Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating for Biodegradability Improvement of Magnesium-based Alloy Implant

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advanced Structured Materials book series (STRUCTMAT, volume 40)

Abstract

Due to particular requirement for implant prostheses to mechanical stability and biocompatibility for regeneration of hard tissues injuries, bioresorbable metallic implants have attracted special place in orthopedics in recent years because of excluding secondary surgery for extracting them. While magnesium is one of the most vital elements in body metabolism and revival of harmed bones, its corrosion rate in chloride solutions such as human body fluid is too high and this matter would have unpleasant consequences as a supporting implant. In this study, a magnesium-based alloy (AZ91) was used as a substrate and coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite (n-HA) via a sol–gel method in order to achieve releasing Mg2+ ions gradually which assists osteoblast cells to regenerate injured bones. Potentiodynamic plots revealed that the corrosion resistance behavior of the coated substrates had been increased significantly comparing with uncoated specimens. Also, in vitro immersion test evaluation in simulated body fluid solution at 37 ± 1°C within 28 days of immersion discovered significant decrease in evolved gas for n-HA coated against bare AZ91 specimens which indicated that n-HA coating has been considerably successful in developing the controlled barricade of Mg2+ ion releasing and indicated that the n-HA coating could decrease the substrate degradation rate to half versus bare substrate.

Keywords

Bioresorbable implants Magnesium alloys Sol–gel coating Nanostructured hydroxyapatite 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support of this research by Biomaterials Research Group of Isfahan University of Technology.

References

  1. 1.
    Geng, F., Tan, L.L., Jin, X.X., Yang, J.Y., Yang, K.: The preparation, cytocompatibility, and in vitro biodegradation study of pure beta-TCP on magnesium. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 20, 1149–1157 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Yan, T., Tan, L., Xiong, D., Liu, X., Zhang, B., Yang, K.: Fluoride treatment and in vitro corrosion behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 30, 740–748 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Razavi, M., Fathi, M.H., Meratian, M.: Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion evaluation of biodegradable AZ91-FA nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 527, 6938–6944 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Kim, S., Lee, J., Kim, Y., Riu, D., Jung, S., Lee, Y.: Synthesis of Si, Mg substituted hydroxyapatites and their sintering behaviors. Biomaterials 24, 1389–1398 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Dai, K.: Rational utilization of the stress shielding effect of implants. In: Poitout, D.G. (ed.) Biomechanics and Biomaterials in Orthopedics, 1st edn. Springer, New york (2004)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Hulskes, R.: Stress shielding and bone resorption in THA : clinical versus computer-simulation studies. Acta Orthop. Belg. 59(1), 118–129 (1993)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Sealy, M.P., Guo, Y.B.: Surface integrity and process mechanics of laser shock peening of novel biodegradable magnesium-calcium (Mg-Ca) alloy. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 3, 488–496 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Li, Z., Gu, X., Lou, S., Zheng, Y.: The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials 29, 1329–1344 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Song, G.L., Atrens, A.: Corrosion mechanisms of magnesium alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 1, 11–33 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Razavi, M., Fathi, M.H., Meratian, M.: Bio-corrosion behavior of magnesium-fluorapatite nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Mater. Lett. 64, 2487–2490 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Yang, J., Cui, F., Lee, I.: Plasma surface modification of magnesium alloy for biomedical application. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, S182–S187 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Fathi, M.H., Hanifi, A.: Evaluation and characterization of nanostructure hydroxyapatite powder prepared by simple sol–gel method. Mater. Lett. 61, 3978–3983 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Bose, S., Dasgupta, S., Tarafder, S., Bandyopadhyay, A.: Microwave-processed nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite: simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and biological properties. Acta Biomater. 6, 3782–3790 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Mohammadi Zahrani, E., Fathi, M.H., Alfantazi, A.M.: Sol-gel derived nanocrystalline fluoridated hydroxyapatite powders and nanostructured coatings for tissue engineering applications. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 42, 3291–3309 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Ratner, B., Haffman, A. S., Schoen, F. J., Lemons, J. E.: Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, 2nd edn. Elsevier Academic Press, New york (1996)Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Fathi, M.H., Hanifi, A., Mortazavi, V.: Preparation and bioactivity evaluation of bone-like hydroxyapatite nanopowder. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 202, 536–542 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Bohner, M., Lemaitre, J.: Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution? Biomaterials 30, 2175–2179 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Kokubo, T., Takadama, H.: How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials 27, 2907–2915 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Fathi, M.H., Doostmohammadi, A.: Preparation and characterization of sol–gel bioactive glass coating for improvement of biocompatibility of human body implant. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 474, 128–133 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Stephen Tait, W.: An introduction to electrochemical corrosion testing for practicing engineers and scientists. PairDocs Publications, Racine (1994)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Panda, R., Hsieh, M., Chung, R., Chin, T.S.: FTIR, XRD, SEM and solid state NMR investigations of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite nano-particles synthesized by hydroxide-gel technique. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 64, 193–199 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Tadic, D., Epple, M.: Mechanically stable implants of synthetic bone mineral by cold isostatic pressing. Biomaterials 24, 4565–4571 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Wei, M., Evans, J.H., Bostrom, T., Grøndahl, L.: Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite, fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 14, 311–320 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Medved, J., Mrvar, P., Vončina, M.: Oxidation resistance of AM60, AM50, AE42 and AZ91 magnesium alloys, Magnesium alloys-corrosion and surface treatments, Czerwinski, F. (ed), InTech. http://www.intechopen.com/books/magnesium-alloys-corrosion-and-surface-treatments/oxidation-resistance-of-am60-am50-ae42-and-az91-magnesium-alloys (2011)
  25. 25.
    Aung, N.N., Zhou, W.: Effect of grain size and twins on corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Corros. Sci. 52, 589–594 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Song, G.: Control of biodegradation of biocompatible magnesium alloys. Corros. Sci. 49, 1696–1701 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Witte, F., Hort, N., et al.: Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 12, 63–72 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Kokubo, T.: Design of bioactive bone substitutes based on biomineralization process. Mater. Sci. Eng C. 25, 97–104 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Zhang, S., Zhang, X., et al.: Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. Acta Biomater. 6, 626–640 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Biomaterials, Materials Engineering DepartmentIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahanIran

Personalised recommendations