Use of Renewable Energy Systems in Smart Cities

  • Alvaro Sanchez-Miralles
  • Christian Calvillo
  • Francisco Martín
  • José Villar
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Green Energy and Technology book series (GREEN)

Abstract

Renewable energy sources (RES) used in small-scale distributed generation systems are a promising alternative for additional energy supply toward smarter and more sustainable cities. However, their proper integration as new infrastructures of the smart city (SMCT) requires understanding the SMCT architecture and promoting changes to the existing regulation, business models, and power grid topology and operation, constituting a new challenging energy supply paradigm. This chapter addresses the use of renewable energy systems on small scale, oriented to distributed generation (DG) for households or districts, integrated in an SMCT. In this context, the main renewable energies and companion technologies are reviewed, and their profitability investigated to highlight their current economic feasibility. A simplified architecture for SMCT development is presented, consisting of three interconnected layers, the intelligence layer, the communication layer, and the infrastructure layer. The integration and impact of distributed renewable energy generation and storage technologies in this architecture is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the grid topology for their technical and efficient integration, and to the business models for facilitating their economic integration and feasibility.

Keywords

Renewable Energy Source Distribute Generation Heat Pump Smart Grid Smart City 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Anthopoulos L, Fitsilis P (2010) From digital to ubiquitous cities: defining a common architecture for urban development. In: Sixth international conference on intelligent environments, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 301–306, 19–21 Jun 2010Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Parkinson S, Wang D, Djilali N (2012) Toward low carbon energy systems: the convergence of wind power, demand response, and the electricity grid. In: IEEE innovative smart grid technologies—Asia (ISGT Asia), Tianjin, China, 21–24 May 2012Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Méndez VH, Riviera J, de la Fuente JI, Gómez T, Arceluz J, Marín J, Madurga A (2006) Impact of distributed generation on distribution investment deferral. Int J Electr Power Energ Syst 28(4):244–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Fernández IJ, Calvillo CF, Sánchez-Miralles A, Boal J (2013) Capacity fade and aging models for electric batteries and optimal charging strategy for electric vehicles. Energy 60:35–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    TREI (2013) Texas renewable energy industries association. http://www.treia.org/renewable-energy-defined. Accessed Jan 2014
  6. 6.
    Giraud F, Salameh ZM (2001) Steady-state performance of a grid-connected rooftop hybrid wind-photovoltaic power system with battery storage. IEEE Trans Energ Convers 16(1):1–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Kalogirou A (2004) Solar thermal collectors and applications. Prog Energ Combust Sci 30(3):231–295CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Usaola J (2012) Operation of concentrating solar power plants with storage in spot electricity markets. IET Renew Power Gener 6(1):59–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Braunstein A, Kornfeld A (1986) On the development of the solar photovoltaic and thermal (PVT) collector. IEEE Trans Energ Convers EC-1 4:31–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Brenden RK, Hallaj W, Subramanian G, Katoch S (2009) Wind energy roadmap. In: Portland international conference on management of engineering technology, PICMET 2009, Portland, Oregon USA, pp 2548–2562, 2–6 Aug 2009Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Karekezi S, Lata K, Coelho ST (2004) Traditional biomass energy-improving its use and moving to modern energy use. Secretariat of the international conference for renewable energies. http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/irecs/renew2004/Traditional%20Biomass%20Energy.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014
  12. 12.
    European Biofuels Technology Platform (2013) Biofuels legislation in Europe. http://www.biofuelstp.eu/legislation.html. Accessed Jan 2014
  13. 13.
    Hammons TJ (2003) Geothermal power generation worldwide. In: Proceedings of the power tech conference, Bologna, Italy, 23–26 Jun 2003Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Mancarella P, Chicco G (2011) CO2 emission reduction from sustainable energy systems: benefits and limits of distributed multi-generation. In: The second international conference on bioenvironment, biodiversity and renewable energies, Venice/Mestre, Italy, 22–27 May 2011Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    EPA (2013) US CHP technologies. http://www.epa.gov/chp/technologies.html. Accessed Jan 2014
  16. 16.
    Calvillo CF, Sánchez-Miralles A, Villar J (2013) Distributed energy generation in smart cities. In: International conference on renewable energy research and applications (ICRERA), Madrid, Spain, 20–23 Oct 2013Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Calvillo CF, Sánchez-Miralles A, Villar J (2013) Evaluation and optimal scaling of distributed generation systems in a smart city. In: 8th international conference on urban regeneration and sustainability, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2–6 Dec 2013Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    REE (1998) Red Eléctrica de España Proyecto INDEL: Atlas de la Demanda Eléctrica Española. http://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/downloadable/atlas_indel_ree.pdf. Accessed Jan 2004 (In Spanish)
  19. 19.
    Boroyevich D, Cvetkovic I, Dong D, Burgos R, Wang F, Lee F (2010) Future electronic power distribution systems a contemplative view. In: 12th international conference on optimization of electrical and electronic equipment (OPTIM) 2010, Brasov, Romania, p 1369, 20–22 May 2010. doi: 10.1109/OPTIM.2010.5510477
  20. 20.
    Adda R, Ray O, Mishra SK, Joshi A (2013) Synchronous-reference-frame-based control of switched boost inverter for standalone DC nanogrid application. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(3):1219–1233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Ray O, Mishra S (2013) Boost-derived hybrid converter with simultaneous DC and AC outputs. IEEE Trans Ind Appl doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2271874. Accessed Jan 2014
  22. 22.
