Abstract
TCOX9 is a thermodynamic database (developed using CALPHAD) which describes the thermochemical interactions between liquid steel and slag during steel making and refining. It contains all the major steel alloying elements (Fe–C–Co–Cr–Cu–Mn–Mo–Nb–Ni–V–W–Ti) as well as the most important slag elements (Ca–Mg–Si–Al–F–O–P–S). The ionic liquid model describes the liquid phase over the whole composition range from metallic liquid (steel) to oxide liquid (slag). The database also contains the most important metallic and non-metallic solid phases, allowing the calculation of inclusion formation, inclusion modification, steel solidification, slag solidification, steel–refractory reactions, slag–refractory reactions, and steel–mould powder reactions. For use with this database, a new process metallurgy module has been developed within Thermo-Calc which makes it easy to set up calculations for steel and slag. An extension to the module is under development that incorporates a kinetic model of the steelmaking process based on the concept of effective equilibrium reaction zones. This model is outlined in detail in this paper and applied to a ladle furnace steel refining process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kaufman L, Bernstein H (1970) Computer calculation of phase diagrams (With special reference to refractory metals). Academic Press Inc., New York
TCOX9: TCS Metal Oxide Solutions Database, v9.0. Database owner: Thermo-Calc Software AB. www.thermocalc.com. Accessed 29 Aug 2019
Peter J, Peaslee KD, Robertson DGC, Thomas BG (2005) Experimental study of kinetic processes during the steel treatment at two LMF’s. Proc AISTech 1:959–973
Van Ende MA, Jung IH (2017) A kinetic ladle furnace process simulation model: effective equilibrium reaction zone model using FactSage macro processing. Met Mat Trans B 48B:28–36
Van Ende MA, Jung IH (2015) A kinetic process simulation model for basic oxygen furnace (BOF): importance of slag chemistry for BOF operation. CAMP-ISIJ 28:527–530
Van Ende MA, Kim YM, Cho MK, Choi JH, Jung IH (2011) A kinetic model for the Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) degassing process. Metall Mater Trans B 42:477–489
Graham KJ, Irons GA (2009) Toward integrated ladle metallurgy control. Iron Steel Technol 6(1):164–173
Hillert M, Jansson B, Sundman B, Ågren J (1985) A two-sublattice model for molten solutions with different tendency for ionization. Metall Trans A 16:261–266
Sundman B (1991) Modification of the two-sublattice model for liquids. CALPHAD 15:109–119
Allertz C (2016) Sulfur and nitrogen in ladle slag. Ph.D. thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Dilner D, Kjellqvist L, Mao H, Selleby M (2018) Improving steel and steelmaking—an ionic liquid database for alloy process design. Integr Mat Mat Innov 7(4):195–201
Harada A, Maruoka N, Shibata H, Kitamura S (2013) A kinetic model to predict the compositions of metal, slag and inclusions during ladle refining: Part 1. Basic Concept Appl ISIJ Int 53:2110–2117
Grundy AN, Jeppsson A, Jansson A, Bratberg J, Rettig R, Kjellqvist L, Powell M (2019) Towards a complete thermodynamic description of the steel making process from scrap to bar. Paper presented at the METEC & 4th ESTAD, Düsseldorf, Germany, 27 June 2019
Bale CW et al (2016) FactSage thermochemical software and databases, 2010–2016. CALPHAD 54:35–53
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mason, P., Grundy, A.N., Rettig, R., Kjellqvist, L., Jeppsson, J., Bratberg, J. (2020). The Application of an Effective Equilibrium Reaction Zone Model Based on CALPHAD Thermodynamics to Steel Making. In: Peng, Z., et al. 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36539-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36540-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)