Skip to main content

Researching (with) Audiences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Audience Engagement in the Performing Arts

Part of the book series: New Directions in Cultural Policy Research ((NDCPR))

  • 1945 Accesses

Abstract

Audience research must strive to capture, illustrate, and interpret the value and impact of audiences’ experiences of the arts from a diverse range of disciplines, including positivist techniques that are primarily geared towards the statistical analysis of audiences’ behaviours and experiences as well as those whose objectives are more anthropological and interpretivist. This chapter provides a critical overview of the most common quantitative, qualitative, and bioscientific audience research methods and illustrates how these different methods can be fruitfully combined and even systematically triangulated to provide a multi-perspectival approach to audience research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Indeed during a scoping event for the AHRC-funded International Network for Audience Research in the Performing Arts in April 2017, a recurrent issue raised by scholars and practitioners was the need to capture neutral and negative audience responses such as boredom.

References

  • Alasuutari, P. 1995. Researching culture: Qualitative method and cultural studies. London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M. 2006. I have seen the future and it is not here yet …; or, on being ambitious for audience research. The Communication Review, 9(2), pp. 123–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, L. 2010. From luxury to necessity: The changing role of qualitative research in the arts. In: O’Reilly, D. and Kerrigan, F. (eds.) Marketing the arts: A fresh approach. London, Routledge, pp. 121–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, L., O’Reilly, D. and Carnegie, E. 2013. Innovative methods of inquiry into arts engagement. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 113–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazeley, P. and Kemp, L. 2012. Mosaics, triangles, and DNA: Metaphors for integrated analysis in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6, pp. 55–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, H. 1990. The audience. Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. S. 2009. Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. 2007. Systemic action research. Bristol, Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, S. E. 2005. Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices. In: Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) The Sage handbook of qualitative research. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 651–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conner, L. 2013. Audience engagement and the role of arts talk in the digital era. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davern, M. T., Cummins, R. A. and Stokes, M. A. 2007. Subjective wellbeing as an affective-cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, pp. 429–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, C. 1991. Sociological introspection and emotional experience. Symbolic Interaction, 14(1), pp. 23–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, U. 2016. Mantras and myths: The disenchantment of mixed-methods research and revisiting triangulation as a perspective. Qualitative Inquiry, 23(1), pp. 46–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froggett, L., Muller, L. and Bennett, J. 2019. The work of the audience: Visual matrix methodology in museums. Cultural Trends, 28(2–3), pp. 162–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, S., Hamilton, C., Scullion, A. and Bell, D. 2005. Quality of life and well-being: Measuring the benefits of culture and sport—Literature review and thinkpiece. Edinburgh, Scottish Executive Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, B., Melville, R. and Cox, T. 2010. Creating an impact: Liverpool’s experience as European Capital of Culture. Liverpool, University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaser, C. and Schlaug, G. 2003. Brains structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(27), pp. 9240–9245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. 1973. The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York, Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. 1998. Deep hanging out. The New York Review of Books, 45(16), p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanquinet, L., O’Brien, D. and Taylor, M. 2019. The coming crisis of cultural engagement? Measurement, methods, and the nuances of niche activities. Cultural Trends, 28(2–3), pp. 198–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. and Benington, J. 2000. Co-research: A new methodology for new times. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(4), pp. 463–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, L., O’Sullivan, C. and O’Sullivan, T. 2003. Creative arts marketing. 2nd ed. Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, J. 2012. New Year, new approach to wellbeing? Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture-professionals-network/culture-professionals-blog/2012/jan/03/arts-heritage-wellbeing-cultural-policy [Accessed 5 January].

