Geothermics pp 15-52 | Cite as
Heat Conduction and Thermal Parameters
Chapter
First Online:
Abstract
This chapter presents the basic equations for conductive heat transfer and the main thermal parameters of the rocks, in particular the thermal conductivity and radiogenic heat. Also, it outlines the most commonly used techniques for estimating these parameters. Models involving the application of mixing laws for a mineral aggregate are discussed together with techniques for estimating the in situ thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. Finally, methods for determining the radiogenic heat in the crust are introduced.
Keywords
Conductive heat flow Thermal properties Thermal conductivity measurements Radiogenic heat Laboratory and ground gamma-ray spectrometryReferences
- Abdulagatova Z, Abdulagatov IM, Emirov VN (2009) Effect of temperature and pressure on the thermal conductivity of sandstone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 46:1055–1071CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Balling NP (1976) Geothermal models of the crust and the uppermost mantle of the Fennoscandian shield in South Norway and the Danish embayment. J Geophys 42:237–256Google Scholar
- Beardsmore GR, Cull JP (2001) Crustal heat flow: a guide to measurement and modelling. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beck AE, Beck JM (1958) On the measurement of the thermal conductivity of rocks by observations on a divided bar apparatus. Trans Am Geophys Union 30:1111–1123 (Washington, DC)Google Scholar
- Beck AE (1988) Thermal properties. Methods for determining thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. In: Haenel R, Rybach L, Stegena L (eds) Handbook of terrestrial heat flow density determination. Kluwer, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
- Benfield AE (1939) Terrestrial heat in Great Britain. Proc Roy Soc London A 173:428–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Birch F (1942) Thermal conductivity and diffusivity. In: Birch F, Schaier JF, Spicer HC (eds) Handbook of physical constants, vol 36. Geological Society of America, New York, pp 243–266Google Scholar
- Birch F (1950) Flow of heat in the front range Colorado. Bull Geol Soc Am 61:567–630CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Blackwell DD, Spafford RE (1987) Experimental methods in continental heat flow. In: Sammis CG, Henyey TL (eds) Methods of experimental physics. Academic Press, Orlando, FloridaGoogle Scholar
- Bochiolo M, Verdoya M, Chiozzi P, Pasquale V (2012) Radiometric surveying for the assessment of radiation dose and radon specific exhalation in underground environment. J Appl Geophys 83:100–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boulvais P, Vallet JM, Estéoule-Choux J, Fourcade S, Martineau F (2000) Origin of kaolinization in Brittany (NW France) with emphasis on deposits over granite: stable isotopes (O, H) constraints. Chem Geol 168:211–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brigaud F, Vasseur G (1989) Mineralogy, porosity and fluid control on thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks. Geophys J 98:525–542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bucher C, Rybach L (1996) A simple method to determine heat production from gamma-ray logs. Mar Petrol Geol 13:313–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bullard EC (1939) Heat flow in South Africa. Pro Roy Soc London A 173:474–502CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carslaw HS, Jaeger JC (1986) Conduction of heat in solids, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- Čermák V, Rybach L (1982) Thermal conductivity and specific heat of mineral and rocks. In: Angenheister G (ed) Landolt-Börnestein: numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Springer, Berlin, pp 305–343Google Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M (1998) Ground radiometric survey of U, Th and K on the Lipari Island, Italy. J Appl Geophys 38:209–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiozzi P, De Felice P, Fazio A, Pasquale V, Verdoya M (2000a) Laboratory application of NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry to studies of natural radioactivity in geophysics. Appl Radiat Isot 53:127–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M, De Felice P (2000b) Practical applicability of field gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry in geophysical surveys. Appl Radiat Isot 53:127–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M (2001) Naturally occurring radioactivity at the Alps-Apennines transition. Radiat Meas 35:147–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M (2002) Heat from radioactive elements in young volcanics by gamma (Ray spectrometry. J Volcan Geoth Res 119:205–214)Google Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M, Minato S (2003) Gamma-ray activity in the volcanic islands of the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. J Environ Radioact 67:235–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiozzi P, Pasquale V, Verdoya M (2007) Radiometric survey for exploration of hydrothermal alteration in a volcanic area. J. Geochem Explor 93:13–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark SP (1957) Radiative transfer in the Earth’s mantle. Trans Am Geophys Union 38:931–938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark SP (1966) Thermal conductivity. In: Clark SP (ed) Hanbook of physical constants, vol 97. Geological Society of America Memoir, New York, pp 459–482Google Scholar
- Clauser C, Huenges E (1995) Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals. In: Ahrens TJ (ed) Rock physics and phase relations: a handbook of physical constants. American Geophysical Union, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
- Cull JP (1975) The pressure and temperature dependence of thermal conductivity within the Earth. PhD Thesis, Oxford University, Great BritainGoogle Scholar
