google Scholar
  21. J.W. Bruce, P.J. Giblin, Curves and Singularities, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992) Google Scholar
  22. B. Buchberger, Ein algorithmus zum auffinden der basiselemente des restklassenrings nach einem nulldimensionalen polynomideal, Doctoral Thesis, Mathematical Institute, University of Innsbruck, 1965. English translation An algorithm for finding the basis elements of the residue class ring of a zero dimensional polynomial ideal by M.P. Abramson, J. Symb. Comput. 41, 475–511 (2006) Google Scholar
  23. B. Buchberger, Groebner Bases: An Algorithmic Method in Polynomial Ideal Theory, in Multidimensional Systems Theory, ed. by N.K. Bose (D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, 1985), pp. 184–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. M. Caboara, J. Perry, Reducing the size and number of linear programs in a dynamic Gröbner basis algorithm. Appl. Algebra Eng. Comm. Comput. 25, 99–117 (2014) Google Scholar
  25. J. Canny, D. Manocha, Algorithm for implicitizing rational parametric surfaces. Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 9, 25–50 (1992) Google Scholar
  26. S.-C. Chou, Mechanical Geometry Theorem Proving (D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, 1988) Google Scholar
  27. H. Clemens, A Scrapbook of Complex Curve Theory, 2nd edn. (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 2002) Google Scholar
  28. A. Cohen, H. Cuypers, H. Sterk (eds.), Some Tapas of Computer Algebra (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1999) Google Scholar
  29. S. Collart, M. Kalkbrener, D. Mall, Converting bases with the Gröbner walk. J. Symb. Comput. 24, 465–469 (1998) Google Scholar
  30. D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea, Using Algebraic Geometry, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2005) Google Scholar
  31. H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd edn. (Dover, New York, 1973) Google Scholar
  32. J.H. Davenport, Y. Siret, E. Tournier, Computer Algebra, 2nd edn. (Academic, New York, 1993) Google Scholar
  33. W. Decker, G.-M. Greuel, G. Pfister, H. Schönemann, Singular 3-1-6—A computer algebra system for polynomial computations (2012), available at http://www.singular.uni-kl.de
  34. W. Decker, G. Pfister, A First Course in Computational Algebraic Geometry. AIMS Library Series (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013) Google Scholar
  35. H. Derksen, G. Kemper, Computational Invariant Theory (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 2002) Google Scholar
  36. A. Dickenstein, I. Emiris (eds.), Solving Polynomial Equations (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 2005) Google Scholar
  37. J. Draisma, E. Horobeţ, G. Ottaviani, B. Sturmfels, R. Thomas, The Euclidean distance degree of an algebraic variety (2013). arXiv:1309.0049 [math.AG] Google Scholar
  38. M. Drton, B. Sturmfels, S. Sullivant, Lectures on Algebraic Statistics. Oberwohlfach Mathematical Seminars, vol. 39 (Birkhäuser, Basel-Boston-Berlin, 2009) Google Scholar
  39. T.W. Dubé, The structure of polynomial ideals and Gröbner bases. SIAM J. Comput. 19, 750–775 (1990) Google Scholar
  40. D. Dummit, R. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York, 2004) Google Scholar
  41. C. Eder, J. Faugère, A survey on signature-based Gröbner basis algorithms (2014). arXiv:1404.1774 [math.AC] Google Scholar
  42. D. Eisenbud, Commutative Algebra with a View Toward Algebraic Geometry, 3d corrected printing (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1999) Google Scholar
  43. D. Eisenbud, C. Huneke, W. Vasconcelos, Direct methods for primary decomposition. Invent. Math. 110, 207–235 (1992) Google Scholar
  44. J. Farr, S. Gao, Gröbner bases and generalized Padé approximation. Math. Comp. 75, 461–473 (2006) Google Scholar
  45. J. Faugère, A new efficient algorithm for computing Gröbner bases (F4). J. Pure Appl. Algebra 139, 61–88 (1999) Google Scholar
  46. J. Faugère, Finding All the Solutions of Cyclic 9 Using Gröbner Basis Techniques, in Computer Mathematics (Matsuyama, 2001), Lecture Notes Ser. Comput., vol. 9 (World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, 2001), pp. 1–12 Google Scholar
  47. J. Faugère, A new efficient algorithm for computing Gröbner bases without reduction to zero F5. In: Proceedings of ISSAC’02, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, July 2002, 15–82; revised version from http://www-polsys.lip6.fr/~jcf/Publications/index.html
