BIOMET 2014: Biometric Authentication pp 222-233 | Cite as

Pupil Size as a Biometric Trait

Conference paper
First Online:
Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 8897)

Abstract

We investigate the possibility of using pupil size as a discriminating feature for eye-based soft biometrics. In experiments carried out in different sessions in two consecutive years, 25 subjects were asked to simply watch the center of a plus sign displayed in the middle of a blank screen. Four primary attributes were exploited, namely left and right pupil sizes and ratio and difference of left and right pupil sizes. Fifteen descriptive statistics were used for each primary attribute, plus two further measures, which produced a total of 62 features. Bayes, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest classifiers were employed to analyze both all the features and selected subsets. The Identification task showed higher classification accuracies (0.6194 ÷ 0.7187) with the selected features, while the Verification task exhibited almost comparable performances (~ 0.97) in the two cases for accuracy, and an increase in sensitivity and a decrease in specificity with the selected features.

Keywords

Eye tracking Gaze analysis Eye-based biometrics Pupil size Soft biometrics 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Itti, L., Koch, C.: A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research 40, 1489–1506 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Porta, M., Ricotti, S., Jimenez, C.: Emotional e-learning through eye tracking. In: IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp.1–6 (2012)Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Kasprowski, P., Ober, J.: Eye Movements in Biometrics. In: Maltoni, D., Jain, A.K. (eds.) BioAW 2004. LNCS, vol. 3087, pp. 248–258. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Bednarik, R., Kinnunen, T., Mihaila, A., Fränti, P.: Eye-Movements as a Biometric. In: Kalviainen, H., Parkkinen, J., Kaarna, A. (eds.) SCIA 2005. LNCS, vol. 3540, pp. 780–789. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Deravi, F., Guness, S.P.: Gaze Trajectory as a Biometric Modality. BIOSIGNALS, 335–341 (2011)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Holland, C.D., Komogortsev, O.V.: Complex eye movement pattern biometrics: Analyzing fixations and saccades. In: 2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), pp. 1–8 (2013)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Komogortsev, O.V., Karpov, A., Holland, C.D., Proenca, H.P.: Multimodal ocular biometrics approach: A feasibility study. In: 5th IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 209–216 (2012)Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Cuong, N.V., Dinh, V., Ho, L.S.T.: Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients for Eye Movement Identification. In: 24th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), pp. 253–260 (2012)Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Rigas, I., Economou, G., Fotopoulos, S.: Human eye movements as a trait for biometrical identification. In: 5th IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 217–222 (2012)Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Juhola, M., Zhang, Y., Rasku, J.: Biometric verification of a subject through eye movements. Computers in Biology and Medicine 43, 42–50 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Darwish, A., Pasquier, M.: Biometric identification using the dynamic features of the eyes. In: 6th IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1–6 (2013)Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Rigas, I., Economou, G., Fotopoulos, S.: Biometric identification based on the eye movements and graph matching techniques. Pattern Recognition Letters 33, 786–792 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Cantoni, V., Galdi, C., Nappi, M., Porta, M., Riccio, D.: GANT: Gaze analysis technique for human identification. Pattern Recognition (March 13, 2014). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320314000697
  14. 14.
    Kinnunen, T., Sedlak, F., Bednarik, R.: Towards task-independent person authentication using eye movement signals. In: 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), pp. 187–190, ACM (2010)Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Liang, Z., Tan, F., Chi, Z.: Video-based biometric identification using eye tracking technique. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication and Computing (ICSPCC), pp. 728–733 (2012)Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Holland, C., Komogortsev, O.V.: Biometric identification via eye movement scanpaths in reading. In: 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), pp. 1–8 (2011)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Biedert, R., Frank, M., Martinovic, I., Song, D.: Stimuli for gaze based intrusion detection. In: J. (Jong Hyuk) Park, James and Leung, Victor, C.M., Wang, Cho-Li and Shon, Taeshik (eds.): Future Information Technology, Application, and Service, pp. 757–763. Springer (2012)Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Silver, D.L., Biggs, A.: Keystroke and Eye-Tracking Biometrics for User Identification. In: 2006 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IC-AI), pp. 344–348 (2006)Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Kumar, M., Garfinkel, T., Boneh, D., Winograd, T.: Reducing Shoulder-surfing by Using Gaze-based Password Entry. In: 3rd Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, pp. 13–19. ACM (2007)Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Luca, A.D., Weiss, R., Hußmann, H., An, X.: Eyepass - Eye-stroke Authentication for Public Terminals. In: CHI 2008 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3003–3008. ACM (2008)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Dunphy, P., Fitch, A., Olivier, P.: Gaze-contingent passwords at the ATM. In: 4th Conference on Communication by Gaze Interaction (COGAIN), pp. 59–62 (2008)Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Weaver, J., Mock, K., Hoanca, B.: Gaze-based password authentication through automatic clustering of gaze points. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp. 2749–2754 (2011)Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Maeder, A., Fookes, C., Sridharan, S.: Gaze based user authentication for personal computer applications. In: 2004 International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing, pp. 727–730 (2004)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Rozado, D.: Using gaze based passwords as an authentication mechanism for password input. In: 3rd International Workshop on Pervasive Eye Tracking and Mobile Eye-Based Interaction (2013)Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Dip. di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’InformazioneUniversità di PaviaPaviaItaly

Personalised recommendations