Abstract
Audience research must strive to capture, illustrate, and interpret the value and impact of audiences’ experiences of the arts from a diverse range of disciplines, including positivist techniques that are primarily geared towards the statistical analysis of audiences’ behaviours and experiences as well as those whose objectives are more anthropological and interpretivist. This chapter provides a critical overview of the most common quantitative, qualitative, and bioscientific audience research methods and illustrates how these different methods can be fruitfully combined and even systematically triangulated to provide a multi-perspectival approach to audience research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Indeed during a scoping event for the AHRC-funded International Network for Audience Research in the Performing Arts in April 2017, a recurrent issue raised by scholars and practitioners was the need to capture neutral and negative audience responses such as boredom.
References
Alasuutari, P. 1995. Researching culture: Qualitative method and cultural studies. London, Sage.
Barker, M. 2006. I have seen the future and it is not here yet …; or, on being ambitious for audience research. The Communication Review, 9(2), pp. 123–141.
Baxter, L. 2010. From luxury to necessity: The changing role of qualitative research in the arts. In: O’Reilly, D. and Kerrigan, F. (eds.) Marketing the arts: A fresh approach. London, Routledge, pp. 121–140.
Baxter, L., O’Reilly, D. and Carnegie, E. 2013. Innovative methods of inquiry into arts engagement. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 113–128.
Bazeley, P. and Kemp, L. 2012. Mosaics, triangles, and DNA: Metaphors for integrated analysis in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6, pp. 55–72.
Blau, H. 1990. The audience. Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. S. 2009. Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
Burns, D. 2007. Systemic action research. Bristol, Polity Press.
Chase, S. E. 2005. Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices. In: Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) The Sage handbook of qualitative research. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 651–679.
Conner, L. 2013. Audience engagement and the role of arts talk in the digital era. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. London, Sage.
Davern, M. T., Cummins, R. A. and Stokes, M. A. 2007. Subjective wellbeing as an affective-cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, pp. 429–449.
Ellis, C. 1991. Sociological introspection and emotional experience. Symbolic Interaction, 14(1), pp. 23–50.
Flick, U. 2016. Mantras and myths: The disenchantment of mixed-methods research and revisiting triangulation as a perspective. Qualitative Inquiry, 23(1), pp. 46–57.
Froggett, L., Muller, L. and Bennett, J. 2019. The work of the audience: Visual matrix methodology in museums. Cultural Trends, 28(2–3), pp. 162–176.
Galloway, S., Hamilton, C., Scullion, A. and Bell, D. 2005. Quality of life and well-being: Measuring the benefits of culture and sport—Literature review and thinkpiece. Edinburgh, Scottish Executive Social Research.
Garcia, B., Melville, R. and Cox, T. 2010. Creating an impact: Liverpool’s experience as European Capital of Culture. Liverpool, University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University.
Gaser, C. and Schlaug, G. 2003. Brains structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(27), pp. 9240–9245.
Geertz, C. 1973. The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York, Basic Books.
Geertz, C. 1998. Deep hanging out. The New York Review of Books, 45(16), p. 69.
Hanquinet, L., O’Brien, D. and Taylor, M. 2019. The coming crisis of cultural engagement? Measurement, methods, and the nuances of niche activities. Cultural Trends, 28(2–3), pp. 198–219.
Hartley, J. and Benington, J. 2000. Co-research: A new methodology for new times. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(4), pp. 463–476.
Hill, L., O’Sullivan, C. and O’Sullivan, T. 2003. Creative arts marketing. 2nd ed. Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann.
Holden, J. 2012. New Year, new approach to wellbeing? Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture-professionals-network/culture-professionals-blog/2012/jan/03/arts-heritage-wellbeing-cultural-policy [Accessed 5 January].
Ingold, T. 2007. Anthropology is not ethnography. In: Proceedings of The British Academy 2008. London, The British Academy, pp. 62–92.
Johanson, K. 2013. Listening to the audience: Methods for a new era of audience research. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 159–171.
Johanson, K. and Glow, H. 2015. A virtuous circle: The positive evaluation phenomenon in arts audience research. Participations, 12(1), pp. 254–270.
Jones, P., Bunce, G., Evans, J., Gibbs, H. and Hein, J. R. 2008. Exploring space and place with walking interviews. Journal of Research Practice [Online], 4(2).
