Abstract
This chapter examines post-9/11 British and American television programs about one of the least understood apparatuses of surveillance and social control: the prison. Chapter 2 also analyzes older narratives of captivity and imprisonment to show how they influence modern television texts about the place and purpose of the prison in the U.S. and U.K. Further, this chapter considers how the prison apparatus inspires television series that address our own need to surveil the ways the state uses the prison to regulate and monitor its citizens. This chapter will begin its discussion of television dramas and docuseries about incarceration, surveillance, and social control with Michel Foucault’s foundational theory that government and cultural surveillance is founded on the structure and function of the panoptic prison.
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Notes
- 1.
Jan Alber, Narrating the Prison: Role and Representation in Charles Dickens’ Novels, Twentieth-Century Fiction, and Film (Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2007), 1.
- 2.
Norval Morris and David J. Rothman, “Introduction,” in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, eds. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford UP, 1998), Kindle.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Bradford Winters, interviewed by Darcie Rives-East at Dordt College, Sioux Center, Iowa, Oct. 28, 2017.
- 5.
See Richard Weber, Dick Clement, and Ian Le Frenais, Porridge: The Inside Story (London: Headline, 2001) for the program writers’ account of their unique television approach to prison.
- 6.
Julien Pettifer, “Preview,” Radio Times, 26 Feb.–Mar. 4 (1977): 15.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Ibid.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Morris and Rothman, “Introduction.”
- 11.
Rob Cope, “The Wild, Wild Women of Wentworth,” Classic Television, 4.1–4 (1988): 15.
- 12.
Rose Collis, “Soap Opera Comes Clean,” City Limits, Oct. 6–13 (1988): 20–21.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Cope, 22.
- 15.
Bernard Davies, “One Man’s Television,” Broadcast, 4 (April 1977): 20.
- 16.
For more information and sources regarding the differences between panoptic surveillance and synoptic surveillance, please refer to Chap. 1, “Introduction: Surveillance and Terror in Post-9/11 British and American Television.”
- 17.
Jacob Rama Berman, “The Barbarous Voice of Democracy: American Captivity in Barbary and the Multicultural Specter,” American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography, 79.1 (2007), 2.
- 18.
For further information and sources regarding the cultural and political response to Guantanamo Bay, please refer to Chap. 1, “Introduction: Surveillance and Terror in Post-9/11 British and American Television.”
- 19.
Berman, 2.
- 20.
Morris and Rothman, “Introduction.”
- 21.
Catherine Scott, “‘I Had Left One America and Come Home to Another One’: First-Person Accounts of Captivity During the Iranian Hostage Crisis,” Journal of American Culture, 27.1 (2004), 27.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Dahia Messara, “Introduction,” The Captivity Narrative: Enduring Shackles and Emancipating Language of Subjectivity, eds. Benjamin Mark Allen and Dahia Messara (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), xiv and xiii.
- 24.
See, for instance, Lisa Voigt, Writing Captivity in the Early Modern Atlantic: Circulations of Knowledge and Authority in the Iberian and English Imperial Worlds (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2009) for a wonderful study of Spanish and Portuguese captivity narratives and how those narratives, set in both South America and the Barbary states, helped to craft Spanish and Portuguese identity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
- 25.
