Abstract
This chapter discusses medicine pricing in Egypt. Historically, medicines were subject to compulsory pricing, later formulated into a legislation that was based on cost-plus and mark up regulation. In 2009, external reference pricing was introduced and later combined with mark-up regulation in a more recent legislation in 2012. Despite the clear legislations, their implementation continues to be a challenge to the government which makes medicine pricing a nontransparent and confused element of pharmaceutical regulation. In a country with high private out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines, affordability remains a major determinant of access to medicines. The local pharmaceutical industry, which is the main provider of inexpensive generic medicines, suffers the confusion of pricing policies, and often risk operating at a loss. The chapter addresses medicine pricing from several angles in an attempt to provide a comprehensive, yet critical, reading of the Egyptian scene.
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Abbreviations
- API:
-
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
- CAJ:
-
Court of Administrative Justice
- CAPA:
-
Central Administration for Pharmaceutical Affairs
- CAPMAS:
-
Central Agency for Population Mobilisation and Statistics
- EDA:
-
Egyptian Drug Authority
- EGP:
-
Egyptian Pound
- EIPR:
-
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
- ERP:
-
External Reference Pricing
- GDP:
-
Gross Domestic Product
- HAI:
-
Health Action International
- HIO:
-
Health Insurance Organisation
- IP:
-
Intellectual Property
- ISPOR:
-
International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
- MNCs:
-
Multinational Corporations
- MOHP:
-
Ministry of Health and Population
- TDL:
-
Tender Drug List
- THE:
-
Total Health Expenditure
- TRIPS:
-
Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- USD:
-
United States Dollar
- WHO:
-
World Health Organisation
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Wanis, H. (2015). Pharmaceutical Pricing in Egypt. In: Babar, ZUD. (eds) Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12169-7_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12169-7_4
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