    Ancillotti E, Raffaele B, Conti M (2013) The role of communication systems in smart grids: architectures, technical solutions and research challenges. Comput Commun 36(17–18):1665–1697CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Niyato D, Xiao L, Wang P (2011) Machine-to-machine communications for home energy management system in smart grid. IEEE Commun Mag 49(4):53–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Gungor VC, Sahin D, Kocak T, Ergut S, Buccella C, Cecati C, Hancke GP (2013) A survey on smart grid potential applications and communication requirements. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 9(1):28–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Brown J, Khan JY (2013) Key performance aspects of an LTE FDD based smart grid communications network. Comput Commun 36(5):551–561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Usman A, Shami SH (2013) Evolution of communication technologies for smart grid applications. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 19:191–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Dae-Man H, Jae-Hyun L (2010) Smart home energy management system using IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 56(3):1403–1410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    ZigBee Alliance (2013) ZigBee smart energy standard [Online]. http://www.zigbee.org/Standards/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Overview.aspx. Accessed Jan 2014
  29. 29.
    Yu L (2011) Multicast DNS in wireless ad-hoc networks of low-resource devices techniche universiteit Eindhoven, Department of mathematics and computer science. http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/luyu2012.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014
  30. 30.
    ROLL (2008) Working group routing over low power and lossy networks. http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/roll/charter/. Accessed Jan 2014
  31. 31.
    ISA (2013) International society of automation ISA. http://www.isa.org//MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=1134&CommitteeID=6891. Accessed Jan 2014
  32. 32.
    OGEMA (2013) OGEMA (open gateway energy management alliance). http://www.ogema.org. Accessed Jan 2014
  33. 33.
    E-Energy (2013) Modellstadt Mannheim model city Mannheim project. http://www.modellstadt-mannheim.de/moma/web/en/home/index.html. Accessed Jan 2014
  34. 34.
    Wooldridge M, Weiss G (1999) Intelligent agents. In: Multi-agent systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, p 3Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Colson CM, Nehrir MH (2011) Algorithms for distributed decision-making for multi-agent microgrid power management. IEEE power and energy society general meeting, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 24–29 July 2011Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Su W, Wang J (2012) Energy management systems in microgrid operations. Electr J 25(8):45–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Planas E, Gil-de-Muro A, Andreu J, Kortabarria I, Martínez de Alegría I (2013) General aspects, hierarchical controls and droop methods in microgrids: a review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 17:147–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Hatziargyriou ND, Dimeas A, Tsikalakis AG, Oyarzabal J, Pecas Lopes JA, Kariniotakis G (2005) Management of microgrids in market environment. In: International conference on future power systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 16–18 Nov 2005Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Smitha SD, Chacko FM (2013) Intelligent energy management in smart and sustainable buildings with multi-agent control system. In: 2013 international multi-conference on automation, computing, communication, control and compressed sensing (iMac4s), Kerala, India, pp 190, 195, 22–23 Mar 2013Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Wang L, Wang Z, Yang R (2012) Intelligent multiagent control system for energy and comfort management in smart and sustainable buildings. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(2):605–617CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Zhao P, Suryanarayanan S, Simoes MG (2013) An energy management system for building structures using a multi-agent decision-making control methodology. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 49(1):322–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Conchado A, Linares P (2008) Gestión activa de la demanda eléctrica doméstica: beneficios y costes. http://gad.ite.es/docs/20100121_iit_comillas.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014 (in Spanish)
  43. 43.
    Jansen JJ, Welle AJ, Joode J (2007) The evolving role of the DSO in efficiently accommodating distributed generation. DG-GRID: intelligent energy Europe. http://www.ontario-sea.org/Storage/28/1950_The_Evolving_Role_of_the_DSO_in_Efficiently_Accommodating_Distributed_Generation_.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014
  44. 44.
    Cao DM, Pudjianto D, Strbac G, Martikainen A, Kärkkäinen S, Farin J (2006) Costs and benefits of DG connections to grid system, DG grid report D8. https://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/bs/DG-GRID/Results/WP3/d8_cao_costs-and-benefits-of-dg-connections-to-grid-system.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014
  45. 45.
    Frías P, Gómez T, Rivier J (2008) Integration of distributed generation in distribution networks: regulatory challenges. In: 16th power systems computation conference, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 14–18 July 2008Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Cossent R, Gómez T, Olmos L (2011) Large-scale integration of renewable and distributed generation of electricity. Energ Policy 39:8078–8087CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    CNE (2009) Proposal for basic electricity distribution grid codes. http://www.cne.es/cne/doc/publicaciones/cne112_09.pdf. Accessed Jan 2014
  48. 48.
    Trebolle D, Gomez T, Cossent R, Frias P (2010) Distribution planning with reliability options for distributed generation. Electr Power Syst Res 80(2):222–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Cossent R, Gómez T, Frías P (2009) Towards a future with large penetration of distributed generation: is the current regulation of electricity distribution ready? Regulatory recommendations under a European perspective. Energy Policy 37:1145–1155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Conchado A, Linares P (2012) The economic impact of demand-response programs on power systems. A survey of the state of the art. In: Sorokin A, Rebennack S, Pardalos PM, Iliadis NA, Niko A, Pereira MVF (eds) Handbook of networks in power systems I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 281–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    MIT Energy Initiative (2011) The future of the electric grid. http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/studies/documents/electric-grid-2011/Electric_Grid_Full_Report.pdf. Accessed Jan 2011

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Alvaro Sanchez-Miralles
    • 1
  • Christian Calvillo
    • 1
  • Francisco Martín
    • 1
  • José Villar
    • 1
  1. 1.Comillas Pontifical University, Institute for Research in TechnologyMadridSpain

Personalised recommendations