In addition to Allen and Messara, Berman, Scott, and Voigt, see also Paul Baepler, “The Barbary Captivity Narrative in Early America,” Early American Literature, 30 (1995): 95–120; Baepler, “The Barbary Captivity Narrative in American Culture,” Early American Literature, 39.2 (2004): 217–246; Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola, “Captivity, Liberty, and Early American Consciousness,” Early American Literature, 43.3 (2008): 715–724; James D. Hartman, “Providence Tales and the Indian Captivity Narrative: Some Transatlantic Influences on Colonial Puritan Discourse,” Early American Literature, 32.1 (1997): 66–81; Elise Marienstras, “Depictions of White Children in Captivity Narratives,” American Studies International, 40.3 (2002): 33–45; Nabil Matar, “English Accounts of Captivity in North Africa and the Middle East: 1577–1625,” Renaissance Quarterly, 54.2 (2001): 553–572; Matar, “The Traveler as Captive: Renaissance England and the Allure of Islam,” Literature Interpretation Theory, 7.2–3 (1996): 187–196; Andrew Newman, “Captive on the Literacy Frontier: Mary Rowlandson, James Smith, and Charles Johnston,” Early American Literature, 38.1 (2003): 31–65; Colin Ramsey, “Cannibalism and Infant Killing: A System of ‘Demonizing’ Motifs in Indian Captivity Narratives,” CLIO: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History, 24.1 (1994): 55–68; Audra Simpson, “From White into Red: Captivity Narratives as Alchemies of Race and Citizenship,” American Quarterly, 60.2 (2008): 251–257; Stacy Takacs, “Jessica Lynch and the Regeneration of American Identity and Power Post-9/11,” Feminist Media Studies, 5.3 (2005): 297–310.
- 26.
Takacs, 300.
- 27.
Scott, 27.
- 28.
Berman, 4.
- 29.
Mary Rowlandson, A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, 1682, in Journeys in New Worlds: Early American Women’s Narratives, eds. William L. Andrews et al. (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1990), 27.
- 30.
Ibid, 39.
- 31.
Berman, 7.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
Baepler, “The Barbary Captivity Narrative,” 112.
- 35.
Ibid., 113.
- 36.
Edward M. Peters, “Prison Before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds,” in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, eds. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford UP, 1995), Kindle.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
George W. Bush, “Address to the Nation,” Washington, DC, Sep. 20, 2001.
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
Takacs, 297.
- 42.
See editor Amy Schrager Lang’s footnote 6 in Rowlandson, 31.
- 43.
“Preface” to Rowlandson, 28.
- 44.
Amy Schrager Lang, “Introduction to A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” in Journeys in New Worlds: Early American Women’s Narratives, eds. William L. Andrews et al. (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1990), 13.
- 45.
Baepler, “Barbary Captivity Narrative,” 219.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Cotton Mather, The Glory of Goodness: The Goodness of God Celebrated; In Remarkable Instances and Improvements Thereof; And More Particularly in the Redemption Remarkably Obtained for English Captives, Which have been Languishing under the Tragical, and the Terrible and the Most Barbarous Cruelties of Barbary (Boston: Printed by T. Green, for Benjamin Eliot, 1703), 33, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;view=toc;idno=N00939.0001.001.
- 48.
Manuel Perez-Rivas, “Bush Vows to Rid the World of ‘evil-doers’,” CNN, Sep. 16, 2001, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.bush.terrorism/.
- 49.
Ibid.
- 50.
Baepler, “Barbary Captivity Narrative,” 240.
- 51.
Berman, 1.
- 52.
See, for example, Matthew Costello, “The Pilgrimage and Progress of George Bailey: Puritanism, It’s a Wonderful Life, and the Language of Community in America,” American Studies, 40 (1999): 31–52; V. Bradley Lewis, “American Exceptionalism,” America, 205.9 (October 3, 2011): 19–22; Deborah L. Madsen, American Exceptionalism (Jackson: U of Mississippi P, 1998); Deborah L. Madsen, “The Sword or the Scroll: The Power of Rhetoric in Colonial New England,” American Studies, 1992: 45–61; Mark A. Noll, Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s (New York: Oxford UP, 1990); David Hoogland Noon, “Cold War Revival: Neoconservatives and Historical Memory in the War on Terror,” American Studies, 2007: 75–99; John D. Wilsey, American Exceptionalism and Civil Religion (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2015).
- 53.
John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity, 1630, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1838, 3rd series 7:31–48, Hanover Historical Texts Collection, scanned by Monica Banas, Aug. 1996, https://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html.
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
Lang, 15.
- 56.
Ibid.
- 57.
Rowlandson, 33.
- 58.
Ibid., 35.
- 59.
Ibid., 57, emphasis original.
- 60.
