Wrinkled Polymer Surfaces pp 19-59 | Cite as
Strategies for the Fabrication of Wrinkled Polymer Surfaces
Abstract
In this chapter, the different strategies to fabricate wrinkled surface morphologies are described. The methodologies have been classified as a function of the film structure, i.e., layered films, depth-wise gradient, or homogeneous films. Layered films are formed by different substrates and different top layers. The bilayer systems described in the literature have been organized and grouped, and finally, the wrinkle formation is described as a function of the stimulus employed. The same strategy has been employed to describe the wrinkle formation in depth-wise gradient and homogeneous films. As a result, a discussion about the particularities of each stimulus employed is reported.
Keywords
Polymer surfaces Wrinkles Surface instabilities Film structure Gradient polymer surfacesNotes
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support given by FONDECYT grant N° 1170209. M.A. Sarabia acknowledges the financial support given by CONICYT through the doctoral program scholarship grant. J. Rodriguez-Hernandez acknowledges financial support from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (Project MAT2016-78437-R, FEDER EU). Finally, this study was funded by VRAC grant number L216-04 of Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana.
References
- 1.P. Gruner, M. Arlt, T. Fuhrmann-Lieker, Surface wrinkling induced by photofluidization of low molecular azo glasses. ChemPhysChem 14(2), 424–430 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.N. Lambricht, T. Pardoen, S. Yunus, Giant stretchability of thin gold films on rough elastomeric substrates. Acta Mater. 61(2), 540–547 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.M. Ramanathan, B.S. Lokitz, J.M. Messman, C.M. Stafford, S.M. Kilbey II, Spontaneous wrinkling in azlactone-based functional polymer thin films in 2D and 3D geometries for guided nanopatterning. J. Mater. Chem. C 1(11), 2097–2101 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Z. Wu, N. Bouklas, R. Huang, Swell-induced surface instability of hydrogel layers with material properties varying in thickness direction. Int. J. Solids Struct. 50(3–4), 578–587 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Z. Chen, Y.Y. Kim, S. Krishnaswamy, Anisotropic wrinkle formation on shape memory polymer substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 112(12) (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Y.-C. Chen, A.J. Crosby, Wrinkling of inhomogeneously strained thin polymer films. Soft Matter 9(1), 43–47 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.J. Rodríguez-Hernández, Wrinkled interfaces: Taking advantage of surface instabilities to pattern polymer surfaces. Prog. Polym. Sci. 42, 1–41 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.J. Huang, M. Juszkiewicz, W.H. De Jeu, E. Cerda, T. Emrick, N. Menon, T.P. Russell, Capillary wrinkling of floating thin polymer films. Science 317(5838), 650–653 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.D. Vella, M. Adda-Bedia, E. Cerda, Capillary wrinkling of elastic membranes. Soft Matter 6(22), 5778–5782 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.D.P. Holmes, A.J. Crosby, Draping films: A wrinkle to fold transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(3), 038303 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.L. Pocivavsek, R. Dellsy, A. Kern, S. Johnson, B. Lin, K.Y.C. Lee, E. Cerda, Stress and fold localization in thin elastic membranes. Science 320(5878), 912–916 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.N. Sridhar, D. Srolovitz, Z. Suo, Kinetics of buckling of a compressed film on a viscous substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(17), 2482–2484 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.R. Huang, Z. Suo, Wrinkling of a compressed elastic film on a viscous layer. J. Appl. Phys. 91(3), 1135–1142 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.S. Chatterjee, C. McDonald, J. Niu, S.S. Velankar, P. Wang, R. Huang, Wrinkling and folding of thin films by viscous stress. Soft Matter 11(9), 1814–1827 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.R. Huang, Kinetic wrinkling of an elastic film on a viscoelastic substrate. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53(1), 63–89 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.S. Im, R. Huang, Evolution of wrinkles in elastic-viscoelastic bilayer thin films. J. Appl. Mech. 72(6), 955–961 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.R. Huang, S.H. Im, Dynamics of wrinkle growth and coarsening in stressed thin films. Phys. Rev. E 74(2), 026214 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.K. Dalnoki-Veress, J. Forrest, J. Dutcher, Mechanical confinement effects on the phase separation morphology of polymer blend thin films. Phys. Rev. E 57(5), 5811 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.P.J. Yoo, K.Y. Suh, S.Y. Park, H.H. Lee, Physical self-assembly of microstructures by anisotropic buckling. Adv. Mater. 