Recent Development of Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Thermoplastic Blends and Nanocomposites

Chapter
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Abstract

With the increasing use of thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers on a large scale for applications in buildings, transportation, electrical engineering and electronics, as well as the high fires safety standards which polymer resins should meet, a large variety of flame retardant products have been developed over the past 40 years. Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals, such as phosphorus flame retardants (PFR). PFR contains a wide group of different organic and inorganic compounds, with a great variation in their physico-chemical properties. They are non-flammable, non-explosive and odorless substances listed as High Production Volume Chemicals (HPV). Non-halogen, phosphorus-containing flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate and red phosphorus are shown to be very effective in thermoset resins. Phosphate esters significantly lower the heat distortion temperature and impact properties of PC/ABS blends while increasing melt flow in so called antiplasticization process. Resorcinol diphosphate (RDP) was the first material developed for PC/ABS and it is a liquid additive with 9 % P content and good efficacy as a flame retardant. Bisphenol A bisphosphate (BADP) is another liquid with properties similar to RDP. Polymer–clay nanocomposites have attracted a great deal of interest due to their improved mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties. Nano “sponge” structures produced from cyclodextrins have been tested with flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and triethylphopshate. The PFRs can be enclosed in the nano sugar sponge structure, improving mixing with plastic polymers and enabling high flame retardant loadings without deteriorating polymer mechanical performance. Fire performance tests using the nano sugar sponge—PFR combination (heat release, heat of combustion, mass loss, smoke) showed that the combination was effective for environmentally friendly structures polypropylene, linear low density polyethylene and polyamide 6.

Keywords

Flame Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Unsaturated Polyester Resin Intumescent Coating Ammonium Polyphosphate 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgments

The study of PFR was implemented during my research time as German Environmental Foundation (DBU) scholarship holder at the Institute of Environmental System Research, University of Osnabrück, Germany and as a scientific research assistant at the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. I would like to thank to Dr. Elke Fries from BRGM, Water, Environment and Eco-technologies Division, Orleans, France and Prof. Emeritus Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia, for their valuable comments and constructive discussions during my research study on PFRs. The study was financially supported by the German Environmental Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt—DBU) and Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Serbia within the Project III46009.

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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Technical SciencesUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia

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