Advertisement

Anchoring Concepts: Sustainable Peace, Identity, Culture and Worldview

  • Cathy Bollaert
Chapter
First Online:
  • 146 Downloads
Part of the Palgrave Studies in Compromise after Conflict book series (PSCAC)

Abstract

Worldview as a lens for interpreting intergroup conflict is underdeveloped within the literature as Western academia tends to focus on the structural and developmental aspects of peace-building, and not the relational ones. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this chapter is to understand the significance worldview has on intergroup relations and building a sustainable peace. To do so, it deconstructs the anchoring concepts underpinning this research, namely sustainable peace, identity, culture and worldview, and examines how they intersect and relate to intergroup conflict. Together, this forms the framework for interpreting different notions of peace in South Africa and understanding how worldview shapes intergroup relations.

Keywords

Sustainable peace Identity Culture Worldview Intergroup conflict 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abrams, Dominic, and Michael A. Hogg. 1998. Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology 18: 317–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Aiken, Nevin T. 2010. Learning to live together: Transitional justice and intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland. International Journal of Transitional Justice 4 (2): 166–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Aiken, Nevin T. 2013. Identity, reconciliation and transitional justice: Overcoming intractability in divided societies. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Arthur, Paige. 2011a. Introduction: Identities in transition. In Identities in transition: Challenges for transitional justice in divided societies, ed. Paige Arthur, 1–16. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  5. Arthur, Paige. 2011b. Identities in transition: Challenges for transitional justice in divided societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  6. Ashmore, Richard D., Lee Jussim, and David Wilder. 2001. Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  7. Atran, Scott. 2010. Talking to the enemy: Violent extremism, sacred values, and what it means to be human. Bristol and New York: Allen Lane and Harper Collins Publishers.Google Scholar
  8. Auerbach, Yehudith. 2004. The role of forgiveness in reconciliation. In From conflict resolution to reconciliation, ed. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, 149–175. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Avruch, Kevin, and Peter W. Black. 1993. Conflict resolution in intercultural settings: Problems and prospects. In Conflict resolution theory and practice: Integration and application, ed. Dennis J.D. Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe, 131–145. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
  10. Avruch, Kevin. 1998. Culture and conflict resolution. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
  11. Azar, Edward. 1990. The management of protracted social conflict: Theory and cases. Aldershot: Dartmouth.Google Scholar
  12. Babo-Soares, Dionisio. 2004. Nahe biti: The philosophy and process of grassroots reconciliation (and justice) in East Timor. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5 (1): 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Balcomb, Anthony. 2014. Journey into the African sun: Soundings in search of another way of being in the world. Pretoria: University of South Africa.Google Scholar
  14. Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. 2004. From conflict resolution to reconciliation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Bell, Christine. 2000. Peace agreements and human rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  16. Benedict, Ruth. 1946. The chrysanthemum and the sword. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.Google Scholar
  17. Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
  18. Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The location of culture. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  19. Blankenburgh, Marco. 2013. Inter-cultural intelligence: From surviving to thriving in the global space. Dubai: KnowledgeWorkx.Google Scholar
  20. Bloomfield, David, Teresa Barnes, and Luc Huyse. 2003. Reconciliation after violent conflict: A handbook. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
  21. Borer, Tristan Anne. 2003. A taxonomy of victims and perpetrators: Human rights and reconciliation in South Africa. Human Rights Quarterly 25 (4): 1088–1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste, trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  23. Brigg, Morgan. 2010. Culture: Challenges and possibilities. In Palgrave advances in peace-building: Critical developments and approaches, ed. Oliver Richmond, 329–346. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Brown, M. Anne. 2013. Anthropology and peacebuilding. In Handbook of peacebuilding, ed. Roger Mac Ginty, 132–146. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  25. Bryan, Dominic. 2000. Orange parades: The politics of ritual, tradition and control. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
  26. Bryan, Dominic, and Gillian McIntosh. 2005. Symbols: Sites of creation and contest in Northern Ireland. SAIS Review 25 (2): 127–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Bryden, Alan, and Heiner Hänggi. 2005. Security governance in post-conflict peacebuilding. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
  28. Buchanan, Ruth Margaret, and Peer Zumbansen. 2014. Law in transition: Human rights, development and transitional justice. Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
  29. Centre for Chinese Studies. 2008. South Africa’s recent court ruling on black economic empowerment. Stellenbosch: The China Monitor 31.Google Scholar
  30. Chapman, Audrey R., and Hugo van der Merwe. 2008. Truth and reconciliation in South Africa: Did the TRC deliver? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