14(19), 1383–1387 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.T. Okayasu, H.L. Zhang, D.G. Bucknall, G.A.D. Briggs, Spontaneous formation of ordered lateral patterns in polymer thin-film structures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14(11), 1081–1088 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Morphological diagram for metal/polymer bilayer wrinkling: Influence of thermomechanical properties of polymer layer. Macromolecules 38(7), 2820–2831 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.E.P. Chan, K.A. Page, S.H. Im, D.L. Patton, R. Huang, C.M. Stafford, Viscoelastic properties of confined polymer films measured via thermal wrinkling. Soft Matter 5(23), 4638–4641 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Evolution of a stress-driven pattern in thin bilayer films: Spinodal wrinkling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(15), 154502 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.K. Srinivasan, G. Subbarayan, T. Siegmund, Wrinkling on irreversibly deforming foundations. Thin Solid Films 520(17), 5671–5682 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.A. El Haitami, F. Bretagnol, P. Assuid, G. Petitet, S. Cantournet, L. Corté, Erasable and reversible wrinkling of halogenated rubber surfaces. Langmuir 29(50), 15664–15672 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.N. Bowden, W.T.S. Huck, K.E. Paul, G.M. Whitesides, The controlled formation of ordered, sinusoidal structures by plasma oxidation of an elastomeric polymer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(17), 2557–2559 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.D.B.H. Chua, H.T. Ng, S.F.Y. Li, Spontaneous formation of complex and ordered structures on oxygen-plasma-treated elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(6), 721–723 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.C.-C. Fu, A. Grimes, M. Long, C.G.L. Ferri, B.D. Rich, S. Ghosh, S. Ghosh, L.P. Lee, A. Gopinathan, M. Khine, Tunable Nanowrinkles on shape memory polymer sheets. Adv. Mater. 21(44), 4472 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.X.M. Zhao, Y.N. Xia, O.J.A. Schueller, D. Qin, G.M. Whitesides, Fabrication of microstructures using shrinkable polystyrene films. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 65(2–3), 209–217 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Y. Zhao, W.M. Huang, Y.Q. Fu, Formation of micro/nano-scale wrinkling patterns atop shape memory polymers. J. Micromech. Microeng. 21(6) (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.M.D. Huntington, C.J. Engel, A.J. Hryn, T.W. Odom, Polymer Nanowrinkles with continuously tunable wavelengths. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(13), 6438–6442 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.P. Kim, M. Abkarian, H.A. Stone, Hierarchical folding of elastic membranes under biaxial compressive stress. Nat. Mater. 10(12), 952–957 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.A. Verma, A. Sharma, G.U. Kulkarni, Ultrafast large-area micropattern generation in nonabsorbing polymer thin films by pulsed laser diffraction. Small 7(6), 758–765 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.M.-W. Moon, S.H. Lee, J.-Y. Sun, K.H. Oh, A. Vaziri, J.W. Hutchinson, Wrinkled hard skins on polymers created by focused ion beam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104(4), 1130–1133 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.N. Bowden, S. Brittain, A.G. Evans, J.W. Hutchinson, G.M. Whitesides, Spontaneous formation of ordered structures in thin films of metals supported on an elastomeric polymer. Nature 393(6681), 146–149 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.W.T.S. Huck, N. Bowden, P. Onck, T. Pardoen, J.W. Hutchinson, G.M. Whitesides, Ordering of spontaneously formed buckles on planar surfaces. Langmuir 16(7), 3497–3501 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.P.J. Yoo, K.Y. Suh, H. Kang, H.H. Lee, Polymer elasticity-driven wrinkling and coarsening in high temperature buckling of metal-capped polymer thin films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(3) (2004)Google Scholar
