Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Death in Life: Exploring the Interface Between Terror Management Theory and Evolutionary Psychology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Evolutionary Perspectives on Death

Part of the book series: Evolutionary Psychology ((EVOLPSYCH))

Abstract

The problem of death has been pondered by poets, philosophers, and ordinary people since the beginning of written history, and perhaps since the earliest days of our species. The oldest surviving narrative text, the Epic of Gilgamesh, tells the story of a young king who is deeply troubled by the death of his friend (Enkidu), which leads him to realize that he, too, will die someday, inspiring him to embark on an epic quest for immortality. The earliest fossil remnants of our species coincide with the earliest unambiguous signs of ritual burial of the dead. All cultures teach practices to forestall death and prescribe rituals to be performed after the death of others. Despite this, if one were to survey the literature in empirically oriented psychology in the early 1980s, it would appear that the problem of death played little if any role in human affairs, or perhaps didn’t even exist. Terror management theory (TMT; Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986; Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991) is an attempt to bring the problem of death into the mainstream of contemporary psychology. Toward this end, TMT posits that anxiety about the inevitability of death is a driving force behind the human motives for self-esteem and meaning in life, and thus plays an important role in diverse aspects of human behavior.

Death is the worm at the core of the human condition.

—William James

I am going to die!—am I not like Enkidu?!Deep sadness penetrates my core,I fear death, and now roam the wilderness—

—The Epic of Gilgamesh (9.2–5)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Though some other species appear to have rudimentary levels of these cognitive capacities, they do not approach the level of sophistication and complexity found in Homo sapiens.

References

  • Al-Shawaf, L., Conroy-Beam, D., Asao, K., & Buss, D. M. (2016). Human emotions: An evolutionary psychological perspective. Emotion Review, 8, 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914565518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, E. (1971). The birth and death of meaning: An interdisciplinary perspective on the problem of man (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York, NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York, NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bering, J. M. (2006). The cognitive science of souls: Clarifications and extensions of the evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 486–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binswanger, L. (1942). Grundformen und erkenntnis menschlichen daseins. Hg. v. Herzog M, Braun HJ. Ausgewählte Werke. Bd, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, P. (2001). Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckels, E. E., & Trapnell, P. D. (2013). Disgust facilitates out-group dehumanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16, 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212471738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010). Two decades of terror management theory: A meta-analysis of mortality salience research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 155–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1997). Human social motivation in evolutionary perspective: Grounding Terror Management Theory. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0801_3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). The self-attention-induced feedback loop and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 545–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(81)90039-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castano, E., & Dechesne, M. (2005). On defeating death: Group reification and social identification as immortality strategies. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 221–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, F., Solomon, S., & Kaplin, D. (2017). You’re hired! Mortality salience increases Americans’ support for Donald Trump. Analyses of Social Issues & Public Policy, 17, 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, F., Solomon, S., Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2004). Fatal attraction: The effects of mortality salience on evaluations of charismatic, task-oriented, and relationship-oriented leaders. Psychological Science, 15, 846–851.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., & Leyens, J.-P. (2005). Infrahumanization or familiarity? Attribution of uniquely human emotions to the self, the in-group, and the out-group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2007). Mother’s milk: An existential perspective on negative reactions to breast-feeding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206294202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., & Weise, D. (2007). Disgust, creatureliness and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 494–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, V., & Biran, A. (2001). Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44, 17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das, E., Bushman, B. J., Bezemer, M. D., Kerkhof, P., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2009). How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against out-groups: A terror management account. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, F. B. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M., Knippenberg, v., et al. (2003). Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 722–737.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, J., Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Duncan, L. A. (2004). Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7, 333–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430204046142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fessler, D. M. T. (2007). Neglected natural experiments germane to the Westermarck hypothesis. Human Nature, 18, 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-007-9021-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997). Fear of death and the judgment of social transgressions: A multidimensional test of terror management theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 369–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). The implications of death for health: A terror management health model for behavioral health promotion. Psychological Review, 115, 1032–1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., Cox, C. R., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2002). Understanding human ambivalence about sex: The effects of stripping sex of meaning. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., Goplen, J., Cox, C. R., & Arndt, J. (2007). “Viewing” pregnancy as an existential threat: The effects of creatureliness on reactions to media depictions of the pregnant body. Media Psychology, 10, 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701375629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0403_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Kluck, B., & Cornwell, R. (2001). I am not an animal: Mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 427–435.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, S. K., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). Death, sex, love, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1173–1187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, J. L., & Roberts, T. A. (2010). The birthmark: An existential account of why women are objectified. In R. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), The objectification of women: Innovative directions in research and practice (pp. 77–100). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Porteus, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995). Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1221–1228. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672952111010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189–212). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Pinel, E., Simon, L., & Jordan, K. (1993). Effects of self-esteem on vulnerability-denying defensive distortions: Further evidence of an anxiety-buffering function of self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1993.1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., et al. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133, 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduced mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2010). A theoretical and empirical review of the death-thought accessibility concept in terror management research. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 699–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschberger, G. (2006). Terror management and attributions of blame to innocent victims: reconciling compassionate and defensive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 832–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1342–1353. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702236834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2000). Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science, 11, 348–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, N. J., Crowell, A. L., Tang, D., Harmon-Jones, E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2015). Disgust sensitivity predicts defensive responding to mortality salience. Emotion, 15, 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038915