  • Ingold, T. 2007. Anthropology is not ethnography. In: Proceedings of The British Academy 2008. London, The British Academy, pp. 62–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, K. 2013. Listening to the audience: Methods for a new era of audience research. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 159–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, K. and Glow, H. 2015. A virtuous circle: The positive evaluation phenomenon in arts audience research. Participations, 12(1), pp. 254–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P., Bunce, G., Evans, J., Gibbs, H. and Hein, J. R. 2008. Exploring space and place with walking interviews. Journal of Research Practice [Online], 4(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozinets, R. 2010. Netnography: Doing ethnographic research online. London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lask, T. 2011. Cognitive maps: A sustainable tool for impact evaluation. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3(1), pp. 44–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latulipe, C., Carroll, E. A. and Lottridge, D. 2011. Evaluating longitudinal projects combining technology with temporal arts. In: International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, BC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledwith, M. 2007. On being critical: Uniting theory and practice through emancipatory action research. Educational Action Research, 15(4), pp. 597–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilley, A. and Moore, P. 2013. Counting what counts: What Big Data can do for the cultural sector. London, NESTA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F. and McBrewster, J. 2009. Confirmation bias. SaarbrĂĽcken, VDM Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moum, T. 2007. A critique of “Subjective Wellbeing as an affective cognitive construct” by Davern, Cummins and Stokes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, pp. 451–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustakas, C. 1990. Heuristic research: Design, methodology, and applications. London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, D. 2010. Measuring the value of culture: A report to the Department for Culture Media and Sport. London, Department for Culture Media and Sport.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oman, S. and Taylor, M. 2018. Subjective well-being in cultural advocacy: A politics of research between the market and the academy. Journal of Cultural Economy, 11(3), pp. 225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, S. E. 2013. Amateurs as audiences: Reciprocal relationships between playing and listening to music. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, M. 2010. Asking the audience: Audience research and the experience of theatre. About Performance, 10, pp. 15–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H. J. and Rubin, I. 2005. Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA; London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, W. 2000. The theatrical event: Dynamics of performance and perception. Iowa City, University of Iowa Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seale, C. 2012. Researching society and culture. London, Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgman, K. 2017. Audience experience in an anti-expert age: A survey of theatre audience research. Theatre Research International, 42(3), pp. 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seung, Y., Kyong, J., Woo, S., Lee, B. and Lee, K. 2005. Brain activation during music listening in individuals with or without prior music training. Neuroscience Research, 52(4), pp. 323–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. 2016. Nonparticipation or different styles of participation? Alternative interpretations from Taking Part. Cultural Trends, 25(3), pp. 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Audience Agency. 2018. Audience Finder [Internet]. The Audience Agency. Available from: https://www.theaudienceagency.org/audience-finder [Accessed 24 May].

  • University College London. 2017. Audience members’ hearts beat together at the theatre [Internet]. London, University College London. Available from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/slms/slms-news/slms/audience-members-hearts-beat-together?utm_content=buffer14d3c&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer [Accessed 23 April].

  • Vincs, K. 2013. Structure and aesthetics in audience responses to dance. In: Radbourne, J., Glow, H. and Johanson, K. (eds.) The audience experience: A critical analysis of audiences in the performing arts. Bristol, Intellect, pp. 129–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • vom Lehn, D. 2010. Examining “response”: Video-based studies in museums and galleries. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(1), pp. 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • vom Lehn, D. and Heath, C. 2016. Action at the exhibit face: Video and the analysis of social interaction in museums and galleries. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(15–16), pp. 1441–1457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallendorf, M. and Brucks, M. 1993. Introspection in consumer research: Implementation and implications. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), pp. 339–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, B. 2012. Towards a balanced scorecard: A critical analysis of the Culture and Sport Evidence (CASE) programme. Cultural Trends, 21(4), pp. 325–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, B. 2018. Deep hanging out in the arts: An anthropological approach to capturing cultural value. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24(2), pp. 227–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, T. R. and Hede, A.-M. 2008. Using narrative inquiry to explore the impact of art on individuals. Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 38(1), pp. 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wogan, P. 2004. Deep hanging out: Reflections on fieldwork and multisited Andean ethnography. Identities, 11(1), pp. 129–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, P. 2015. Skilful spectatorship? Doing (or being) audience at Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre. Shakespeare Studies, 43, pp. 99–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J. E. 2004. Reconsidering participatory action research for organizational transformation and social change. Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change, 1(2–3), pp. 111–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ben Walmsley .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Walmsley, B. (2019). Researching (with) Audiences. In: Audience Engagement in the Performing Arts. New Directions in Cultural Policy Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26653-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics