Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites pp 855-897 | Cite as
Processing, Characterization and Application of Natural Rubber Based Environmentally Friendly Polymer Composites
Abstract
Environmentally friendly natural rubber composites (NRCs)/nanocomposites (NCs) filled with natural organic fillers coming from renewable and biodegradable sources have been raising continuous and utmost interests to fulfil the increasing demand related to the minimum use of petroleum-based non-renewable resources. In order to develop the improved properties and performance characteristics of green NRCs/NCPs, continuously increasing attention has been devoted to enhance mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties through augmentation of interfacial adhesion among natural fillers and NR matrix, together with ensuring more even distribution of fillers via chemical modification of the fillers/NR and use of adhesion/dispersion promoters/additives. Therefore, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of various NRCs/NCPs have mainly been focused, along with necessary alterations in the biodegradability. In this context, NRCs/NCPs have been categorized into four major parts, i.e., NR composites filled with plant fibers, nano-cellulose (NC) reinforced NR NCPs, NRCs based on recycled rubber granulate, and NR composites containing proteins, with special attention being paid on processing, characterization, and preparation of NR composites filled with nanocellulosic fillers. The role of new microstructures, such as honeycomb, Zn-cellulose complex, cellulose-cellulose network etc., have been analyzed to obtain environmentally friendly NR composites suited for interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), sensor, and other sophisticated materials.
Abbreviations
- BF
Bamboo fiber
- CB
Carbon black
- CF
Coir/coconut fiber
- CV
Conventional vulcanization
- DMA
Dynamic mechanical analysis
- EAB
Elongation at break
- EV
Efficient vulcanization
- IF
Isora fiber
- IPN
Interpenetrating polymer network
- LW
Leather waste
- MBTS
2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide
- NC
Nanocellulose
- NCP
Nanocomposite
- NF
Nanofiller
- NRC
Natural rubber composite
- NR
Natural rubber
- NW
Nanowhisker
- OPF
Oil palm fiber
- PC
Polymer composite
- PLA
Poly(lactic acid)
- PLF
Pineapple leaf fiber
- PP
Polypropylene
- RG
Rubber granulate
- RRG
Recycled rubber granulate
- SBR
Styrene butadiene rubber
- SEV
Semi-efficient vulcanization
- SF
Sisal fiber
- TMTD
Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide
- TSH
Toluenosulfohydrazina
- TS
Tensile strength
- ZMB
Zinc-2-mercaptobenzothiazole
Notes
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author gratefully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (YSS/2015/000886).
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