  31. Clark, Mary E. 1989. Ariandne’s thread: The search for new modes of thinking. Hampshire and London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Clark, Phil. 2007. Hybridity, holism, and traditional justice: The case of the Gacaca courts in postgenocide Rwanda. George Washington International Law Review 39 (4): 765–837.Google Scholar
  33. Cohen, Raymond. 2004. Apology and reconciliation in international relations. In From conflict resolution to reconciliation, ed. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, 177–195. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Cohen, Robin, and Paul Kennedy. 2000. Global sociology. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
  35. Curle, Adam. 1999. To tame the hydra: Undermining the culture of violence. Oxfordshire: Jon Carpenter Publishing.Google Scholar
  36. Darby, John, and Roger Mac Ginty. 2003. Contemporary peace making: Conflict, violence and peace processes. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  37. David, Roman, and Susanne Y.P. Choi. 2006. Forgiveness and transitional justice in the Czech Republic. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (3): 339–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. de Greiff, Pablo. 2006. The handbook of reparations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Dilthey, William. 1970. Culture and the production of worldviews. In Man and culture: A philosophical anthology, ed. Donald Phillip Verene, 103–132. New York: Laurel.Google Scholar
  40. Dixon, John, Kevin Durrheim, and Colin Tredoux. 2007. Intergroup contact and attitudes toward the principle and practice of racial equality. Psychological Science 18 (10) (October 1): 867–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Docherty, Jayne Seminare. 2001. Learning lessons from Waco: When the parties bring their gods to the negotiation table. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
  42. Docherty, Jayne Seminare. 2004a. Culture and negotiation: Symmetrical anthropology for negotiators. Marquette Law Review 87: 711–722.Google Scholar
  43. Docherty, Jayne Seminare. 2004b. Narratives, metaphors, and negotiation. Marquette Law Review 87: 847–851.Google Scholar
  44. Douglas, Mary. 1996. Natural symbols: Explorations in cosmology. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Drumbl, Mark A. 2007. Atrocity, punishment, and international law. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Easthope, Antony. 1998. Bhabha, hybridity and identity. Textual Practice 12 (2): 341–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Eaton, Liberty, and Johann Louw. 2000. Culture and self in South Africa: Individualism-collectivism predictions. Journal of Social Psychology 140: 210–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Eidelson, Roy J., and Judy Eidelson. 2003. Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. American Psychologist 58 (3): 182–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2001. Ethnic identity, national identity, and intergroup conflict. In Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction, ed. Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, and David Wilder, 42–70. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  50. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2010. Small places, large issues: An introduction to social and cultural anthropology, 3rd ed. London and New York: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
  51. Fletcher, Laurel, and Harvey Weinstein. 2002. Violence and social repair: Rethinking the contribution of justice to reconciliation. Human Rights Quarterly 24 (3): 573–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Fox, Jonathan. 2005. Paradigm lost: Huntington’s unfulfilled clash of civilizations prediction into the 21st century. International Politics 42: 428–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research 6: 167–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Galtung, Johan. 1990. Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research 27 (3): 291–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Fontana Press.Google Scholar
  56. Gibson, James L. 2004. Overcoming Apartheid: Can truth reconcile a divided nation? New York: Russel Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
  57. Goffman, Erving. 1986. Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Boston: North Eastern University Press.Google Scholar
  58. Goldberg, Rachel M. 2009. How our worldviews shape our practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 26 (4): 405–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Goodman, Nelson. 1978. Ways of worldmaking. Hassocks: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
  60. Gross, Oren, and Fionnuala Ní Aoláin. 2006. Law in times of crisis: Emergency powers in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Guba, Egon G., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1998. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues, ed. Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 195–220. Thousand Oaks, London, and New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
  62. Guba, Egon G., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2008. Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In The landscape of qualitative research, ed. Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 255–286. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  63. Hall, Edward T. 1959. The silent language. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
  64. Hamber, Brandon. 2009. Transforming societies after political violence: Truth, reconciliation, and mental health. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Hamber, Brandon. 2012. Transitional justice and intergroup conflict. In Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict, ed. Linda Tropp, 328–343. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  66. Hamber, Brandon, and Grainne Kelly. 2009. Beyond coexistence: Towards a working definition of reconciliation. In Reconciliation(s): Transitional justice in postconflict societies, ed. Quinn R. Joanna, 286–310. Montreal: McGill University Press.Google Scholar
  67. Hayes, Joseph, Jeff Schimel, and Todd J. Williams. 2008. Fighting death with death: The buffering effects of learning that worldview violators have died. Psychological Science 19 (5): 501–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Hayner, Priscilla B. 2001. Unspeakable truths: Confronting state terror and atrocity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  69. Hazan, Pierre. 2006. Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness: A framework for evaluating transitional justice. International Review of the Red Cross 88 (861) (March): 19–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Hendry, Joy. 2008. An introduction to social anthropology: Sharing our worlds, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  71. Heslam, Peter S. 1998. Creating a Christian worldview: Abraham Kuyper’s lectures on Calvinism. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
  72. Hewstone, Miles. 1996. Contact and categorization: Social-psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In Foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping, ed. C. Neil Macrae, Charles Stangor, and Miles Hewstone, 323–368. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  73. Hicks, David, and Margaret A. Gwynne. 1996. Cultural anthropology, 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
  74. Hofstede, Geert. 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  75. Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. The clash of civilizations. Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.Google Scholar
  77. Huyse, Luc, and Mark Salter. 2008. Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: Learning from African experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
  78. Jackman, Mary R., and Marie Crane. 1986. ‘Some of my best friends are black’: Interracial friendship and whites’ racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly 50: 459–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. James, Aleya, and Candy McLeod. 2014. An analysis of the three colors worldview mapping tool: Contrasting Emirati and non-Emirati worldviews. Intercultural Communication Studies 23 (1): 165–186.Google Scholar
  80. Jenkins, Richard. 1992. Pierre Bourdieu. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Jeong, Ho-Won. 2005. Peacebuilding in postconflict societies: Strategy and process. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
  82. Kearney, Michael. 1984. Worldview. Novato: Chandler and Sharp Publications.Google Scholar
  83. Kelly, George A. 1963. A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: The Norton Library.Google Scholar
  84. Kelsall, Tim. 2009. Culture under cross-examination: International justice and the special court for Sierra Leone. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Kent, Lia. 2011. Local memory practices in East Timor: Disrupting transitional justice narratives. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 5: 434–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Kirby, Paul. 2015. Paris attacks: France grapples with freedom of speech. BBC News, January 15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-eu-30829005. Accessed 27 August 2018.
  87. Kluckhohn, Florence Rockwood, and Fred L. Strodtbeck. 1961. Variations in value orientations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
  88. Koltko-Rivera, Mark E. 2004. The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology 8 (1): 3–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Kritz, Neil J. 1995. Transitional justice: How emerging democracies reckon with former regimes. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
  90. Krog, Antjie. 2008a. ‘…if it means he gets his humanity back…’: The worldview underpinning the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 3 (3): 204–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Krog, Antjie. 2008b. ‘My heart is on my tongue’: The untranslated self in a translated world. Journal of Analytical Psychology 53: 225–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Krog, Antjie. 2015. Research into reconciliation and forgiveness at the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Homi Bhabha’s architecture of the new. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 30 (2): 203–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  94. Lambourne, Wendy. 2009. Transitional justice and peacebuilding after mass violence. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3: 28–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Laplante, Lisa J. 2008. Transitional justice and peace building: Diagnosing and addressing the socioeconomic roots of violence through a human rights framework. International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (3): 331–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Laplante, Lisa J. 2014. The plural justice aims of reparations. In Transitional justice theories, ed. Susanne Buckley-Zistel, Teresa Koloma Beck, Christian Braun, and Friederike Mieth, 66–84. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  97. Lawler, Steph. 2008. Identity: Sociological perspectives. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
  98. Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
  99. Lidén, Kristoffer, Roger Mac Ginty, and Oliver P. Richmond. 2009. Introduction: Beyond northern epistemologies of peace—Peacebuilding reconstructed? International Peacekeeping 16 (5): 587–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Lieberman, Joel D., Jamie Arndt, Jennifer Personius, and Alison Cook. 2001. Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes. Law and Human Behavior 25 (6): 547–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Long, William J., and Peter Brecke. 2003. War and reconciliation: Reason and emotion in conflict resolution. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  102. Lundy, Patricia, and Mark Mcgovern. 2008. Whose justice? Rethinking transitional justice from the bottom up. Journal of Law and Society 35 (2): 265–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Mac Ginty, Roger. 2008. Indigenous peace-making versus liberal peace. Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association 43 (2): 139–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Mac Ginty, Roger. 2010. Hybrid peace: The interaction between top-down and bottom-up peace. Security Dialogue 41 (4): 391–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Mac Ginty, Roger. 