Abstract
Rapid changes in social, economic and environmental circumstances necessitate transitions to reconfigured social, economic and environment futures. The move to a low carbon future will be no different; fundamentally different social, economic and environmental futures will emerge. As globally adaptation to climate change dominates, different potential paths will be evident, each representing transition to a different potential low carbon future. This chapter argues that the current political debates about transitions to a low-carbon future are dominated by economic considerations, rather than environmental ones, reflecting the entrenched environment-economy dichotomy evident in the politics of nature liberal democracies and the modern state. Economic elites thus govern these discussions, failing to engage those whose futures are most at stake in the transition to a low-carbon future. Not surprisingly, these debates then also fail to engage with questions about just transitions, ignoring the equity and redistributive impacts of economic transformation. Despite this, major economic change offers the opportunity to re-write societal structures. In contrast to denialist and green capitalism discourses, transition movements have arisen, focussed on the idea of a just transition to a low-carbon, improved economic and environmental future for all. These movements are located at a number of key intersections that seek to unravel the environment-economy dichotomy inherent in contemporary capitalism. These include local food systems, small scale and alternative energy economies, sustainable communities and housing. Thus, current debates about transition to a low-carbon future represent a battle between competing futures globally. The outcome will transform global economic relations, global material flows and the current structures of power and economic flourishing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aghion, P., Hepburn, C., Teytelboym, A. and Zenghelis, D. 2014. Path Dependence, Innovation and the Economics of Climate Change. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
Aiken, G. 2012. Community Transitions to Low Carbon Futures in the Transition Towns Network (TTN). Geography Compass 6(2): 89–99.
Altvater, E. 2007. The Social and Natural Environment of Fossil Capitalism. Socialist Register 43: 37–59.
Andrew, J., Kaidonis, M.A. and Andrew, B. 2010. Carbon Tax: Challenging Neoliberal Solutions to Climate Change. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 21(7): 611–618.
Bailey, I. and Maresh, S. 2009. Scales and Networks of Neoliberal Climate Governance: The Regulatory and Territorial Logics of European Union Emissions Trading. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34(4): 445–461.
Barnes, P. 2015. The Political Economy of Localization in the Transition Movement. Community Development Journal 50(2): 312–326.
Barr, S., and Pollard, J. 2017. Geographies of Transition: Narrating Environmental Activism in an Age of Climate Change and ‘Peak Oil’. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49(1): 47–64.
Beck, M., Rivers, N., Wigle, R., and Yonezawa, H. 2015. Carbon Tax and Revenue Recycling: Impacts on Households in British Columbia. Resource and Energy Economics 41: 40–69.
Becker, S. and Naumann, M. 2017. Energy Democracy: Mapping the Debate on Energy Alternatives. Geography Compass 11(8): 1–13.
Benander, L., Horowitz, D.A. and Baker, I. 2017. New Economy Energy Cooperatives Bring Power to the People. In: Fairchild, D. and Weinrub, A. (Eds.) Energy Democracy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Binder, T., Brandt, E., Ehn, P. and Halse, J. 2015. Democratic Design Experiments: Between Parliament and Laboratory. CoDesign 11(3–4): 152–165.
Bleiker, R. 2002. Activism after Seattle: Dilemmas of the Anti-globalisation Movement. Pacifica Review: Peace, Security and Global Change 14(3): 191–207.
Bookchin, M. 1982. The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. Palo Alto, CA: Cheshire Books.
Bouzarovski, S., Herrero, S. T., Petrova, S. and Ürge-Vorsatz, D. 2016. Unpacking the Spaces and Politics of Energy Poverty: Path-Dependencies, Deprivation and Fuel Switching in Post-communist Hungary. Local Environment 21(9): 1151–1170.
Boyd, E., Boykoff, M. and Newell, P. 2011. The ‘New’ Carbon Economy: What’s New?. Antipode 43(3): 601–611.
Braun, K. and Könninger, S. 2018. From Experiments to Ecosystems? Reviewing Public Participation, Scientific Governance and the Systemic Turn. Public Understanding of Science 27(6): 674–689.
Breetz, H., Mildenberger, M. and Stokes, L. 2018. The Political Logics of Clean Energy Transitions. Business and Politics 20(4): 492–522.
Brett, J. 2003. Australian Liberals and the Moral Middle Class: From Alfred Deakin to John Howard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brett, J. 2005. Relaxed and Comfortable: The Liberal Party’s Australia. Quarterly Essay, Issue 19.
Bulkeley, H. 2005. Reconfiguring Environmental Governance: Towards a Politics of Scales and Networks. Political Geography 24(8): 875–902.
Bulkeley, H. and Kern, K. 2006. Local Government and the Governing of Climate Change in Germany and the UK. Urban Studies 43(12): 2237–2259.
Burke, M.J. and Stephens, J.C. 2017. Energy Democracy: Goals and Policy Instruments for Sociotechnical Transitions. Energy Research and Social Science 33: 35–48.
Chilvers, J. and Pallett, H. 2018. Energy Democracies and Publics in the Making: A Relational Agenda for Research and Practice. Frontiers in Communication 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00014.
Christoff, P. 1996. Ecological Modernisation, Ecological Modernities. Environmental Politics 5(3): 476–500.
Ciplet, D. and Roberts, J.T. 2017. Climate Change and the Transition to Neoliberal Environmental Governance. Global Environmental Change 46: 148–156.
Coburn, D. 2000. Income Inequality, Social Cohesion and the Health Status of Populations: the Role of Neo-Liberalism. Social Science and Medicine 51(1): 135–146.
Coenen, L., Benneworth, P. and Truffer, B. 2012. Toward a Spatial Perspective on Sustainability Transitions. Research Policy 41(6): 968–979.
Della Bosca, H. and Gillespie, J. 2018. The Coal Story: Generational Coal Mining Communities and Strategies of Energy Transition in Australia. Energy Policy 120: 734–740.
Deutsch, K.W. 1963. The Nerves of Government: Models of Political Communication. New York: Free Press.
Devine-Wright, P. 2013. Think Global, Act Local? The Relevance of Place Attachments and Place Identities in a Climate Changed World. Global Environmental Change 23(1): 61–69.
Dryzek, J.S. 1997. The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. New York: Oxford University Press.
Feiock, R.C. and Stream, C. 2001. Environmental Protection Versus Economic Development: A False Trade-Off?. Public Administration Review 61(3): 313–321.
Felli, R. 2019. Beyond the Critique of Carbon Markets: The Real Utopia of a Democratic Climate Protection Agency. Geoforum 98: 236–243.
Ferguson, R.S. and Lovell, S.T. (2015). Grassroots Engagement with Transition to Sustainability: Diversity and Modes of Participation in the International Permaculture Movement. Ecology and Society 20(4). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26270300.
Ferrer-Fons, M. and Fraile, M. 2013. Political Consumerism and the Decline of Class Politics in Western Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 54(5–6): 467–489.
Fischer, F. 2017. Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect: Participatory Governance in Sustainable Communities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fotopoulos, T. 2001. Globalisation, the Reformist Left and the Anti-globalisation ‘Movement’. Democracy and Nature 7(2): 233–280.
Freeden, M. 2017. After the Brexit Referendum: Revisiting Populism as an Ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies 22(1): 1–11.
Fuller, S. 2017. Embedding Energy Transitions in the Community. In: Bouzarovski, S., Pasqualetti, M.J. and Broto, V.C. (Eds.) The Routledge research companion to energy geographies. New York: Routledge, pp. 265–276.
Geels, F.W., Kern, F., Fuchs, G., Hinderer, N., Kungl, G., Mylan, J., Neukirch, M. and Wassermann, S. 2016. The Enactment of Socio-Technical Transition Pathways: A Reformulated Typology and a Comparative Multi-level Analysis of the German and UK Low-Carbon Electricity Transitions (1990–2014). Research Policy 45(4): 896–913.
Grossmann, M. and Creamer, E. 2016. Assessing Diversity and Inclusivity Within the Transition Movement: An Urban Case Study. Environmental Politics 26(1): 161–182.
Hall, N. and Star, C. 2007. Are They Hitting the Target? Climate Change Messages and Strategies by Australian NGOs. In: Ensor, J., Polak, I. and ven de Merwe, P. (Eds.) Other Contact Zones. Perth: Network Books, pp. 137–147.
Healy, N. and Barry, J. 2017. Politicizing Energy Justice and Energy System Transitions: Fossil Fuel Divestment and a “Just Transition”. Energy Policy 108: 451–459.
Hejny, J. 2018. The Trump Administration and Environmental Policy: Reagan Redux?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 8(2): 197–211.
Hess, D.J. 2018. Energy Democracy and Social Movements: A Multi-coalition Perspective on the Politics of Sustainability Transitions. Energy Research and Social Science 40: 177–189.
Hobolt, S.B. 2016. The Brexit Vote: A Divided Nation, a Divided Continent. Journal of European Public Policy 23(9): 1259–1277.
Hodson, M. and Marvin, S. 2010. Can Cities Shape Socio-Technical Transitions and How Would We Know If They Were?. Research Policy 39(4): 477–485.
Holmes, D. and Star, C. 2018. Climate Change Communication in Australia: The Politics, Mainstream Media and Fossil Fuel Industry Nexus. In: Leal Filho, W., Manolas, E., Azul, A.M., Azeiteiro, U.M. and McGhie, H. (Eds.) Handbook of Climate Change Communication: Vol. 1: Theory of Climate Change Communication. Cham: Springer, pp. 151–170.
Hultgren, J. 2018. Those Who Bring from the Earth: Anti-environmentalism and the Trope of the White Male Worker. Ethics, Policy and Environment 21(1): 21–25.
Ikeme, J. 2003. Equity, Environmental Justice and Sustainability: Incomplete Approaches in Climate Change Politics. Global Environmental Change 13(3): 195–206.
Janković, V. and Bowman, A. 2014. After the Green Gold Rush: The Construction of Climate Change as a Market Transition. Economy and Society 43(2): 233–259.
Johnstone, P. and Hielscher, S. 2017. Phasing Out Coal, Sustaining Coal Communities? Living with Technological Decline in Sustainability Pathways. The Extractive Industries and Society 4(3): 457–461.
Kenis, A. and Mathijs, E. 2014. (De)politicising the Local: The Case of the Transition Towns Movement in Flanders (Belgium). Journal of Rural Studies 34: 172–183.
Klinsky, S. and Dowlatabadi, H. 2011. Conceptualizations of justice in Climate policy. Climate Policy 9(1): 88–108.
Koos, S. 2012. What Drives Political Consumption in Europe? A Multi-level Analysis on Individual Characteristics, Opportunity Structures and Globalization. Acta Sociologica 55(1): 37–57.
Laurent, B. 2016. Political Experiments That Matter: Ordering Democracy from Experimental Sites. Social Studies of Science 46(5): 773–794.
Lengnick, L., Miller, M. and Marten, G.G. 2015. Metropolitan Foodsheds: A Resilient Response to the Climate Change Challenge?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 5(4): 573–592.
Lobao, L., Zhou, M., Partridge, M. and Betz, M. 2016. Poverty, Place, and Coal Employment Across Appalachia and the United States in a New Economic Era. Rural Sociology 81(3): 343–386.
Lockwood, M. 2018. Right-Wing Populism and the Climate Change Agenda: Exploring the Linkages. Environmental Politics 27(4): 712–732.
Lohmann, L. 2011. The Endless Algebra of Climate Markets. Capitalism Nature Socialism 22(4): 93–116.
May, P. 2015. Implementation Failures Revisited: Policy Regime Perspectives. Public Policy and Administration 30(3–4): 277–299.
McCright, A. and Dunlap, R. 2011. The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming 2001–2010. The Sociological Quarterly 52(2): 155–194.
McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. 2008. Remaking the Way We Make Things: Creating a New Definition of Quality with Cradle-to-Cradle Design. In: Marinova, D., Annandale, D. and Phillimore, J. (Eds.) The International Handbook on Environmental Technology and Management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 33–48.
McDougall, D. 2018. From Malcolm Turnbull to ScoMo: Crisis for the Centre-Right in Australia. The Round Table 107(5): 557–570.
Meng, S., Siriwardana, M. and McNeill, J. 2013. The Environmental and Economic Impact of the Carbon Tax in Australia. Environmental and Resource Economics 54(3): 313–332.
Meyer, L. H. and Roser, D. 2010. Climate Justice and Historical Emissions. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 13(1): 229–253.
Munck af Rosenschold, J. and Rozema, J.G. 2014. Institutional Inertia and Climate Change: A Review of the New Institutionalist Literature. WIREs Climate Change 5(5): 639–648.
Newbery, D.M. 2016. Towards a Green Energy Economy? The EU Energy Union’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Zero Subsidy Electricity System—Lessons from the UK’s Electricity Market Reform. Applied Energy 179: 1321–1330.
Newell, P. and Mulvaney, D. 2013. The Political Economy of the ‘Just Transition’. The Geographical Journal 179(2): 132–140.
Newell, R.G. and Stavins, R.N. 2003. Cost Heterogeneity and the Potential Savings from Market-Based Policies. Journal of Regulatory Economics 23(1): 43–59.
North, P. 2017. Transitioning Towards Low Carbon Solidarity Economies? In: North, P. and Cato, M.S. (Eds.) Towards Just and Sustainable Economies: The Social and Solidarity Economy: The Social Solidarity Economy North and South. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 73–96.
Okereke, C. 2010. Climate Justice and the International Regime. WIREs Climate Change 1(3): 462–474.
Okereke, C. and Coventry, P. 2016. Climate Justice and the International Regime: Before, During, and After Paris. WIREs Climate Change 7(6): 834–851.
Oreskes, N. and Conway, E. M. 2010. Merchants of Doubt. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
Ornetzeder, M. and Rohracher, H. 2013. Of Solar Collectors, Wind Power, and Car Sharing: Comparing and Understanding Successful Cases of Grassroots Innovations. Global Environmental Change 23(5): 856–867.
Pearse, G. 2009. Quarry Vision: Coal, Climate Change and the End of the Resources Boom. Quarterly Essay 33: 1–122.
Petridis, P., Muraca, B. and Kallis, G. 2015. Degrowth: Between a Scientific Concept and a Slogan for a Social Movement. In: Martinez-Alier, J. and Muradian R. (Eds.) Handbook for Ecological Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 176–200.
Piketty, T. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Belknap/Harvard University Press.
Quinn-Thibodeau, T. and Wu, B. 2016. NGOs and the Climate Justice Movement in the Age of Trumpism. Development 59: 251–256.
Roberts, J.T. and Parks, B.C. 2009. Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice: The History and Implications of Three Related Ideas for a New Social Movement. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50(3–4): 385–409.
Rosemberg, A. 2010. Building a Just Transition: The Linkages Between Climate Change and Employment. International Journal of Labour Research 2(2): 125–161.
Routledge, P., Cumbers, A. and Derickson, K.D. 2018. States of Just Transition: Realising Climate Justice Through and Against the State. Geoforum 88: 78–86.
Schlosberg, D. 2012. Climate Justice and Capabilities: A Framework for Adaptation Policy. Ethics and International Affairs 26(4): 445–461.
Schlosberg, D. 2019. From Postmaterialism to Sustainable Materialism: The Environmental Politics of Practice-Based Movements. Environmental Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1587215.
Schlosberg, D. and Coles, R. 2016. The New Environmentalism of Everyday Life: Sustainability, Material Flows and Movements. Contemporary Political Theory 15: 160–181.
Schlosberg, D. and Collins, L. 2014. From Environmental to Climate Justice: Climate Change and the Discourse of Environmental Justice. WIREs Climate Change 5(3): 359–374.
Schlosberg, D. and Cravin, L. 2019. Sustainable Materialism: Environmental Movements and the Politics of Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schumacher, E.F. 1973. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
Schüssler, R. 2011. Climate Justice: A Question of Historic Responsibility?. Journal of Global Ethics 7(3): 261–278.
Seyfang, G. and Haxeltine, A. 2012. Growing Grassroots Innovations: Exploring the Role of Community-Based Initiatives in Governing Sustainable Energy Transitions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 30(3): 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1068/c10222.
Smith, M. and Jones, R. 2015. From Big Society to Small State: Conservatism and the Privatisation of Government. British Politics 10(2): 226–248.
Speer, J. 2012. Participatory Governance Reform: A Good Strategy for Increasing Government Responsiveness and Improving Public Services?. World Development 40(12): 2379–2398.
Star, C. 2005. Notions of Ecological Citizenship in Climate Justice Campaigns. Ecopolitics XVI: Transforming Environmental Governance for the 21st Century, July 4–6, Griffith University, Brisbane. ISBN 190295239X.
Star, C. 2012. A Tale of Two Movements? Environmental Non-government Organisations and Community Action on Climate Change. Social Alternatives 31(1): 10–15.
Stevis, D. and Felli, R. 2015. Global Labour Unions and Just Transition to a Green Economy. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 15(1): 29–43.
Szulecki, K. 2018. Conceptualizing Energy Democracy. Environmental Politics 27(1): 21–41.
Tattersall, A. 2019. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Can Teach Bill Shorten a Thing or Two About Climate Change Policy. The Guardian, March 11. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/11/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-can-teach-bill-shorten-a-thing-or-two-about-climate-change-policy.
Thorleifsson, C. 2016. From Coal to Ukip: The Struggle Over Identity in Post-industrial Doncaster. History and Anthropology 27(5): 555–568.
Tienhaara, K. 2010. A Tale of Two Crises: What the Global Financial Crisis Means for the Global Environmental Crisis. Environmental Policy and Governance 20(3): 197–208.
Truffer, B. and Coenen, L. 2012. Environmental Innovation and Sustainability Transitions in Regional Studies. Regional Studies 46(1): 1–21.
Velicu, I. and Kaika, M. 2017. Undoing Environmental Justice: Re-imagining Equality in the Rosia Montana Anti-mining Movement. Geoforum 84: 305–315.
Vona, F. 2019. Job Losses and Political Acceptability of Climate Policies: Why the ‘Job-Killing’ Argument Is So Persistent and How to Overturn It. Climate Policy 19(4): 524–532.
Wagner, L., Ross, I., Foster, J. and Hankamer, B. 2016. Trading Off Global Fuel Supply, CO2 Emissions and Sustainable Development. PLoS ONE 11(3): 1–17.
Whitten, S., van Bueren, M. and Collins, D. 2003. An Overview of Market-Based Instruments and Environmental Policy in Australia. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual AARES National Symposium, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Canberra, pp. 6–23.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Star, C. (2020). Re-making the Future: Transition Movements and Dismantling the Environment-Economy Dichotomy . In: Wood, G., Baker, K. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28075-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28076-5
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)