  48. J. Faugère, P. Gianni, D. Lazard, T. Mora, Efficient change of ordering for Gröbner bases of zero-dimensional ideals. J. Symb. Comput. 16, 329–344 (1993)Google Scholar
  49. G. Fischer, Plane Algebraic Curves (AMS, Providence, Rhode Island, 2001) Google Scholar
  50. J. Foley, A. van Dam, S. Feiner, J. Hughes, Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn. (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990)Google Scholar
  51. W. Fulton, Algebraic Curves (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1969) Google Scholar
  52. M. Gallet, H. Rahkooy, Z. Zafeirakopoulos, On Computing the Elimination Ideal Using Resultants with Applications to Gröbner Bases (2013). arXiv:1307.5330 [math.AC] Google Scholar
  53. J. von zur Gathen, J. Gerhard, Modern Computer Algebra, 3rd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013) Google Scholar
  54. C.F. Gauss, Werke, vol. III (Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Göttingen, 1876) Google Scholar
  55. R. Gebauer, H.M. Möller, On an Installation of Buchberger’s Algorithm, in Computational Aspects of Commutative Algebra, ed. by L. Robbiano (Academic Press, New York, 1988), pp. 141–152 Google Scholar
  56. I. Gelfand, M. Kapranov, A. Zelevinsky, Discriminants, Resultants and Multidimensional Determinants (Birkhäuser, Boston, 1994) Google Scholar
  57. P. Gianni, B. Trager, G. Zacharias, Gröbner bases and primary decomposition of polynomial ideals, in Computational Aspects of Commutative Algebra, ed. by L. Robbiano (Academic Press, New York, 1988), pp. 15–33 Google Scholar
  58. A. Giovini, T. Mora, G. Niesi, L. Robbiano, C. Traverso, “One sugar cube, please,” or Selection Strategies in the Buchberger Algorithm, in ISSAC 1991, Proceedings of the 1991 International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, ed. by S. Watt (ACM Press, New York, 1991), pp. 49–54 Google Scholar
  59. M. Giusti, J. Heintz, La détermination des points isolés et de la dimension d’une variété algébrique peut se faire en temps polynomial, in Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra, ed. by D. Eisenbud, L. Robbiano (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993), pp. 216–256 Google Scholar
  60. L. Glebsky, A proof of Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz Based on Groebner bases (2012). arXiv:1204.3128 [math.AC] Google Scholar
  61. R. Goldman, Pyramid Algorithms: A Dynamic Programming Approach to Curves and Surfaces in Geometric Modeling (Morgan Kaufman, Amsterdam, Boston, 2003) Google Scholar
  62. D. Grayson, M. Stillman, Macaulay2, a Software System for Research (2013), version 1.6, available at http://www.math.uiuc.edu/Macaulay2/
  63. G.-M. Greuel, G. Pfister, A Singular Introduction to Commutative Algebra, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2008) Google Scholar
  64. P. Griffiths, Introduction to Algebraic Curves. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, vol. 76 (AMS, Providence, 1989) Google Scholar
  65. P. Gritzmann, B. Sturmfels, Minkowski addition of polytopes: computational complexity and applications to Gröbner bases. SIAM J. Discrete Math. 6, 246–269 (1993) Google Scholar
  66. J. Harris, Algebraic Geometry, A First Course, corrected edition (Springer, New York, 1995) Google Scholar
  67. R. Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry (Springer, New York, 1977) Google Scholar
  68. G. Hermann, Die Frage der endlich vielen schritte in der theorie der polynomideale, Math. Ann. 95, 736–788 (1926) Google Scholar
  69. A. Heyden, K. Åström, Algebraic properties of multilinear constraints. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 20, 1135–1162 (1997) Google Scholar
  70. D. Hilbert, Über die Theorie der algebraischen Formen, Math. Ann. 36, 473–534 (1890). Reprinted in Gesammelte Abhandlungen, vol. II (Chelsea, New York, 1965) Google Scholar
  71. D. Hilbert, Theory of Algebraic Invariants (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993) Google Scholar
  72. J. Hilmar, C. Smyth, Euclid meets Bézout: intersecting algebraic plane curves with the Euclidean algorithm. Am. Math. Monthly 117, 250–260 (2010) Google Scholar
  73. H. Hironaka, Resolution of singularities of an algebraic variety over a field of characteristic zero I, II. Ann. Math. 79, 109–203, 205–326 (1964) Google Scholar
  74. W.V.D. Hodge, D. Pedoe, Methods of Algebraic Geometry, vol. I and II (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968) Google Scholar