Ibid., 38, emphasis original.
- 61.
Ibid., 35.
- 62.
Ibid., 65 (emphasis original).
- 63.
See Baepler and Berman on this point.
- 64.
See Hartman for more on the providence tale.
- 65.
I will refer to the series from here on by its U.S. title, Locked Up Abroad.
- 66.
Jim Halterman, “Interview: Fugitive Chronicles Executive Producer Bart Layton,” The Futon Critic, Apr. 1, 2010, http://www.thefutoncritic.com/interviews/2010/04/01/interview-fugitive-chronicles-executive-producer-bart-layton-35152/20100401_fugitivechronicles/. The interview itself focuses on another of Layton’s docuseries, Fugitive Chronicles (U.S., A&E), which Halterman states “spends an hour each week on a true story about an often-dangerous criminal being chased by law enforcers.”
- 67.
Examples of countries highlighted in the docuseries include: Peru, Thailand, Uganda, Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, and so on.
- 68.
Locked Up Abroad, “Thailand,” season 1, episode 8, written by Bart Layton, aired Apr. 21, 2008, on National Geographic Channel.
- 69.
Ibid.
- 70.
Ibid.
- 71.
Ibid.
- 72.
Locked Up Abroad, “Peruvian Prison Nightmare,” season 1, episode 1, directed by Katinka Newman, written by Bart Layton, aired July 24, 2007, on National Geographic Channel.
- 73.
Locked Up Abroad, “Uganda: Death in the Jungle,” season 2, episode 2, written and directed by Paul Berczeller, aired July 7, 2008, on National Geographic Channel.
- 74.
Susan Goldberg, “For Decades, Our Coverage Was Racist. To Rise Above Our Past, We Must Acknowledge It,” National Geographic, Apr. 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/from-the-editor-race-racism-history/.
- 75.
Rowlandson, 37.
- 76.
Ibid., 52, emphasis original.
- 77.
Ibid.
- 78.
Ibid.
- 79.
Ibid.
- 80.
Ibid., 44.
- 81.
Ibid., 58.
- 82.
Takacs, 303.
- 83.
John Williams, The Redeemed Captive, Returning to Zion. A Faithful History of Remarkable Occurrences, in the Captivity and the Deliverance of Mr. John Williams; Minister of the Gospel, in Deerfield, Who, in the Desolation Which Befel That Plantation, by an Incursion of the French & Indians, was by Them Carried Away, with His Family, and His Neighbourhood, unto Canada.: Whereto There is Annexed a Sermon Preached by Him, upon His Return, at the Lecture in Boston, Decemb. 5. 1706. On Those Words, Luk. 8. 39. Return to Thine Own House, and Shew How Great Things God Hath Done unto Thee (Boston: Printed by B. Green, for Samuel Phillips, at the brick shop, 1707), https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;view=toc;idno=N01123.0001.001.
- 84.
Slavoj Žižek, “The Big Other Doesn’t Exist,” Journal of European Psychoanalysis, Spring–Fall (1997), http://www.lacan.com/zizekother.htm.
- 85.
Žižek, “From Reality to the Real,” in Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader, ed. John Storey, 4th edition (Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2009), 344.
- 86.
Halterman.
- 87.
Ibid.
- 88.
Rowlandson, 49, emphasis original.
- 89.
Ibid., 45.
- 90.
Ibid., 49.
- 91.
Ibid., 42.
- 92.
Ibid.
- 93.
Ibid., 59.
- 94.
Ibid., 59.
- 95.
Takacs, 297.
- 96.
“Peruvian Prison Nightmare.”
- 97.
Tom Fontana qtd. in Elon Green, “The Legacy of OZ: A Chat with Tom Fontana,” The Toast, Aug. 11, 2015, http://the-toast.net/2015/08/11/the-legacy-of-oz-chat-with-tom-fontana/.
- 98.
Ibid.
- 99.
Ibid.
- 100.
Ibid.
- 101.
Qtd. in Green.
- 102.
Ibid.
- 103.
Rasha Drachkovitch, interviewed by Darcie Rives-East via telephone, July 12, 2018.
- 104.
Albers, 50.
- 105.
Oz, “A Game of Checkers,” season 1, episode 8, directed by Jean de Segoznac, written by Tom Fontana, aired Aug. 25, 1997, on HBO.
- 106.
Jennie Neufeld, “A Mass Incarceration Expert Says the 2018 Prison Strike Could Be ‘one of the largest the country has ever seen’,” Vox, Aug. 22, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/8/21/17721874/national-prison-strike-2018-13th-amendment-attica.
- 107.
Ibid. The issue of a “loophole” in the 13th Amendment outlawing slavery—one that allows for forced prison labor—is the subject of the documentary, 13th, written and directed by Ava Duvernay, released Oct. 7, 2016, on Netflix.
- 108.
Brendan Gallagher, “Netflix’s ‘First and Last’ Offers a Fascinating Look at the American Prison System,” The Daily Dot, Sep. 17, 2018, https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/netflix-first-and-last-review/.
- 109.
Drachkovitch, telephone interview.
- 110.
Ibid.
- 111.
Ibid.
- 112.
Ibid.
- 113.
First and Last, executive produced by Jeanne Begley, released Sep. 7, 2018, on Netflix.
- 114.
Ibid.
- 115.
Ibid.
- 116.
Ibid.
- 117.
Ibid.
- 118.
Ibid.
- 119.
Ibid.
- 120.
Titled Wentworth Prison in Australia and in the U.K.
- 121.
Liz Rafferty and Sadie Gennis, “9 Reasons You Need to Watch Wentworth on Netflix ASAP,” TV Guide, Mar. 13, 2015, https://www.tvguide.com/news/wentworth-netflix-reasons-to-watch/.
- 122.
Ibid.
- 123.
Duncan Lindsay, “10 Reasons Wentworth Prison is better than Orange Is the New Black,” Metro, July 22, 2015, https://metro.co.uk/2015/07/22/10-reasons-wentworth-prison-is-better-than-orange-is-the-new-black-5307336/.
- 124.
Albers, 109–110.
- 125.
Ibid., 111.
- 126.
Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994), 12.
- 127.
Winters, personal interview.
- 128.
Alison Walsh, “The Criminal Justice System is Riddled with Racial Disparities,” Prison Policy Initiative, Aug. 15, 2016, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2016/08/15/cjrace/.
- 129.
Ibid.
- 130.
Ibid.
- 131.
Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), “Fact Sheet,” Mar. 12, 2019, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf.
- 132.
These Frontline episodes, all aired on PBS, include: “Last Days of Solitary” (Apr. 18, 2017); “Life on Parole” (July 18, 2017); “The New Asylums” (May 10, 2005); “Prison State” (Apr. 29, 2014); “The Released” (Apr. 28, 2009); “Second Chance Kids” (May 2, 2017); “Solitary Nation” (Apr. 22, 2014); “Stickup Kid” (Dec. 17, 2014); and “When Kids Get Life” (May 8, 2007).
- 133.
Drachkovitch, telephone interview.
- 134.
Ibid.
- 135.
Albers, 117.
- 136.
bell hooks cited in Albers, 117.
- 137.
Drachkovitch, telephone interview.
- 138.
Norval Morris, “The Contemporary Prison: 1965-Present,” in The Oxford History of the Prison, eds. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford UP, 1998), Kindle.
- 139.
Ibid.
- 140.
The Sentencing Project Director Mark Mauer quoted in Kate Dailey, “Why the U.S. Locks Up Prisoners for Life,” BBC News, June 16, 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22912075.
- 141.
Morris, “The Contemporary Prison: 1965-Present.”
- 142.
Ibid.
- 143.
Dailey, “Why the U.S. Locks Up Prisoners for Life.”
- 144.
Ibid.
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Rives-East, D. (2019). Captive Viewing: Prisons, Surveillance, and Social Control. In: Surveillance and Terror in Post-9/11 British and American Television. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16900-8_2
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