Drugs for treatment of patients with high cholesterol blood levels and other dyslipidemias

  • Harold E. Bays
  • Carlos A. Dujovne
Chapter
Part of the Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques book series (PDR, volume 43)

Abstract

Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (ASCAD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed nations. Dyslipidemia increases the risk of ASCAD. Diet, lifestyle habits, and/or lipid-acting drugs that favorably affect lipid blood levels have been shown to decrease progression, or in some cases induce regression of ASCAD. Therefore, lipid-acting drugs have been recommended for dyslipidemic patients with ASCAD, or at high risk for ASCAD, who do not correct their lipid blood levels after diet and lifestyle recommendations. The choice of the type of lipid-acting drug/s should be based on the blood lipid profile, as well as the potential effectiveness, tolerance, and toxicity anticipated in the individual patient.

Keywords

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol High Cholesterol Blood Lipid Blood Level Lipid Research Clinic Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Bilheimer D.W.: Therapeutic Control of Hyperlipidemia in the Prevention of Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Review of Results from recent Clinical Trials. Am J Cardiol, 62, 1J - 9J, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Barndt R. Jr., Blankenhorn D.H., Crawford D.W., Brooks S.H.: Regression and progression of early femoral atherosclerosis in treated hyperlipoproteinemic patients. Ann Int med, 86, 139–146, 1977.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Zelis R., Mason D.T., Braunwald E., Levy R.I.: Effects of Hyperlipoproteinemias and their treatment on the peripheral circulation. J Clin Invest, 49, 1007–1015, 1970.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Duffield R.G.M., Lewis B., Miller N.E., Jamieson C.W., Brunt J.N.H., Colchestero A.C.F.: Treatment of hyperlipidemia retard progression of symptomatic femoral atherosclerosis. A randomized controlled trial Lancet, 2, 639–642, 1983.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Furberg C.D., Byinton R.P.: ACAPS Group. ACAPS: Effects of Lovastatin on Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Clinical Events. Abstract from 1993 Scientific Session of the American Heart Association - Circulation section 88, 2073, 1993.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    The Multiple Risk Factor Trial research Group: Mortality rates after 10.5 years for participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 263, 1795–801, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Rossouw J.E., Lewis B., Rifkind B.M.: The Value of Lowering Cholesterol After Myocardial Infarction. NEJM 323, 1112–1119, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    The Coronary Drug Project Research Group: Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease, JAMA 231 (4), 360–381, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Canner P.L., Berge K.G., Wenger N.K., et al.: Fifteen year mortality in coronary drug project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 8, 1245–1255, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Haarbo J., Hassager C., Jensen S.B., Rus B.J., Christiansen C.: Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins During Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy Combined with Either 19-Nortestosterone Derivatives or 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Derivatives. Am J Med. 90, 584–589, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Report from the Committee of Principal Investigators: A cooperative trial in the primary prevention of ischemic heart disease using clofibrate, Br. Heart J. 40, 1069–1118, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 251, 351–364, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results: II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 251, 365–374, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    The Lipid Research Clinics Investigators. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Arch Intern Med 152, 1399–1410, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Frick, M.H. et al: Helsinki Heart Study: Primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 317 (20), 1237–1245, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Manninen V., MSci L.T., Koskinen P., et. al.: Joint Effects of Serum Triglyceride and LDL Cholesterol and HDL Cholesterol Concentrations on Coronary Heart Disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Circulation 85, 37–45, 1992.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Pravastain Multinational Study Group: Effects of Pravastatin in Patients with Serum Total Cholesterol Levels from 5.2 to 7.8 mmol/liter (200 to 300 mg/dl) Plus Two Additional Atheroscerotic Risk Factors. Am J Cardiol. 72, 1031–1037, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Brown B.G., Zhao X Q, Sacco D.E., Albers J.J.: Lipid lowering and plaque regression. Circulation 87, 1781–91, 1993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Hjermann I., Holme I., Leren P.: Oslo Diet and Antismoking Trial: Results after 102 months. Am J Med 80, 7–11, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Expert panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Summary of the second report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel II). JAMA 269 (23), 3015–3023, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Bays H.E., Dujovne C.A.: Antioxidants in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clin. Invest. Artheriosclerosis 1994; 5: 166–175.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Parthasarathy S., Khoo J.C., Miller E., Barnett J., Witzum J L, Steinberg D.: Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 3894–98, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Kinter M.T., Roberts R.J.: Effects of Oleic Acid on Lipoxygenase Activity and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Formation. Am. Heart Assoc. Abstract to the Council on Arteriosclerosis. Lipoprotein Modification. Page 5, 1993.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Can T.P., Sawyer J.K., Rudel L.L.: Dietary Monounsaturated Fat Protects Against Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in African Green Monkeys. Am. Heart Assoc. Abstract to the Council on Arteriosclerosis Diet and Oxidation of Lipoprotein. Page 48, 1993.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Nicolosi R.J., Courtemanche K.V., Behr S.R.: Increased LDL Oxidation Susceptibility and Enhanced Aortic Atherogenesis in Hamsters Fed High Polyunsaturated vs. Monounsaturated Vegetable Oils. Am. Heart Assoc. Abstract to the Council on Arteriosclerosis Diet and Oxidation of Lipoprotein. Page 48, 1993.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Blankenhorn D.H., Johnson R.L., Mack W.J., Il Zein H.A., Vailas L.I.: The Influence of Diet on the Appearance of New Lesions in Human Coronary Arteries. JAMA 263, 1646–1652, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Rosner B., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H.: Menopause and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women; NEJM 316, 1105–1110, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Connor E.B., Bush T.S.: Estrogen and Coronary Heart Disease in Women. JAMA 265, 1861–1867, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Isles C.G., Hole D.J., Hawthorne V.M., Lever A.F.: Relation between coronary risk and coronary mortality in women of the Renfrew and Paisley survey: comparison with men. Lancet 339, 702–705, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Goldman L., Tobsteson A.N.A.: Uncertainty About Postmenopausal Estrogen. NEJM 325, 800–802, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Stampfer M.J., Graham A.C., Willett W.C., Manson J.A., Rosner B., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H.: Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM 325, 756–62, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Stampfer M.J.: Smoking, Estrogen, and Prevention of Heart Disease in Women. Mayo Clin Proc. 64, 1553–1557, 1989.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Rijpkema A.H.M., et al.: Effects of Post-menopausal Oestrogen-Progestogen Replacement Therapy on Serum Lipids and Lipoprotein: A Review; Maturitas 12, 259–285, 1990.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Miller V.T.: Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement; Drug Therapy, 76–79, June 1990.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Walsh B.W., Schiff I., Rosner B., Greenberg L., Ravnikar V., Sacks F.M.: Effects of Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement on the Concentrations and Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins. NEJM 325, 1196–204, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Chang W.C., Nakao J., Orimo H., Murota S.I.: Stimulation of Prostaglandin Cyclooxygenase and Prostacyclin Synthetase Activities by Estradiol in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Biochim et Biophy Acta 620, 472–482, 1980.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Zhu X.D., Knopp R.H.: Effect of Sex Hormones on Oxidative Modification of Low Density Lipoproteins by Placental Macrophages and Trophoblast and Their Susceptibility to Cytotoxicity. Am. Heart Assoc. Abstract to the Council on Arteriosclerosis Lipoprotein Metabolism. Page 5, 1993.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Shwaery G.T., Sacchiero R.J., Judd S.G., Nicolosi R.J., Foxall T.L.: Effects of Estrogen on Oxidation Ex Vivo of Low Density Lipoprotein From Hyypercholesterolemic Swine. Am. Heart Assoc. Abstract to the Council on Arteriosclerosis Diet and Oxidation of Lipoproteins. Page 48, 1993.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Illingworth D.R.: Management of hyperlipidemia: goals for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Clin Invest Med 14, 211–218, 1990.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Steiner A., Weisser B., Vetter W.: A comparative review of the adverse effects of treatments for hyperlipidemia. Drug Safety 6, 118–130, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Prihoda J.S., Illingworth D.R.: Drug Therapy of Hyperlipidemia. Current Problems in Cardiology. Mosby Year Book 17, 551–605, 1992.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Superko R.H., Greenland P., et al.: Effectiveness of Low-Dose Colestipol Therapy in Patients with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia. Am J Card 70, 135–140, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Henkin Y., Oberman A., Hurst D.C., et al.: Niacin revisited: clinical observations on an important but underutilized drug. Am J Med 91, 239–246, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Bays H.E., Dujovne C.A., Mays B.: Elevated Lipoprotein (a) Blood Levels as the Single Treatable Risk Factor in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of Ky. Med. Assoc. 91, 498–500, 1993.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Stampfer M.J.: A Prospective Study of Lipoprotein(a) and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAMA 270, 2195–2199, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Mullin G.E., Greenson J.K., Mitchell M.C.: Fulminant hepatic failure after ingestion of sustained-release nicotinic acid. Ann Intern Med 111 (3), 253–255, 1989.