Abstract
The Paris Agreement requires that signatories develop and communicate their post 2020 climate actions in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions. This paper encompasses an overview of the nationally determined contributions communicated by the Pacific Small Islands Developing States with a focus on the four (4) Melanesian countries; Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. It identifies the gaps and challenges the nationally determined contributions potentially entail and is a contribution to the development of discourse on nationally determined contributions for the four (4) Melanesian countries. The methodology used is a situational analysis of the NDCs communicated by Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The paper explores the questions ‘are the current nationally determined contributions communicated by the four (4) Melanesian countries consistent, comprehensive and feasible?’ and ‘what can be done to improve the information provided in these nationally determined contributions?’ The paper proposes key mitigation and adaptation interventions for NDC enhancement and is intended to be used by the four (4) countries to enhance the implementation of their nationally determined contributions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Parties refers to the countries who have signed up to the UNFCCC.
- 2.
Public Registry as described in Article 4 paragraph 12 of the Paris Agreement. The COP, by its decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 29, requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to develop modalities and procedures for the operation and use of the public registry referred to in Article 4, paragraph 12, of the Paris Agreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) at its first session.
- 3.
Articles 9, 10 and 11 focus on support and financial resources, technology transfer and capacity building respectively.
- 4.
Commonly agreed under UNFCCC guidelines.
- 5.
Considerable’ is not clearly defined in the NDC document.
- 6.
References
Draft Text on APA 1.7 Agenda Item 3 (2018, December 5) Retrieved from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/APA11_7_DT_i3.pdf
Fiji Bureau of Statistics (2015) Household income expenditure survey—preliminary findings—Release 1. FBoS Release No: 98. Accessed from https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/index.php/statistics/population-censuses-and-surveys
Fiji Government (2012) Republic of Fiji National Climate Change Policy, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji Islands
Fiji Government (2015) Fiji nationally determined contributions. UNFCCC NDC registry. Accessed from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Fiji%20First/FIJI_iNDC_Final_051115.pdf
Fiji Government (2017) Fiji NDC implementation roadmap 2017–2030 setting a pathway for emissions reduction target under the Paris Agreement, Suva, Fiji Islands
Government of Papua New Guinea (2014) National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy), Office of Climate Change and Development, Boroko, Papua New Guinea. Accessed from https://www.pacificclimatechange.net/sites/default/files/documents/National_Climate_Change_Policy1.pdf
Government of Papua New Guinea (2016) Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC NDC Registry (Interim). Accessed from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Papua%20New%20Guinea%20First/PNG_INDC%20to%20the%20UNFCCC.pdf
Höhne et al (2014) Intended nationally determined contributions under the UNFCCC discussion paper, ECOFYS Sustainable Energy for Everyone, Cologne, Germany. Accessed from https://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys-giz-2014-intended-nationally-determined-contributions-under-unfccc.pdf
Hood C, Adkins L, Levina E (2015) Overview of INDCs submitted by 31st August 2015. OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Paper, No. 2015/4, OECD Publishing, Paris. Accessed from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5jrqm0bw3mvl-en.pdf?expires=1553939342&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=919AD1459EFA6FFF8BC10BC94AB36190
Michalena E, Hills J (2018) Paths of renewable energy development in small island developing states of the South Pacific. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.017 Accessed from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117312467
Moarif S (2017) “Information needed to faciliate the clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation contributions”, OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers, No.2017/1, OECD Publishing, Paris. Accessed from https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/Information-needed-to-facilitate-the-CTU-of-mitigation-contributions.pdf
Paw et al (2017) Beyond headline mitigation numbers: we need more transparent and comparable NDCs to achieve the Paris Agreement on climate change, J Clim Change. Accessed from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-2122-x
Pouffary et al (2015) Pacific guidelines for INDCs: a guide to the development of intended nationally determined contributions and their further implementation, SPREP, Apia, Samoa. Accessed from http://prdrse4all.spc.int/system/files/indc-guidelines.pdf
Pouffary et al (2016) From Paris to Marrakesh or the challenge of implementation: twenty-second conference of the Partiesto the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22, CMP12, CMA1), Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD) 2016 56 rue Saint-Pierre, 3e étage, Quebec City (Quebec) G1K 4A1, Canada. Accessed from http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/130661/1/AM6_695_Guide_COP22_OIF_eng_web.pdf
Regional Pacific NDC Hub—a regional arm of the NDC Partnership. (2018, March 3). Retrieved 10 Apr 2010, from Pacific Climate Change Portal: https://pacificclimatechange.net/project/regional-pacific-ndc-hub
Senshaw DA, Kim AW (2018) Meeting conditional targets in nationally determined contributions of developing countries: renewable energy targets and required investments of GGGI Member and partner countries. Energy Policy 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.017 Accessed from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518300946
Solomon Islands Government (2012) Solomon islands national climate change adaptation policy, Honiara, Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands Government (2016) Solomon Islands intended nationally determined contributions. UNFCCC NDC Registry (interim). Accessed from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Solomon%20Islands%20First/SOLOMON%20ISLANDS%20INDC.pdf
Solomon Islands National Statistics Office (2009) Population and housing census national report, vol 2. Accessed from https://www.statistics.gov.sb/statistics/demographic-statistics/census
South Pacific Environment Programme (2015) Pacific guidelines for INDCs: a guide to the development of Intended nationally determined contributions and their further implementation. Accessed from https://www.sprep.org/publications/pacific-guidelines-for-indcs-a-guide-to-the-development-of-intended-nationally-determined-contributions-and-their-further-implementation
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2016) Regional dialogue on (intended) nationally determined contributions for Pacific Islands, meeting report. Accessed from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/LECB/events/2016/20161206-regional-dialogue-indcs-pacific-islands-nadi-fiji/undp-lecb-regional-dialogue-indcs-pacific-islands-nadi-fiji-meeting-report-20161206.pdf
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014) Report on sources of support for the preparation of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Accessed from https://unfccc.int/files/focus/mitigation/application/pdf/support_for_indcs.pdf
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions. Accessed from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/07.pdf
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2016a) The Paris agreement. Accessed from https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2016b) Aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions: an update. Accessed from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/cop22/eng/02.pdf
Vanuatu Government (2012) Vanuatu national energy road map (2013–2020). Accessed from https://www.iea.org/media/pams/vanuatu/Vanuatu_National_Energy_Roadmap20132020.pdf
Vanuatu Government (2016a) Intended nationally determined contributions. UNFCCC NDC Registry (Interim). Accessed from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Vanuatu%20First/VANUATU%20%20INDC%20UNFCCC%20Submission.pdf
Vanuatu Government (2016b) Vanuatu climate change and disaster risk reduction policy 2016–2030, Suva, Fiji Islands
Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2016) Vanuatu Post TC Pam Mini Census Report, vol 1. Accessed from https://vnso.gov.vu/images/PublicDocuments/Census/2016/2016_Mini_Census_Main_Report_Vol_1.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vaike, L.F., Salili, D.H., Wairiu, M. (2020). An Overview of the Information Presented in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Managing Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40552-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40552-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40551-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40552-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)