- De Vries DA, Peck AJ (1958) On the cylindrical probe method of measuring thermal conductivity with special reference to soils. Aust J Phys 11:255–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Deming D, Chapman DS (1988) Heat flow in the Utah-Wyoming thrust belt from analysis of bottom-hole temperature data measured in oil and gas wells. J Geophys Res 93:13657–13672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Desai PD, Navarro RA, Hasan SE, Ho CY, DeWitt DP, West TR (1974) Thermophysical properties of selected rocks. Centre for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndianaGoogle Scholar
- Drabble JR, Goldsmith HJ (1961) Thermal conduction in semiconductors. Pergamon Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Fountain DM, Christensen NI (1989) Composition of the continental crust: A review, in geophysical framework of the continental United States. Geol Soc Am Memoir 172:711–742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grasty RL, Holman PB, Blanchard YB (1991) Transportable calibration pads for ground and airborne gamma-ray spectrometers. Energy, Mines, and Resources, OttawaGoogle Scholar
- Grough ST (1979) Geoid anomalies across fracture zones and the thickness of the lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 44:224–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hadglu T, Clinton CL, Bean JE (2007) Determination of heat capacity of Yucca Mountain stratigraphic layer. Int J Rock Mech Min Sc 44:1022–1034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hantschel T, Kauerauf AI (2009) Fundamentals of basin and petroleum systems modelling. Springer, BerlinGoogle Scholar
- Hashin Z, Shtrikman SA (1962) A variational approach to the theory of the effective magnetic permeability of multiphase materials. J Appl Phys 33:3125–3131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hasterok D (2010) Thermal state of the oceanic and continental lithosphere. PhD Thesis, University of UtahGoogle Scholar
- Hasterok D, Chapman DS (2011) Heat production and geotherms for the continental lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 307:59–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hofmeister A (2005) Dependence of diffusive radiative transfer on grain-size, temperature, and Fe-content: implications for mantle processes. J Geodyn 40:51–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Horai K (1971) Thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals. J Geophys Res 76:1278–1308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Horai K, Simmons G (1970) An empirical relationship between thermal conductivity and Debye temperature for silicates. J Geophys Res 75:978–982CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (1987) Preparation of gamma-ray spectrometry reference materials RGU-1, RGTh-1 and RGK-1. Technical Reports Series No. 148, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (1989) Construction and use of calibration facilities for radiometric field equipment, Technical Reports Series No. 309, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (2003) Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data. Technical Reports Series No. 1363, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- Joffe AV, Joffe AF (1958) Measurement of the thermal conductivity of semiconductors in the vicinity of room temperature. Soviet Phys Tech Phys 3:2163–2168Google Scholar
- Jessop AM (1990) Thermal geophysics. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
- Kaganov MA (1958) A theoretical analysis of the method of measuring thermal conductivity of semiconductors proposed by A. V. Ioffe. Soviet Phys Tech Phys 3:2169–2172Google Scholar
- Kappelmeyer O, Häenel R (1974) Geothermics with special reference of application. Geoexpl Monographs Gebr Borntraeger, BerlinGoogle Scholar
- Kern H, Siegesmund S (1989) A test of the relationship between seismic velocity and heat production for crustal rocks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 92:89–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ketcham RA (1996) An improved method for determination of heat production with gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry. Chem Geol 130:175–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lachenbruch AH (1970) Crustal temperature and heat production: implications of the linear heat-flow relation. J Geophys Res 75:3291–3300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lawson AW (1957) On the high temperature heat conductivity of insulators. J Phys Chem Solids 3:155–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lederer CM, Shirley VS (1978) Table of isotopes, 7th edn. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Lewis T, Villinger H, Davis E (1993) Thermal conductivity measurement of rock fragments using a pulsed needle probe. Can J Earth Sci 30:480–485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lovborg L, Mose E (1987) Counting statistics in radioelement assaying with a portable spectrometer. Geophysics 52:555–563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Matsuda H, Minato S, Pasquale V (2002) Evaluation of accuracy of response matrix method for environmental gamma ray analysis (in Japanese). Radioisotopes 51:42–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Parrott JE, Stuckes AD (1975) Thermal conductivity of solids. Pion Ltd, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Pasquale V (1983) Sulla conducibilità termica delle rocce. Convegno del Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida, Cnr, Roma, pp 765–775Google Scholar
- Pasquale V (1987) Possible thermal structure of the eastern part of the central Alps. Nuovo Cimento 10C:129–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasquale V, Casale G, Masella M (1988) Linear relationships between thermophysical properties and cation packing index of rocks. Preliminary results. Convegno del Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida, Cnr, Roma, pp 1423–1431Google Scholar
- Pasquale V, Cabella C, Verdoya M (1990) Deep temperatures and lithospheric thickness along the european geotraverse. Tectonophysics 176:1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasquale V, Chiozzi P, Gola G, Verdoya M (2008) Depth-time correction of petroleum bottom-hole temperatures in the Po plain, Italy. Geophysics 73:E187–E196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasquale V, Gola G, Chiozzi P, Verdoya M (2011) Thermophysical properties of the Po basin rocks. Geophys J Int 186:69–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pasquale V, Chiozzi P, Verdoya M, Gola G (2012) Heat flow in the Western Po basin and the surrounding orogenic belts. Geophys J Int 190:8–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Popov YA (1983) Theoretical models of the method of determination of the thermal properties of rocks on the basis of movable sources. Geol Prospect 9:97–103 (in Russian)Google Scholar
- Popov YA, Pribnow D, Sass JA, Williams CF, Burkhardt H (1999) Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning. Geothermics 28:253–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pribnow D, Sass JH (1995) Determination of thermal conductivity from deep boreholes. J Geophys Res 100:9981–9994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robertson EC (1988) Thermal properties of rocks. USGS open file report 88-441, US Geol Survey, Reston, VirginiaGoogle Scholar
- Roy RF, Beck AE, Touloukian YS (1981) Thermophysical properties of rocks. In: Touloukian YS, Judd WR, Roy RF (eds) Physical properties of rocks and minerals. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Rybach L (1971) Radiometric techniques. In: Wainerdi RE, Uken EA (eds) Modern methods of geochemical analysis. Plenum Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Rybach L (1979) The relationship between seismic velocity and radioactive heat production in crustal rocks: an exponential law. Pure Appl Geophys 117:75–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rybach L (1988) Determination of the heat production rate. In: Rybach L, Stegena L, Haenel R (eds) Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density determination. Kluwer, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
- Rybach L, Buntebarth G (1984) The variation of heat generation, density and seismic velocity with rock type in the continental lithosphere. Tectonophysics 103:335–344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sass JH, Lachenbruch AH, Munroe R (1971) Thermal conductivity of rocks from measurements on fragments and its application to heat flow determinations. J Geophys Res 76:2291–3401Google Scholar
- Schärli U, Rybach L (2001) Determination of specific heat capacity on rock fragments. Geothermics 30:93–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schatz JF, Simmons G (1972) Thermal conductivity of Earth materials at high temperatures. J Geophys Res 77:6966–6983CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schloessin HH, Dvořák Z (1972) Anisotropic lattice thermal conductivity in enstatite as a function of pressure and temperature. Geophys J R Astr Soc 27:499–516CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sekiguchi K (1984) A method for determining terrestrial heat flow in oil basinal areas. Tectonophysics 103:67–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Somerton WH (1992) Thermal properties and temperature related behaviour of rock/fluid systems. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
- Somerton WH, Mossahebi M (1967) Ring heat source probe for rapid determination of thermal conductivity of rocks. Rev Sci Instrum 38:1368–1371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Swann FG (1959) Theory of the AF Ioffe method for rapid measurement of the thermal conductivity of solid. J Franklin Inst 267:363–380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tourlière B, Perrin J, Le Berre P, Pasquet JF (2003) Use of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry for kaolin exploration. J Appl Geophys 53:91–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tye RP (1969) Thermal conductivity, vol. 2. Academic Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Verdoya M, Pasquale V, Chiozzi P (1998a) Radioactive heat production of volcanics. In: Proceedings of the international conference “The Earth’s thermal field and related research methods”. Moscow, Russia, pp 272–276Google Scholar
- Verdoya M, Pasquale V, Chiozzi P, Kukkonen IT (1998b) Radiogenic heat production in the Variscan crust: new determinations and distribution models in Corsica (northwestern Mediterranean). Tectonophysics 291:63–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Verdoya M, Chiozzi P, Pasquale V (2001) Heat-production radionuclides in metamorphic rocks of the Briançonnais-Piedmont zone (Maritime Alps). Eclogae Geol Helv 94:213–219Google Scholar
- Von Herzen RP, Maxwell AE (1959) The measurement of thermal conductivity of deep-sea sediments by a needle probe method. J Geophys Res 64:1557–1563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wang J, Carson JK, North MF, Cleland DJ (2006) A new approach to modelling the effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous materials. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 49:3075–3083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Waples DW, Waples JS (2004a) A review and evaluation of specific heat capacities of rocks, minerals, and subsurface fluids. Part 1, minerals and nonporous rocks. Nat Resour Res 13:97–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Waples DW, Waples JS (2004b) A review and evaluation of specific heat capacities of rocks, minerals, and subsurface fluids. Part 2, fluids and porous rocks. Nat Resour Res 13:123–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watt DE, Ramsden D (1964) High sensitivity counting techniques. Pergamon Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Zimmerman RW (1989) Thermal conductivity of fluid saturated rocks. J Petrol Sc Eng 3:219–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zoth G, Haenel R (1988) Thermal conductivity. Methods for determining thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. In: Haenel R, Rybach L, Stegena L (eds) Handbook of terrestrial heat flow density determination. Kluwer, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
- Faure G (1986) Principle of isotopes geology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© The Author(s) 2014