2011. International peace-building and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Mac Ginty, Roger. 2013. Introduction: The transcripts of peace—Public, hidden or non-obvious? Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7 (4): 423–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Malešević, Siniša. 2011a. Nationalism, war and social cohesion. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (1): 142–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Malešević, Siniša. 2011b. The chimera of national identity. Nations and Nationalism 17 (2): 272–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. Mallinder, Louise. 2007. Can amnesties and international justice be reconciled? International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2): 208–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Mallinder, Louise. 2008. Amnesty, human rights and political transitions: Bridging the peace and justice divide. Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
  111. Mallinder, Louise, and Kieran McEvoy. 2011. Rethinking amnesties: Atrocity, accountability, and impunity in post-conflict societies. Contemporary Social Science 6 (1): 107–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Mani, Rama. 2005. Rebuilding an inclusive political community after war. Security Dialogue 36 (4): 511–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Mani, Rama. 2008. Dilemmas of expanding transitional justice, or forging the nexus between transitional justice and development. International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (3): 253–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Maslow, Abraham. 1954. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Bros.Google Scholar
  115. Mbeki, Thabo. 1998. Statement of Deputy President Thabo Mbeki at the opening of the debate in the National Assembly. Reconciliation and Nation Building, May 29. Department of International Relations and Cooperation.Google Scholar
  116. McEvoy, Kieran, and Lorna McGregor. 2008. Transitional justice from below: Grassroots activism and the struggle for change. Portland, OR: Hart.Google Scholar
  117. Merry, Sally Engle. 2006. Human rights and gender violence: Translating international law into local justice. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  118. Miller, Zinaida. 2008. Effects of invisibility: In search of the ‘economic’ in transitional justice. International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (3): 266–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Moon, Claire. 2004. Prelapsarian state: Forgiveness and reconciliation in transitional justice. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 17: 185–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. Muller, Roland. 2001. Honor and shame: Unlocking the door. Bloomington, IN: XLibris Corporation.Google Scholar
  121. Muvingi, Ismael. 2009. Sitting on power kegs: Socioeconomic rights in transitional societies. International Journal of Transitional Justice 3: 163–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. Naugle, David K. 2002. Worldview: The history of a concept. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: W. B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
  123. Navarro, Zander. 2006. In search of a cultural interpretation of power: The contribution of Pierre Bourdieu. IDS Bulletin 32 (6): 11–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1956. The birth of tragedy and the genealogy of morals. Garden City: Doubleday.Google Scholar
  125. Northrup, Terrell A. 1989. The dynamic of identity in personal and social conflict. In Intractable conflicts and their transformation, ed. Louis Kriesberg, Terrell A. Northrup, and Stuart J. Thorson, 68–76. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
  126. Nudler, Oscar. 1990. On conflicts and metaphors: Toward an extended rationality. In Conflict: Human Needs Theory, ed. Burton John, 177–201. The Conflict Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Nudler, Oscar. 1993. In search of a theory for conflict resolution: Taking a new look at world view analysis. ICAR Newsletter 5 (5): 1–5.Google Scholar
  128. Nürnberger, Klaus. 2007. The living dead and the living God: Christ and the ancestors in a changing Africa. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications.Google Scholar
  129. Oberschall, Anthony. 2007. Conflict and peace building in divided societies: Responses to ethnic violence. London and New York: Routeledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Orentlicher, Diane. 2007. Settling accounts revisited: Reconciling global norms with local agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1): 10–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Oyserman, Daphna. 1993. The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (5): 993–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Oyserman, Daphna, Heather M. Coon, and Markus Kemmelmeier. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 128: 3–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. Palmer, Gary B. 1996. Toward a theory of cultural linguistics. Austin: The University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
  134. Palmer, Nicola, Briony Jones, and Julia Viebach. 2015. Introduction: Ways of knowing atrocity—A methodological enquiry into the formulation, implementation, and assessment of transitional justice. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 30 (2): 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Parmentier, Stephan, Koen De Feyter, Paul Lemmens, and Marc Bossuyt. 2006. Out of the ashes: Reparation for victims of gross and systematic human rights violations. Antwerp: Intersentia.Google Scholar
  136. Pepper, Stephen C. 1942. World hypothesis: A study in evidence. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
  137. Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1998. Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology 49: 65–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 751–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Pillay, Verashni. 2013. Cursed if we criticise Zuma? Think again. Mail & Guardian Online, October 8. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-08-cursed-if-we-criticise-zuma-think-again/. Accessed 28 August 2018.