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Navarrete, C. D. (2006). Reports of my death anxiety have been greatly exaggerated: A critique of terror management theory from an evolutionary perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701366969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, M. J., Goldenberg, J. L., Greenberg, J., Gillath, O., Solomon, S., Cox, C., et al. (2006). The siren’s call: Terror management and the threat of men’s sexual attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 129–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2004). The motivational underpinnings of religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 743–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., et al. (2004). Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1136–1150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204267988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2007). On the compatibility of terror management theory and perspectives on human evolution. Evolutionary Psychology, 5, 147470490700500300. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyens, J.-P., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., et al. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to in-groups and out-groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_06

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navarrete, C. D., Fessler, D. M. T., & Eng, S. J. (2007). Elevated ethnocentrism in the first trimester of pregnancy. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2011). Human threat management systems: Self-protection and disease avoidance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norenzayan, A., Dar-Nimrod, I., Hansen, I. G., & Proulx, T. (2009). Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., et al. (2016). The cultural evolution of prosocial religions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsmann, R., & Mathay, M. (1994). Depreciating of and distancing from foreigners: Effects of mortality salience. Unpublished manuscript, Universitat Mainz, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osarchuk, M., & Tatz, S. J. (1973). Effect of induced fear of death on belief in afterlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 256–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Y. C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2016). Cultural universals and differences in dealing with death. In L. A. Harvell & G. S. Nisbett (Eds.), Denying death: An interdisciplinary approach to terror management theory (pp. 193–213). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T. (2016). God save us: A terror management perspective on morality. In J. P. Forgas, L. Jussim, & P. A. M. von Lange (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: The Sydney symposium of social psychology. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987). A biased hypothesis-testing model of motivated attributional distortion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T., & Kesebir, P. (2012). Culture, ideology, morality, and religion: Death changes everything. In M. Mikulincer & P. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of meaning, mortality, and choice (pp. 75–91). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T., & Landau, M. J. (in press). In his own image: An intelligent design perspective on the origins and function of religion. In C. Routledge & K. Vail (Eds.), The science of religion, spirituality, and existentialism. Amsterdam: The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richard, F. D., Bond Jr., C. F., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7, 331–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681–690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, Z. K., Abdollahi, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009). Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 816–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2008). Disgust. In I. M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Hones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 757–776). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M., Miller, G. E., Gervais, W. M., Yager, S., & Chen, E. (2010). Mere visual perception of other people’s disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response. Psychological Science, 21, 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610368064

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T., & Jahrig, J. (2007). Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death-thought accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Sargis, E. G. (2005). Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 895–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soenke, M., Landau, M. J., & Greenberg, J. (2012). Sacred armor: Religion’s role as buffer against the anxieties of life and the fear of death. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 105–122). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R. M., & Fincher, C. L. (2014). The parasite-stress theory of values and sociality: Infectious disease, history, and human values worldwide. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58(1), 17–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. Psychological Review, 120, 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaes, J., Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2010). “We are people”: In-group humanization as an existential defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 750–760. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309351165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisman, A., & Shrira, I. (2015). The smell of death: Evidence that putrescine elicits threat management mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA

    Tom Pyszczynski

Authors
  1. Tom Pyszczynski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tom Pyszczynski .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA

    Todd K. Shackelford

  2. Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA

    Virgil Zeigler-Hill

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pyszczynski, T. (2019). The Role of Death in Life: Exploring the Interface Between Terror Management Theory and Evolutionary Psychology. In: Shackelford, T.K., Zeigler-Hill, V. (eds) Evolutionary Perspectives on Death. Evolutionary Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25466-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation