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Overview of Mast Cells in Human Biology

  • Dean D. MetcalfeEmail author
  • Do-Kyun Kim
  • Ana Olivera
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic precursors and as mature cells reside in tissues. Mast cells express receptors that endow their function in innate and acquired immunity. In addition to FcεRI, the high-affinity receptor of IgE, and other immunoglobulin Fc receptors, mast cells express microbial pattern recognition receptors; Toll-like and NOD-like receptors (TLR and NLR); Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor member X2 (MRGX2) that recognizes cationic neuropeptides, antimicrobial peptides, and insect-venom peptides; and receptors that recognize molecules associated with tissue damage, such as ST2, the IL-33 receptor. Mast cells are thus able to respond to both exogenous and endogenous stimuli with release of histamine and lipid mediators, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases. Mast cells are potentially lethal cells (anaphylaxis) or can cause tissue damage if their activation is sustained. Mutations, principally in KIT, the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), lead to excess mast cell proliferation and mastocytosis.

Keywords

Mast cells Stem cell factor KIT FcεRI Receptors Mediators Mastocytosis 

Abbreviations

5-LO

5-Lipoxygenase

ADGRE2

Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor type E2

or EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (EMR2)

CCL2

CC-motif chemokine ligand 2

CD203c

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphates/phosphodiesterases type 3 (E-NPP3)

CD25

α-Chain of the IL-2 receptor

CD30

Tumor necrosis factor receptor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily member

CD63

Membrane tetraspanin protein family member

COX

Cyclooxygenase

CTMC

Connective tissue mast cell (rodents)

CysLTs

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

DJ-1

Antioxidant protein DJ-1 or Parkinsonism-associated deglycase (PARK7)

ERK1/2

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2

FcεRI

High-affinity receptor of IgE

GAB2

GRAB2-associated binding protein 2

GEF

Guanine exchange factor

GPCR

G-protein-coupled receptor

GPR-35

G-protein-coupled receptor 35

GRB2

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2

IL-2R

IL-2 receptor

JNK

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

KIT

Receptor for stem cell factor

LAT

Linker of activation of T cells

LTB4

Leukotriene B4

LTC4

Leukotriene C4

MAPK

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCT

Mast cell tryptase (humans)

MCTC

Mast cells containing tryptase and chymase (humans)

MMC

Mucosal mast cells (rodents)

MRGX2

Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor member X2

MyD88

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88

NLR

NOD-like receptors

PAF

Platelet-activating factor

PGD2

Prostaglandin D2

PH domain

Pleckstrin homology domain

PI(3,4,5)P3

Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5,-triphosphate

PI3K

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

PKC

Protein kinase C

PLCγ

Phospholipase C γ

PTB domain

Phosphotyrosine-binding domain

SCF

Stem cell factor

SFK

Src family kinase

SH2 domain

Src homology 2 domain

SHC

Src Homology 2 domain-containing adaptor protein

SOS

Son of Sevenless

ST2

IL-33 receptor

SYK

Spleen tyrosine kinase

TLR

Toll-like receptors

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Notes

Acknowledgments

DDM, AO, and D-K Kim are supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID.

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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Laboratory of Allergic DiseasesNIAID, NIHBethesdaUSA
  2. 2.Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic DiseasesNational Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaUSA

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