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In Situ and Operando Techniques in Catalyst Characterisation and Design

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Molecular Spectroscopy—Experiment and Theory

Part of the book series: Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics ((COCH,volume 26))

Abstract

This chapter intends to present the classical and modern techniques that are used for in situ characterisation of catalytic materials. Determination of the structure of the catalyst presents three main problems: (1) heterogeneous catalysis phenomena are limited to the outer surface of the material where the molecules adsorb and react, and for this reason, there are only a few methods able to assess catalyst surface structure and composition; (2) the catalyst surface under reaction conditions and upon the influence of the reacting agents is different from that occurring under ambient conditions, which limits the application of the analytical methods to those which operate at normal or elevated pressures and high temperatures, (3) catalytic materials are complex and heterogeneous, so many analytical methods, including surface imaging, should be employed in order to understand the structure–activity relationships. The remedy for the problems is the application of in situ analyses that rely on several complementary spectroscopic methods and utilise surface sensitive probe molecules . Different kinds of probe molecules are described: from universal probes to specific ones that enable the determination of acidic and basic activity. The IR, Raman and UV-Vis methods are presented here and described using examples from the literature. New trends in in situ experimentation involve time-resolved techniques for studying fast reactions, fluorescence methods and coupled techniques for surface in situ imaging.

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Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by National Centre for Research and Development decision No. LIDER/204/L-6/14/NCBR/2015 and by the National Science Foundation project 2013/09/B/ST8/00171.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland

    Przemysław Jodłowski

  2. Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland

    Joanna Łojewska

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  1. Przemysław Jodłowski
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Correspondence to Przemysław Jodłowski .

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  1. Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

    Andrzej Koleżyński

  2. Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

    Magdalena Król

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Jodłowski, P., Łojewska, J. (2019). In Situ and Operando Techniques in Catalyst Characterisation and Design. In: Koleżyński, A., Król, M. (eds) Molecular Spectroscopy—Experiment and Theory. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01355-4_11

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