Shared Arabian Muslim Travel Photos
Conference paper
Abstract
This paper investigates user generated Muslim travel photos in the understudied Arab World. In June 2009, Flickr had over 8,000 Muslim travel photos for Arab countries. Content analysis on 589 photos revealed that males surpassed females in posting photos and nearly two-thirds of the photos showed human presence. The North African region had more photos with human presence than the Middle East region. Most Arab countries had more male than female presence, with four in five female photos containing females wearing a headscarf. Countries with more or equal female presence to males could suggest investment opportunities by female business entrepreneurs with Arab Muslim women.
Keywords
user-generated content photo Arab League travel MuslimPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Al-‘Ak Abdul Rahman, K. (1998). Syakhsiyyah al-Mar`ah al-Muslimah fi Dhauk al-Quran wa al-Sunnah. Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.Google Scholar
- Al-Hamarneh, A., & Steiner, C. (2004). Islamic Tourism: Rethinking the Strategies of Tourism Development in the Arab World After September 11, 2001. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24(1), 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alexa. (2009). Top Sites. Retrieved 23 September, 2009, from www.alexa.com/topsitesGoogle Scholar
- Banks, M. (2007). Using Visual Data in Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
- Cantoni, L., Tardini, S., Inversini, A., & Marchiori, E. (2009). From Paradigmatic to Syntagmatic Communities: A Socio-Semiotic Approach to the Evolution Pattern of Online Travel Communities. Paper presented at the Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (ENTER) 2009, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
- Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). The World Factbook. Retrieved 29 April 2009, from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Charrad, M. M. (1998). Cultural Diversity Within Islam: Veils and Laws in Tunisia. In H. L. Bodman & N. Tohidi (Eds.), Women in Muslim Societies. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
- Cheong, H. J., & Morrison, M. A. (2008). Consumers’ Reliance on Product Information and Recommendations Found in UGC. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(2), //jiad.org/article103.Google Scholar
- Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination Image Representation on the Web: Content Analysis of Macau Travel Related Websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cormode, G., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2008). Key Differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. First Monday, 13(6), www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2125/1972.Google Scholar
- Cox, A. M., Clough, P. D., & Marlow, J. (2008). Flickr: A First Look at User Behaviour in the Context of Photography as Serious Leisure. Information Research, 13(1).Google Scholar
- Daugherty, T., Eastin, M. S., & Bright, L. (2008). Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(2), //jiad.org/vol8/no2/daugherty/index.htm.Google Scholar
- Dervis, K., & Shafik, N. (1998). The Middle East and North Africa: A Tale of Two Futures. Middle East Journal, 52(4), 505–516.Google Scholar
- Dunston, L., & Monaghan, S. (2008). Top 10: Dubai and Abu Dhabi. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited.Google Scholar
- El Guindi, F. (1999). Veil. Modesty, Privacy and Resistance. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
- Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the Relationship Between Tourism Destination Imagery and Tourist Photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Govers, R., & Go, F. M. (2004). Projected Destination Image Online: Website Content Analysis of Pictures and Text. Journal of Information Technology & Tourism, 7(2), 73–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gray, M. (2000). The Political Economy of Tourism in North Africa: Comparative Perspectives. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42(4), 393–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gretzel, U., & Yoo, K. H. (2008). Use and Impact of Online Travel Reviews. In P. O’Connor, W. Hopken & U. Gretzel (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2008 (pp. 35–46). Innsbruck, Austria: Springer-Verlag Wien.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haldrup, M., & Larsen, J. (2003). The Family Gaze. Tourist Studies, 3(1), 23–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hargittai, E. (2007). Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue11/hargittai.html.Google Scholar
- Hashim, N. H., Murphy, J., & Hashim, N. M. (2007). Islam and Online Imagery on Malaysian Tourist Destination Websites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue13/hashim.html.Google Scholar
- Huang, W.-J., & Lee, B. C. (2009). Capital City Tourism: Online Destination Image of Washington, DC. Paper presented at the Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (ENTER) 2009.Google Scholar
- Hudson, M. C. (2006). Washington vs. Al Jazeera: Competing Constructions of Middle East Realities. In Arab Media in the Information Age (pp. 229–248). Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.Google Scholar
- Imam Reza. (2009). Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Retrieved 29 September 2009, from http://www.imamreza.net/eng/Google Scholar
- Insoll, T. (1999). The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar
- Internet World Stats. (2009a). Internet Usage in the Middle East. Retrieved 11 September 2009, from www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm#meGoogle Scholar
- Internet World Stats. (2009b). Internet Usage Statistics for Africa. Retrieved 11 September 2009, from www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htmGoogle Scholar
- Lange, P. G. (2008). Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on You Tube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 361–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leiper, N. (1979). The Framework of Tourism: Towards a definition of tourism, tourist and the tourist industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 390–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meyer, E. T., Rosenbaum, H., & Hara, N. (2005). How Photobloggers are Framing a New Computerization Movement. Paper presented at the Internet Generations 6.0: Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR).Google Scholar
- Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage PublicationsGoogle Scholar
- Nigosian, S. A. (1987). Islam: The Way of Submission. Great Britain: Crucible.Google Scholar
- Otterman, S. (2009). Arab League. The New York Times Retrieved 22 June, 2009, from topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/arab_league/Google Scholar
- Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS. Crows Nest, Australia Allen & UnwinGoogle Scholar
- Ruby, T. F. (2006). Listening to the voices of hijab. Women Studies International Forum, 29(1), 54–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shaheen, J. G. (2006). The New Anti-Semitism: Hollywood’s Reel Bad Arabs: Impacting Public Opinion and Policy. In Arab Media in the Information Age (pp. 323–362). Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.Google Scholar
- Sonmez, S. (2001). Tourism Behind the Veil of Islam: Women and Development in the Middle East. In Y. Apostolopoulos, S. Sonmez & D. J. Timothy (Eds.), Women As Producers and Consumers of Tourism in Developing Regions. Westport: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
- Syed-Ahmad, S. F., Hashim, N. H., Horrigan, D., & Murphy, J. (2009). Travel Research and Sharing through User-Generated Content. Paper presented at the 7th Asia Pacific CHRIE (APacCHRIE) 2009 ConferenceGoogle Scholar
- TakingITGlobal. (2002). A look at Women in Somalia — Panorama — TakingITGlobal. Retrieved 31 October 2009, from http://www.tigweb.org/express/panorama/article. html?ContentID=865Google Scholar
- Tussyadiah, I. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Mediating Tourist Experiences: Access to Places via Shared Videos. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 24–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- UAE Government. (2006). About UAE. UAE Federal e-Government Portal Retrieved 26 Jun 2009, 2009, from www.government.ae/gov/en/general/uae/country.jspGoogle Scholar
- Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
- Webb, M. (2007). Dubai, Abu Dhabi & the UAE. London: Time Out Group Ltd.Google Scholar
- Winckler, O. (2007). The Birth of Oman’s Tourism Industry. Tourism, 55(2), 221–234.Google Scholar
- World Tourism Organisation. (2007a). Tourism Market Trend: Africa. Retrieved 28 August 2009, from www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/indicators/ITA_Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar
- World Tourism Organisation. (2007b). Tourism Market Trends: Middle East. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.Google Scholar
- Yoo, K. H., Lee, Y., Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Trust in Travel-Related Consumer Generated Media. Paper presented at the Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (ENTER) 2009.Google Scholar
- Yousef, T. M. (2004). Development, Growth and Policy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa since 1950. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 91–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zuhur, S. (2003). Women and Empowerment In The Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 25(4), 17–38.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag/Wien 2010