Kozinets, R. 2010. Netnography: Doing ethnographic research online. London, Sage.
Lask, T. 2011. Cognitive maps: A sustainable tool for impact evaluation. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3(1), pp. 44–62.
Latulipe, C., Carroll, E. A. and Lottridge, D. 2011. Evaluating longitudinal projects combining technology with temporal arts. In: International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, BC.
Ledwith, M. 2007. On being critical: Uniting theory and practice through emancipatory action research. Educational Action Research, 15(4), pp. 597–611.
Lilley, A. and Moore, P. 2013. Counting what counts: What Big Data can do for the cultural sector. London, NESTA.
Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F. and McBrewster, J. 2009. Confirmation bias. SaarbrĂĽcken, VDM Publishing.
Moum, T. 2007. A critique of “Subjective Wellbeing as an affective cognitive construct” by Davern, Cummins and Stokes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, pp. 451–453.
Moustakas, C. 1990. Heuristic research: Design, methodology, and applications. London, Sage.
O’Brien, D. 2010. Measuring the value of culture: A report to the Department for Culture Media and Sport. London, Department for Culture Media and Sport.
Oman, S. and Taylor, M. 2018. Subjective well-being in cultural advocacy: A politics of research between the market and the academy. Journal of Cultural Economy, 11(3), pp. 225–243.
Pitts, S. E. 2013. Amateurs as audiences: Reciprocal relationships between playing and listening to music. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 83–93.
Reason, M. 2010. Asking the audience: Audience research and the experience of theatre. About Performance, 10, pp. 15–34.
Rubin, H. J. and Rubin, I. 2005. Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA; London, Sage.
Sauter, W. 2000. The theatrical event: Dynamics of performance and perception. Iowa City, University of Iowa Press.
Seale, C. 2012. Researching society and culture. London, Sage.
Sedgman, K. 2017. Audience experience in an anti-expert age: A survey of theatre audience research. Theatre Research International, 42(3), pp. 307–322.
Seung, Y., Kyong, J., Woo, S., Lee, B. and Lee, K. 2005. Brain activation during music listening in individuals with or without prior music training. Neuroscience Research, 52(4), pp. 323–329.
Taylor, M. 2016. Nonparticipation or different styles of participation? Alternative interpretations from Taking Part. Cultural Trends, 25(3), pp. 169–181.
The Audience Agency. 2018. Audience Finder [Internet]. The Audience Agency. Available from: https://www.theaudienceagency.org/audience-finder [Accessed 24 May].
University College London. 2017. Audience members’ hearts beat together at the theatre [Internet]. London, University College London. Available from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/slms/slms-news/slms/audience-members-hearts-beat-together?utm_content=buffer14d3c&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer [Accessed 23 April].
Vincs, K. 2013. Structure and aesthetics in audience responses to dance. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 129–142.
vom Lehn, D. 2010. Examining “response”: Video-based studies in museums and galleries. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(1), pp. 33–43.
vom Lehn, D. and Heath, C. 2016. Action at the exhibit face: Video and the analysis of social interaction in museums and galleries. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(15–16), pp. 1441–1457.
Wallendorf, M. and Brucks, M. 1993. Introspection in consumer research: Implementation and implications. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), pp. 339–359.
Walmsley, B. 2012. Towards a balanced scorecard: A critical analysis of the Culture and Sport Evidence (CASE) programme. Cultural Trends, 21(4), pp. 325–334.
Walmsley, B. 2018. Deep hanging out in the arts: An anthropological approach to capturing cultural value. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24(2), pp. 227–291.
White, T. R. and Hede, A.-M. 2008. Using narrative inquiry to explore the impact of art on individuals. Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 38(1), pp. 19–35.
Wogan, P. 2004. Deep hanging out: Reflections on fieldwork and multisited Andean ethnography. Identities, 11(1), pp. 129–139.
Woods, P. 2015. Skilful spectatorship? Doing (or being) audience at Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre. Shakespeare Studies, 43, pp. 99–113.
Yu, J. E. 2004. Reconsidering participatory action research for organizational transformation and social change. Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change, 1(2–3), pp. 111–141.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walmsley, B. (2019). Researching (with) Audiences. In: Audience Engagement in the Performing Arts. New Directions in Cultural Policy Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26653-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26653-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-26652-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-26653-0
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)