  75. M. Jin, X. Li, D. Wang, A new algorithmic scheme for computing characteristic sets. J. Symb. Comput. 50, 431–449 (2013) Google Scholar
  76. J. Jouanolou, Le formalisme du résultant. Adv. Math. 90, 117–263 (1991) Google Scholar
  77. M. Kalkbrener, Implicitization by Using Gröbner Bases, Technical Report RISC-Series 90-27 (University of Linz, Austria, 1990) Google Scholar
  78. K. Kendig, Elementary Algebraic Geometry, 2nd edn. (Dover, New York, 2015) Google Scholar
  79. F. Kirwan, Complex Algebraic Curves. London Mathematical Society Student Texts, vol. 23 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992) Google Scholar
  80. F. Klein, Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom Fünften Grade (Teubner, Leipzig, 1884). English Translation, Lectures on the Ikosahedron and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree (Trubner, London, 1888). Reprinted by Dover, New York (1956) Google Scholar
  81. J. Koh, Ideals generated by quadrics exhibiting double exponential degrees. J. Algebra 200, 225–245 (1998) Google Scholar
  82. M. Kreuzer, L. Robbiano, Computational Commutative Algebra, vol. 1 (Springer, New York, 2000) Google Scholar
  83. M. Kreuzer, L. Robbiano, Computational Commutative Algebra, vol. 2 (Springer, New York, 2005) Google Scholar
  84. T. Krick, A. Logar, An Algorithm for the Computation of the Radical of an Ideal in the Ring of Polynomials, in Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes, ed. by H.F. Mattson, T. Mora, T.R.N. Rao. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 539 (Springer, Berlin, 1991), pp. 195–205 Google Scholar
  85. D. Lazard, Gröbner Bases, Gaussian Elimination and Resolution of Systems of Algebraic Equations, in Computer Algebra: EUROCAL 83, ed. by J.A. van Hulzen. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 162 (Springer, Berlin, 1983), pp. 146–156 Google Scholar
  86. D. Lazard, Systems of Algebraic Equations (Algorithms and Complexity), in Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra, ed. by D. Eisenbud, L. Robbiano (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993), pp. 84–105 Google Scholar
  87. M. Lejeune-Jalabert, Effectivité des calculs polynomiaux, Cours de DEA 1984–85, Institut Fourier, Université de Grenoble I (1985) Google Scholar
  88. F. Macaulay, On some formulæin elimination. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 3, 3–27 (1902) Google Scholar
  89. D. Manocha, Solving systems of polynomial equations. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 14, 46–55 (1994) Google Scholar
  90. Maple 18, Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc., Waterloo, Ontario (2014). http://www.maplesoft.com
  91. M. Marinari, H. Möller, T. Mora, Gröbner bases of ideals defined by functionals with an application to ideals of projective points. Appl. Algebra Eng. Comm. Comput. 4, 103–145 (1993)Google Scholar
  92. Mathematica 10, Wolfram Research, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (2014). http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica
  93. H. Matsumura, Commutative Ring Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989) Google Scholar
  94. E. Mayr, A. Meyer, The complexity of the word problem for commutative semigroups and polynomial ideals. Adv. Math. 46, 305–329 (1982) Google Scholar
  95. R. Mines, F. Richman, W. Ruitenburg, A Course in Constructive Algebra (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1988) Google Scholar
  96. B. Mishra, Algorithmic Algebra. Texts and Monographs in Computer Science (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1993) Google Scholar
  97. H.M. Möller, F. Mora, Upper and Lower Bounds for the Degree of Groebner Bases, in EUROSAM 1984, ed. by J. Fitch. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 174 (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1984), pp. 172–183 Google Scholar
  98. A. Montes, T. Recio, Generalizing the Steiner–Lehmus theorem using the Gröbner cover. Math. Comput. Simul. (2014, to appear) Google Scholar
  99. A. Montes, M. Wibmer, Gröbner bases for polynomial systems with parameters. J. Symb. Comput. 45, 1391–1425 (2010) Google Scholar
  100. D. Mumford, Algebraic Geometry I: Complex Projective Varieties, cCorrected 2nd printing (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1981) Google Scholar
  101. L. Pachter, B. Sturmfels (eds.), Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) Google Scholar