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Etchason J.A., Miller T.D., Squires R.W., et al.: Niacin-induced hepatitis: a potential side effect with low-dose time-release niacin. Mayo Clin Proc 66, 23–28, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Knopp R.H., Ginsberg J., Albers J.J., et al.: Contrasting effects of unmodified and time release forms of niacin on lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects. Clues to mechanism of action of niacin. Metabolism 34, 642–650, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Superko R.H.: Drug Therapy and the Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Humans. Am J of Cardiol 64, 31G - 38G, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Hotz W.: Nicotinic acid and its derivatives: a short survey. Adv Lipid Res 20, 195–217, 1983.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Dujovne C.A., Chremos A.N., Pool J.L., et al.: Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results: IV. additional perspectives on the tolerability of lovastatin. Am J Med 91 (suppl. 1B), 25S - 30S, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Giroux L.M., Pare E., Davignon J., Naruszewicz M.: Simvastatin inhibits the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by activated human monoxyte-derived macrophages. Abst of the AHA Council on Atheroscl 23, 1992.Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Raasch R.H.: Pravastatin sodium, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. DICP 25, 388–394, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Hunninghake D.B., Knopp R.H., Schonfeld G., et al.: Efficacy and safety of pravastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 85, 81–89, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Todd P.A., Goa K.L.: Simvastatin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 40, 583–607, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Trial of clofibrate in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease: Five-year study by a group of physicians of the Newcastle upon Tyne region. BMJ 14, 767–75, 1971.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Ischaemic heart disease: a secondary prevention trial using clofibrate: report by a research committee of the Scottish Society of Physicians. BMJ 4,775–84, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Carlson L.A., Rosenhamer G.: Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 223, 405–18, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Dujovne C.A., Harris, Gerrond L.L.C., Fan J., Muzio F.: Comparative Effects of Probucol on Lipoprotein Oxidation Susceptibility. Am J Card (In Press)Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Jiala I., Grundy S.M.: Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Alpha-Tocopherol in the Oxidative Modification of Low Density Lipoprotein. J Lipid Research 33, 899–906, 1992.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Kita T., Nagano Y., Kokode M., et al.: Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, and animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. ProcNati Acad Sci U.S.A. 84, 5928–5931, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Carew T.E., Schwenke D.C., Steinberg D.: Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84, 7725–7729, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Yamamoto A., Matsuzawa Y., Yokoyama S., et al.: Effects of Probucol on xanthoma regression in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Am J Cardiol 57, 29–35, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Harris W.S.: Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans; a critical review. J Lipid Res 30, 785–807, 1989.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Glauber H., Wallace R, Griver K., Brechtel G.: Adverse metabolic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 108, 663–8, 1988.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Simopoulos A.P.: Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 54, 438–63, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Sempos C.T., Cleeman J.I., Carroll M.D., et al.: Prevalence of high blood cholesterol among US adults: an update based on guidelines from the second report of the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel. JAMA 269 (23), 3009–3014, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Hunninghake D.B., Stein E.A., Dujovne C.A., Harris W.S., et al.: The Efficacy of Intensive Dietary Therapy Alone or Combined with Lovastatin in Outpatients with Hypercholesterolemia. NEJM 328, 1213–1219, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Martin M.J., Browner W.S., Wentworth D., et al.: Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: Implications from a cohort of 361, 662 men. Lancet 2, 933–936, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Schulman K.A., Kinosian B., Jacobson T.A., et al.: Reducing high blood cholesterol level with drugs: cost-effectiveness of pharmacologic management. JAMA 264 (23), 3025–3033, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Dayton S. et al.: A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis, Circulation 40 (1, Suppl. 2),. II-1-II-63, 1969.Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Steiner G., Shafrir E.: Primary Hyperlipoproteinemia. McGrawHill 1991.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Miettinen M. et al.: Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart-disease and other causes: A twelve-year clinical trial in men and women, Lancet 2, 835–838, 1972.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Hjermann I., et al: Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease: Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomized trial in healthy men, Lancet 2, 1303–1310, 1981.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 248, 1465–1477, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Stamler, J., Wentworth, D., and Neaton, J.D. for the MRFIT Research Group: Is relationship between cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), JAMA 256 (20), 2823–2828, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Nikkila E A, Viikinkoski P., Valle M., Frick M.H.: Prevention of progression of coronary atherosclerosis by treatment of hyperlipidaemia: a seven-year prospective angiographic study. BMJ. (Clin Res Ed). 