- 38.S.J. Kwon, P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Wave interactions in buckling: Self-organization of a metal surface on a structured polymer layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(22), 4487–4489 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.P.J. Yoo, S.Y. Park, S.J. Kwon, K.Y. Suh, H.H. Lee, Microshaping metal surfaces by wave-directed self-organization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(21), 4444–4446 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Evolution of a stress-driven pattern in thin bilayer films: Spinodal wrinkling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(15) (2003)Google Scholar
- 41.H. Vandeparre, S. Gabriele, F. Brau, C. Gay, K.K. Parker, P. Damman, Hierarchical wrinkling patterns. Soft Matter 6(22), 5751–5756 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.C.M. Stafford, B.D. Vogt, C. Harrison, D. Julthongpiput, R. Huang, Elastic moduli of ultrathin amorphous polymer films. Macromolecules 39(15), 5095–5099 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.K.Y. Suh, S.M. Seo, P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Formation of regular nanoscale undulations on a thin polymer film imprinted by a soft mold. J. Chem. Phys. 124(2) (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.M. Watanabe, H. Shirai, T. Hirai, Wrinkled polypyrrole electrode for electroactive polymer actuators. J. Appl. Phys. 92(8), 4631–4637 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.J. Yang, S. Damle, S. Maiti, S.S. Velankar, Stretching-induced wrinkling in plastic–rubber composites. Soft Matter 13(4), 776–787 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.D. Rhee, W.K. Lee, T.W. Odom, Crack-free, soft wrinkles enable switchable anisotropic wetting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56(23), 6523–6527 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.T. Boudou, T. Crouzier, K. Ren, G. Blin, C. Picart, Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: New biomedical applications. Adv. Mater. 22(4), 441–467 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.Y. Wang, A.S. Angelatos, F. Caruso, Template synthesis of nanostructured materials via layer-by-layer assembly. Chem. Mater. 20(3), 848–858 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Z. Tang, Y. Wang, P. Podsiadlo, N.A. Kotov, Biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly: From biomimetics to tissue engineering. Adv. Mater. 18(24), 3203–3224 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.P.T. Hammond, Form and function in multilayer assembly: New applications at the nanoscale. Adv. Mater. 16(15), 1271–1293 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 51.C. Lu, H. Mohwald, A. Fery, A lithography-free method for directed colloidal crystal assembly based on wrinkling. Soft Matter 3(12), 1530–1536 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.J. Kim, H.H. Lee, Wave formation by heating in thin metal film on an elastomer. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39(11), 1122–1128 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.T. Okayasu, H.L. Zhang, D.G. Bucknal, G. Andrew, D. Briggs, Spontaneous formation of ordered lateral patterns in polymer thin-film structures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14(11), 1081–1088 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.P.J. Yoo, Invited paper: Fabrication of complexly patterned wavy structures using self-organized anisotropic wrinkling. Electron. Mater. Lett. 7(1), 17–23 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.P.J. Yoo, H.H. Lee, Complex pattern formation by adhesion-controlled anisotropic wrinkling. Langmuir 24(13), 6897–6902 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.C. Jiang, S. Singamaneni, E. Merrick, V.V. Tsukruk, Complex buckling instability patterns of nanomembranes with encapsulated gold nanoparticle arrays. Nano Lett. 6(10), 2254–2259 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.T.R. Hendricks, I. Lee, Wrinkle-free nanomechanical film: Control and prevention of polymer film buckling. Nano Lett. 7(2), 372–379 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.D. Mertz, J. Hemmerlé, J. Mutterer, S. Ollivier, J.-C. Voegel, P. Schaaf, P. Lavalle, Mechanically responding Nanovalves based on polyelectrolyte multilayers. Nano Lett. 7(3), 657–662 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.C.M. Stafford, C. Harrison, K.L. Beers, A. Karim, E.J. Amis, M.R. Vanlandingham, H.C. Kim, W. Volksen, R.D. Miller, E.E. Simonyi, A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films. Nat. Mater. 3(8), 545–550 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.A.J. Nolte, M.F. Rubner, R.E. Cohen, Determining the young’s modulus of polyelectrolyte multilayer films via stress-induced mechanical buckling instabilities. Macromolecules 38(13), 5367–5370 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 61.R.C. Hedden, H. Saxena, C. Cohen, Mechanical properties and swelling behavior of end-linked poly(diethylsiloxane) networks. Macromolecules 33(23), 8676–8684 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.K. Efimenko, M. Rackaitis, E. Manias, A. Vaziri, L. Mahadevan, J. Genzer, Nested self-similar wrinkling patterns in skins. Nat. Mater. 