  102. R. Paul, Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming and Control (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1981) Google Scholar
  103. G. Pistone, E. Riccomagno, H. Wynn, Algebraic Statistics: Computational Commutative Algebra in Statistics. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, vol. 89 (Chapman and Hall, Boca Raton, FL, 2001) Google Scholar
  104. L. Robbiano, On the theory of graded structures. J. Symb. Comp. 2, 139–170 (1986) Google Scholar
  105. F. Rouillier, Solving zero-dimensional systems through the rational univariate representation. Appl. Algebra Eng. Comm. Comput. 5, 433–461 (1999) Google Scholar
  106. P. Schauenburg, A Gröbner-based treatment of elimination theory for affine varieties. J. Symb. Comput. 42, 859–870 (2007) Google Scholar
  107. A. Seidenberg, Constructions in algebra. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 197, 273–313 (1974) Google Scholar
  108. A. Seidenberg, On the Lasker–Noether decomposition theorem. Am. J. Math. 106, 611–638 (1984) Google Scholar
  109. J.G. Semple, L. Roth, Introduction to Algebraic Geometry (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1949) Google Scholar
  110. I.R. Shafarevich, Basic Algebraic Geometry 1, 2, 3rd edn. (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 2013) Google Scholar
  111. L. Smith, Polynomial Invariants of Finite Groups (A K Peters, Wellesley, MA, 1995) Google Scholar
  112. W. Stein et al., Sage Mathematics Software, version 6.3. The Sage Development Team (2014), available at http://www.sagemath.org
  113. B. Sturmfels, Computing final polynomials and final syzygies using Buchberger’s Gröbner bases method. Results Math. 15, 351–360 (1989) Google Scholar
  114. B. Sturmfels, Gröbner Bases and Convex Polytopes. University Lecture Series, vol. 8 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1996) Google Scholar
  115. B. Sturmfels, Algorithms in Invariant Theory, 2nd edn. Texts and Monographs in Symbolic Computation (Springer, New York-Vienna, 2008) Google Scholar
  116. I. Swanson, On the embedded primes of the Mayr-Meyer ideals. J. Algebra 275, 143–190 (2004) Google Scholar
  117. C. Traverso, Hilbert functions and the Buchberger algorithm. J. Symb. Comput. 22, 355–376 (1997) Google Scholar
  118. P. Ullrich, Closed-form formulas for projecting constructible sets in the theory of algebraically closed fields. ACM Commun. Comput. Algebra 40, 45–48 (2006)Google Scholar
  119. B. van der Waerden, Moderne Algebra, Volume II (Springer, Berlin, 1931). English translations, Modern Algebra, Volume II (F. Ungar Publishing, New York, 1950); Algebra, Volume 2 (F. Ungar Publishing, New York, 1970); and Algebra, Volume II (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991). The chapter on Elimination Theory is included in the first three German editions and the 1950 English translation, but all later editions (German and English) omit this chapter Google Scholar
  120. R. Walker, Algebraic Curves (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1950). Reprinted by Dover, 1962 Google Scholar
  121. D. Wang, Elimination Methods, Texts and Monographs in Symbolic Computation (Springer, Vienna, 2001) Google Scholar
  122. V. Weispfenning, Comprehensive Gröbner bases. J. Symb. Comput. 14, 1–29 (1992) Google Scholar
  123. F. Winkler, On the complexity of the Gröbner bases algorithm over K[x,y,z], in EUROSAM 1984, ed. by J. Fitch. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 174 (Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 1984), pp. 184–194 Google Scholar
  124. W.-T. Wu, On the decision problem and the mechanization of theorem-proving in elementary geometry, in Automated Theorem Proving: After 25 Years, ed. by W. Bledsoe, D. Loveland. Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 29 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1983), pp. 213–234 Google Scholar
  125. W.-T. Wu, Mathematics Mechanization: Mechanical Geometry Theorem-Proving, Mechanical Geometry Problem-Solving and Polynomial Equations-Solving (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2001) Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • David A. Cox
    • 1
  • John Little
    • 2
  • Donal O’Shea
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of MathematicsAmherst CollegeAmherstUSA
  2. 2.Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceCollege of the Holy CrossWorcesterUSA
  3. 3.President’s OfficeNew College of FloridaSarasotaUSA

Personalised recommendations