289, 220–3, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Brensike J.F., Levy R.I., Kelsey S.F., et al.: Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI type II coronary intervention study. Circulation 69, 313–324, 1984.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Blankenhorn D.H., Nessim S.A., Johnson R.L., Sanmarco M.E., Azen S.P., Cashin-Hemphill L.: Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 257, 3233–3240, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Cashin-Hemphill L., Mack W.J., Pogoda J.M., et al.: Beneficial effects of colestipol- niacin on coronary atherosclerosis: a 4-year follow-up. JAMA 264, 3013–3017, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Ornish D., Brown S.E., Scherwitz L.W., Billings J.H., Armstrong W.T., Ports T.A., McLanahan S.M., Kirkeeide R.L., Brand R.J., Bould K.L.: Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 336, 129–133, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Kane J.P., Malloy M.J., Ports T.A., et al.: Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA 264, 3007–3012, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Brown G., Albers J.J., Fisher L.D., et al.: Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 323, 1289–1298, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Buchwald H., Varco R.L., Matts J.P., Long J.M., Fitch L.L., Campbell G.S., et al.: Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med. 323, 946–55, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Watts G.F., Lewis B., Brunt J.N.H., et al.: Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine in the St. Thomas Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS), Lancet 339, 563–569, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Schuler G., Hambrecht R., Schlierf G., Niebauer J., Hauer K., Neumann J., Hoberg E., Drinkmann A., BacherF., Grunze M., Kubler W.: Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet: Effects on progression on coronary artery disease. Cirulation 86, 1–11, 1992.Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Blankenhorn D.H., Azen S.P., Kramsch D.M., et al.: Coronary Angiographic Changes with Lovastatin Therapy. The monitored atherosclerosis regression study. Ann Intern Med, 969–976, 1993.Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Bays H.E., Dujovne C.A.: Cardiovascular Risk Factor Management in Primary Care. Resident and Staff Physician. 1994 (In Press).Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Bays H.E., Dujovne C.A.: Drug Treatment of Dyslipidemias: Practical Guidelines for the Primary Care Physician. Heart Disease and Stroke 1, 357–365, 1992.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Reaven P., Witztum J.L.: Lovastatin, nicotinic acid, and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Intern Med 109, 597–598, 1988. Letter.Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Ayanian J.Z., Fuchs C.S., Stone R.M.: Lovastatin and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Intern Med 109, 682–683, 1988.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Corpier C.L., Jones P.H., Suki W.N., et al.: Rhabdomyolysis and renal injury with lovastatin use: report of two cases in cardiac transplant recipients. JAMA 260, 239–241, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Norman D.J., Illingworth D.R., Munson J., et al.: Myolysis and acute renal failure in a heart-transplant recipient receiving lovastatin. N. Engl J Med 318,46–47, 1988. Letter.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Smith P.F., Eydelloth R.S., Grossman S.J., et al.: HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor-induced myopathy in the rat: cyclosporin A interaction and mechanism studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257 (3), 1225–1235, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Pierce L.R., Wysowski D.K., Gross T.P.: Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy. JAMA 264 (1), 71–75, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Duell B.P., Illingworth D.R.: Combination Therapy With HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors and Gemfibrozil: Practical or Perilous. Heart Disease and Stroke, 260–261, May/June 1993.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Bays H.E., Dujovne C.A.: Combination Therapy With HMG CoAReductase Inhibitors and Gemfibrozil: Practical or Perilous Author’s Reply. Heart Disease and Stroke, 261–262, May/June 1993.Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Stein E.A.: Management of Hypercholesterolemia. Am J. Med. 87, 4A–20S-4A–27S, 1989.Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Malloy M.J., Kane J.P., Kunitaka S.T., Tun R: Complementarity of coiestipol, niacin, and lovastatin in treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Ann Intern Med 107, 616–623, 1987.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Stein E.A., Lamkin G.E., Bewley D.Z., Henschen S.: Treatment of severe familal hypercholesterolemia with lovastatin, resin, and niacin (abstr). Arteriosclerosis 7 (5), 517a, 1987.Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Stein E.A., Turner T., Mellies M.T.: Triple drug therapy for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 3 (5), 485a, 1983.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel (Switzerland) 1994

Authors and Affiliations

  • Harold E. Bays
    • 1
    • 2
  • Carlos A. Dujovne
    • 3
  1. 1.The Lipid Center, Advanced Cardiovascular InstituteAudubon Regional Medical CenterLouisvilleUSA
  2. 2.Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleUSA
  3. 3.The Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Prevention Clinic, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of KansasKansas CityUSA

Personalised recommendations