4(4), 293 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 63.T. Ohzono, M. Shimomura, Ordering of microwrinkle patterns by compressive strain. Phys. Rev. B 69(13), 132202 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 64.T. Ohzono, M. Shimomura, Geometry-dependent stripe rearrangement processes induced by strain on preordered microwrinkle patterns. Langmuir 21(16), 7230–7237 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.P.-C. Lin, S. Yang, Spontaneous formation of one-dimensional ripples in transit to highly ordered two-dimensional herringbone structures through sequential and unequal biaxial mechanical stretching. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(24), 241903 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.W.M. Choi, J. Song, D.-Y. Khang, H. Jiang, Y.Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Biaxially stretchable “wavy” silicon nanomembranes. Nano Lett. 7(6), 1655–1663 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 67.H.S. Kim, A.J. Crosby, Solvent-responsive surface via wrinkling instability. Adv. Mater. 23(36), 4188 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.E.P. Chan, A.J. Crosby, Fabricating microlens arrays by surface wrinkling. Adv. Mater. 18(24), 3238–3242 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.J.Y. Chung, J.-H. Lee, K.L. Beers, C.M. Stafford, Stiffness, strength, and ductility of nanoscale thin films and membranes: A combined wrinkling–cracking methodology. Nano Lett. 11(8), 3361–3365 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.J.Y. Chung, A.J. Nolte, C.M. Stafford, Diffusion-controlled, self-organized growth of symmetric wrinkling patterns. Adv. Mater. 21(13), 1358–1362 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 71.E.P. Chan, E.J. Smith, R.C. Hayward, A.J. Crosby, Surface wrinkles for smart adhesion. Adv. Mater. 20(4), 711–716 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.D. Breid, A.J. Crosby, Surface wrinkling behavior of finite circular plates. Soft Matter 5(2), 425–431 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 73.H. Vandeparre, P. Damman, Wrinkling of stimuloresponsive surfaces: Mechanical instability coupled to diffusion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(12), 124301 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 74.H. Vandeparre, J. Léopoldès, C. Poulard, S. Desprez, G. Derue, C. Gay, P. Damman, Slippery or sticky boundary conditions: Control of wrinkling in metal-capped thin polymer films by selective adhesion to substrates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(18), 188302 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.S.K. Basu, A.V. McCormick, L.E. Scriven, Stress generation by solvent absorption and wrinkling of a cross-linked coating atop a viscous or elastic base. Langmuir 22(13), 5916–5924 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 76.H.S. Kim, A.J. Crosby, Solvent-responsive surface via wrinkling instability. Adv. Mater. 23(36), 4188–4192 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.M. Guvendiren, S. Yang, J.A. Burdick, Swelling-induced surface patterns in hydrogels with gradient crosslinking density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(19), 3038–3045 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 78.M. Guvendiren, J.A. Burdick, S. Yang, Kinetic study of swelling-induced surface pattern formation and ordering in hydrogel films with depth-wise crosslinking gradient. Soft Matter 6(9), 2044–2049 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.S. Basu, L.E. Scriven, L.F. Francis, A.V. McCormick, Mechanism of wrinkle formation in curing coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 53(1), 1–16 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 80.S. Yang, K. Khare, P.-C. Lin, Harnessing surface wrinkle patterns in soft matter. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(16), 2550–2564 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 81.D. Chandra, A.J. Crosby, Self-wrinkling of UV-cured polymer films. Adv. Mater. 23(30), 3441–3445 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 82.Y. Li, J.J. Peterson, S.B. Jhaveri, K.R. Carter, Patterned polymer films via reactive Silane infusion-induced wrinkling. Langmuir 29(14), 4632–4639 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 83.S. Basu, L.E. Scriven, L.F. Francis, A.V. McCormick, V. Reichert, Wrinkling of epoxy powder coatings. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98(1), 116–129 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 84.J.M. Torres, C.M. Stafford, B.D. Vogt, Photoinitator surface segregation induced instabilities from polymerization of a liquid coating on a rigid substrate. Soft Matter 8(19), 5225–5232 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 85.Y. Gan, X. Jiang, J. Yin, Self-wrinkling patterned surface of photocuring coating induced by the fluorinated POSS containing thiol groups (F-POSS-SH) as the reactive Nanoadditive. Macromolecules 45(18), 7520–7526 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 86.R. Schubert, T. Scherzer, M. Hinkefuss, B. Marquardt, J. Vogel, M.R. Buchmeiser, VUV-induced micro-folding of acrylate-based coatings. 1. Real-time methods for the determination of the micro-folding kinetics. Surf. Coat. Technol. 203(13), 1844–1849 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 87.T. Tanaka, S.T. Sun, Y. Hirokawa, S. Katayama, J. Kucera, Y. Hirose, T. Amiya, Mechanical instability of gels at the phase-transition. Nature 325(6107), 796–798 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 88.E.S. Matsuo, T. Tanaka, Patterns in shrinking gels. Nature 358(6386), 482–485 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 89.T. Mizoue, Y. Aoki, M. Tokita, H. Honjo, H.J. Barraza, H. Katsuragi, Control of polymer gel surface pattern formation and its three dimensional measurement method. J. Polym. Eng. 30(9), 523–534 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 90.T. Mizoue, M. Tokita, H. Honjo, H.J. Barraza, H. Katsuragi, The effective surface roughness scaling of the gelation surface pattern formation, in Gels: Structures, Properties, and Functions: Fundamentals and Applications, ed. by M. Tokita, K. Nishinari (Springer, Berlin, 2009), pp. 63–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 91.M. Tokita, S. Suzuki, K. Miyamoto, T. Komai, Confocal laser scanning microscope imaging of a pattern in shrinking gel. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68(2), 330–333 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 92.M. Tokita, K. Miyamoto, T. Komai, Polymer network dynamics in shrinking patterns of gels. J. Chem. Phys. 113(4), 1647–1650 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 93.E.P. Chan, E.J. Smith, R.C. Hayward, A.J. Crosby, Surface wrinkles for smart adhesion. Adv. Mater. 20(4), 711 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 94.K. Huraux, T. Narita, B. Bresson, C. Frétigny, F. Lequeux, Wrinkling of a nanometric glassy skin/crust induced by drying in poly (vinyl alcohol) gels. Soft Matter 8(31), 8075–8081 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 95.B. Li, Y.-P. Cao, X.-Q. Feng, H. Gao, Mechanics of morphological instabilities and surface wrinkling in soft materials: A review. Soft Matter 8(21), 5728–5745 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 96.E.S. Matsuo, T. Tanaka, Patterns in shrinking gels. Nature 358(6386), 482 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 97.L. Pauchard, C. Allain, Stable and unstable surface evolution during the drying of a polymer solution drop. Phys. Rev. E 68(5), 052801 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 98.L. Pauchard, C. Allain, Buckling instability induced by polymer solution drying. Europhys. Lett. 62(6), 897–903 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 99.R. Rizzieri, L. Mahadevan, A. Vaziri, A. Donald, Superficial wrinkles in stretched, drying gelatin films. Langmuir 22(8), 3622–3626 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 100.J.M. Katzenstein, D.W. Janes, J.D. Cushen, N.B. Hira, D.L. McGuffin, N.A. Prisco, C.J. Ellison, Patterning by photochemically directing the Marangoni effect. ACS Macro Lett. 1(10), 1150–1154 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 101.A.R. Jones, C.B. Kim, S.X. Zhou, H. Ha, R. Katsumata, G. Blachut, R.T. Bonnecaze, C.J. Ellison, Generating large thermally stable Marangoni-driven topography in polymer films by stabilizing the surface energy gradient. Macromolecules 50(11), 4588–4596 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 102.B.K. Chae, D.W. Janes, D.L. McGuffin, C.J. Ellison, Surface energy gradient driven convection for generating nanoscale and microscale patterned polymer films using photosensitizers. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 52(18), 1195–1202 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 103.A. Lasagni, C. Holzapfel, F. Mücklich, Periodic pattern formation of intermetallic phases with long range order by laser interference metallurgy. Adv. Eng. Mater. 