Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites/Hybrids

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Abstract

The multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) effect describes the coupling between the electric and magnetic fields, and is defined as a generated electric polarization P in response to an externally applied magnetic field H (direct ME effect), or an induced magnetization M with an applied electric field E (converse ME effect). Unfortunately, the ME coupling of all the known single-phase materials is usually small at room temperature to be practically applicable. Alternatively, multiferroic composites (ferroelectric and ferri/ferromagnetic phases) typically yield a giant ME coupling response above room temperature, which makes them attractive for technological applications. In the composites, the ME effect is generated as a product property of the magnetostrictive effect (magnetic/mechanical effect) and piezoelectric effect (mechanical/electric effect). To achieve a large ME response, piezoelectric constituent with a high piezoelectric coefficient, magnetostrictive constituent with a high piezomagnetic coefficient, and good coupling between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive constituent are required. In this chapter, we begin with a brief overview of the development of each material’s constituent (piezoelectrics and magnetostriction) providing a list of state-of-the-art piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials in multiferroic ME hybrid. Next, a discussion is provided on the composite structure and interface elastic coupling between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases. After that we describe the fabrication process of several important ME hybrids with different phase connectivity, interface, and configuration. Considering the importance of nanostructure and 2–2-type ME composite, the scaling effect and theoretical modeling for these architectures are presented in some detail. Following these sections, some of the potential applications for ME hybrids are reviewed and illustrated by examples. Lastly, the chapter is concluded with a brief summary and future perspective.

Keywords

Magnetoelectric Multilferroic Piezoelectric Magnetostrictive Composite 

Abbreviations

αME

Magnetoelectric coefficient

BT

Barium titanate, BaTiO3

d

Piezoelectric charge coefficient

E

Electric field

EBSD

Electron backscatter diffraction

Ec

Coercive electric field

EDS

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EMR

Electromechanical resonance

ε

Dielectric permittivity

fc

Resonance frequency

g

Piezoelectric voltage coefficient

H

Magnetic field

IDE

Interdigitated electrode

k

Electromechanical coupling coefficient

λ

Magnetostriction coefficient

LTCC

Low-temperature co-fired ceramics

M

Magnetization

ME

Magnetoelectric

MFC

Macro-fiber composites

MPB

Morphotropic phase boundary

μ

Magnetic permeability

P

Polarization

PFM

Piezoresponse force microscopy

PLD

Pulsed laser deposition

PMN–PT

Lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3

PPT

Polymorphic phase boundary

Pr

Remnant polarization

PVDF

Polyvinylidene difluoride

PZT

Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr, Ti)O3

q

Piezomagnetic coefficient

Qm

Mechanical quality factor

SEM

Scanning electron microscopy

tanδ

Dielectric loss

Tc

Curie temperature

TO-T

Orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition temperature

XRD

X-ray diffraction

Z

Acoustic impedance

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Notes

Acknowledgment

Y.Y. acknowledges the financial support from Office of Basic Energy Science, Department of Energy. S.P. would like to acknowledge the support from Office of Naval Research through Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS).

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL)Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia TechBlacksburgUSA

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