  140. Quinn, Joanna R. 2007. Social reconstruction in Uganda: The role of customary mechanisms in transitional justice. Human Rights Review 8 (4): 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Quinn, Joanna R. 2009. Reconciliation(s): Transitional justice in postconflict societies. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
  142. Ramsbotham, Oliver. 2010. Transforming violent conflict: Radical disagreement, dialogue and survival. London and New York.: Routledge.Google Scholar
  143. Redfield, Robert. 1953. The primitive world and its transformation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  144. Richmond, Oliver P. 2010. Palgrave advances in peacebuilding: Critical developments and approaches. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Richmond, Oliver P. 2011. A post-liberal peace. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  146. Robinson, Darryl. 2003. Serving the interests of justice: Amnesties, truth commissions, and the International Criminal Court. European Journal of International Law 14 (3): 481–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, and Javier Mariezcurrena. 2006. Transitional justice in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. Ross, Marc Howard. 2007. Cultural contestation in ethnic conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Ross, Marc Howard. 2009. Cultural contestation and the symbolic landscape: Politics by other means? In Culture and belonging in societies: Contestation and symbolic landscapes, ed. Marc Howard Ross, 1–23. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
  150. Rotberg, Robert I., and Dennis Thompson. 2000. Truth v justice: The morality of truth commissions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Rouhana, Nadim N., and Daniel Bar-Tel. 1998. Psychological dynamics of intractable ethnonational conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian case. American Psychologist 53 (7): 761–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Said, Edward W. 2001. The clash of ignorance. The Nation, October 4. http://www.thenation.com/article/clash-ignorance/. Accessed 29 August 2018.
  153. Sarkin, Jeremy. 1998. The development of a human rights culture in South Africa. Human Rights Quarterly 20 (3): 628–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  154. Schabas, William A. 2011. An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  155. Schabas, William A., and Shane Darcy. 2004. Truth commissions and courts: The tension between criminal justice and the search for truth. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. Schwartz, Shalom H. 1999. A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology 48 (1): 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Schweder, Richard, and Robert A. Levine. 1984. Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  158. Sen, Amartya. 1999. Democracy as a universal value. Journal of Democracy 10 (3): 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. Shriver, Donald W. 2001. Forgiveness: A bridge across abysses of revenge. In Forgiveness and reconciliation: Religion, public policy, and conflict transformation, ed. R.G. Helmick and R.L. Petersen, 151–167. Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.Google Scholar
  160. Shweder, Richard, Nancy Much, Manamohan Mahapatra, and Lawrence Park. 1997. The big three of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the big three explanation of suffering. In Morality and health: Interdisciplinary perspectives, ed. Allan Brandt and Paul Rozin, 119–169. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  161. Solomon, Sheldon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski. 2000. Pride and prejudice: Fear of death and social behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (6): 200–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Somech, Anit. 2000. The independent and interdependent selves: Different meanings in different cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 24: 161–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  163. Spencer-Oatey, Helen. 2000. Culturally speaking: Managing rapport through talk across cultures. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
  164. Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2007. Justice as peace? Liberal peacebuilding and strategies of transitional justice. Global Society 21 (4): 579–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  165. Staub, Ervin. 1996. Cultural-societal roots of violence: The examples of genocidal violence and of contemporary youth violence in the United States. American Psychologist 51 (2): 117–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. Tajfel, Henri. 1981. Social identity and intergroup relations. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  167. Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1986. The Social Identity Theory of inter-group behaviour. In Psychology of intergroup relations, ed. Stephen Worchel and William G. Austin, 33–48. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
  168. Teitel, Ruti G. 2000. Transitional justice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  169. Thomas, Laurence. 2009. Forgiveness as righteousness. In Reconciliation(s): Transitional justice in postconflict societies, ed. Joanna R. Quinn, 17–25. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
  170. Torpey, John. 2003. Politics of the past: On repairing historical injustices. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
  171. Tutu, Desmond M. 1999. No future without forgiveness. London: Rider.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  172. Weedon, Chris. 2004. Identity and culture. Maidenhead: Open University Press.Google Scholar
  173. Wilson, Richard A. 2001. The politics of truth and reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the post-Apartheid state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  174. Wolman, Benjamin B. 1973. Dictionary of behavioural science. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
  175. Yazdiha, Haj. 2010. Conceptualizing hybridity: Deconstructing boundaries through the hybrid. Formations 1 (1): 31–38.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Cathy Bollaert
    • 1
  1. 1.Ulster UniversityBelfastUK

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options