7(6), 487–492 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 104.F. Mücklich, A. Lasagni, C. Daniel, Laser interference metallurgy—Periodic surface patterning and formation of intermetallics. Intermetallics 13(3–4), 437–442 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 105.A.F. Lasagni, D.F. Acevedo, C.A. Barbero, F. Mücklich, One-step production of organized surface architectures on polymeric materials by direct laser interference patterning. Adv. Eng. Mater. 9(1–2), 99–103 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 106.F. Yu, P. Li, H. Shen, S. Mathur, C.-M. Lehr, U. Bakowsky, F. Mücklich, Laser interference lithography as a new and efficient technique for micropatterning of biopolymer surface. Biomaterials 26(15), 2307–2312 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 107.D.A. Acevedo, A.F. Lasagni, C.A. Barbero, F. Mücklich, Simple fabrication method of conductive polymeric arrays by using direct laser interference micro-/Nanopatterning. Adv. Mater. 19(9), 1272–1275 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 108.A. Lasagni, D. Acevedo, C. Barbero, F. Mücklich, Advanced design of conductive polymeric arrays with controlled electrical resistance using direct laser interference patterning. Appl. Phys. A 91(3), 369–373 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 109.A.F. Lasagni, J.L. Hendricks, C.M. Shaw, D. Yuan, D.C. Martin, S. Das, Direct laser interference patterning of poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT-PSS) thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255(22), 9186–9192 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 110.A. Lasagni, D. Acevedo, C. Barbero, F. Mücklich, Direct patterning of polystyrene–polymethyl methacrylate copolymer by means of laser interference lithography using UV laser irradiation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 48(12), 2367–2372 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 111.E. Rebollar, S. Pérez, J.J. Hernández, I. Martín-Fabiani, D.R. Rueda, T.A. Ezquerra, M. Castillejo, Assessment and formation mechanism of laser-induced periodic surface structures on polymer spin-coated films in real and reciprocal space. Langmuir 27(9), 5596–5606 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 112.E. Rebollar, D.R. Rueda, I. Martín-Fabiani, Á. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M.-C. García-Gutiérrez, G. Portale, M. Castillejo, T.A. Ezquerra, In situ monitoring of laser-induced periodic surface structures formation on polymer films by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. Langmuir 31(13), 3973–3981 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 113.Á. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E. Rebollar, M. Soccio, T.A. Ezquerra, D.R. Rueda, J.V. Garcia-Ramos, M. Castillejo, M.-C. Garcia-Gutierrez, Laser-induced periodic surface structures on conjugated polymers: Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 48(12), 4024–4031 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 114.I. Michaljaničová, P. Slepička, S. Rimpelová, N. Slepičková Kasálková, V. Švorčík, Regular pattern formation on surface of aromatic polymers and its cytocompatibility. Appl. Surf. Sci. 370, 131–141 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 115.Z. Guosheng, P. Fauchet, A. Siegman, Growth of spontaneous periodic surface structures on solids during laser illumination. Phys. Rev. B 26(10), 5366 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 116.A. Barborica, I. Mihailescu, V. Teodorescu, Dynamical evolution of the surface microrelief under multiple-pulse-laser irradiation: An analysis based on surface-scattered waves. Phys. Rev. B 49(12), 8385 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 117.S. Baudach, J. Bonse, W. Kautek, Ablation experiments on polyimide with femtosecond laser pulses. Appl. Phys. A 69(1), S395–S398 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 118.S. Baudach, J. Krüger, W. Kautek, Femtosecond laser processing of soft materials. Rev. Laser Eng. 29(11), 705–709 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 119.M. Forster, W. Kautek, N. Faure, E. Audouard, R. Stoian, Periodic nanoscale structures on polyimide surfaces generated by temporally tailored femtosecond laser pulses. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13(9), 4155–4158 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 120.W. Biegel, D. Bliuerle Laser Processing and Chemistry (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1996). ISBN: 3-540-60541-X, DM 128, 00. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 101(6), 984–984 (1997)Google Scholar
- 121.E. Rebollar, J.R.V. de Aldana, I. Martín-Fabiani, M. Hernández, D.R. Rueda, T.A. Ezquerra, C. Domingo, P. Moreno, M. Castillejo, Assessment of femtosecond laser induced periodic surface structures on polymer films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15(27), 11287–11298 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar