1940–1959

  • Kenneth J. Berry
  • Janis E. Johnston
  • Paul W. MielkeJr.
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

This chapter chronicles the development of permutation statistical methods from 1940 to 1959. This period may be considered a bridge between the early years of 1920–1939 where permutation tests were first conceptualized and the next period, 1960–1979, in which gains in computer technology provided the necessary tools to successfully employ permutation tests. The recognition of permutation methods as the gold standard against which conventional statistical methods were to be evaluated, while often implicit in the 1920s and 1930s, is manifest in many of the publications on permutation methods that appeared between 1940 and 1959. Also, a number of researchers turned their attention during this time period to rank tests, which simplified the calculation of exact probability values; other researchers continued work on calculating exact probability values, creating tables for small samples; and still others continued the theoretical work begun in the 1920s.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Kenneth J. Berry
    • 1
  • Janis E. Johnston
    • 2
  • Paul W. MielkeJr.
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of SociologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUSA
  2. 2.U.S. GovernmentAlexandriaUSA
  3. 3.Department of StatisticsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUSA

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