Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) the Indian Indigenous Berry in Skin Care
Abstract
Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine and is actively practiced in the Indian subcontinent [1]. Emphasis in Ayurveda is on disease prevention and promotion of good health by adopting proper life style and following therapeutic measures, which will rejuvenate the body [2]. The Ayurvedic remedies which are both preventive and therapeutic are mostly made of plants and when compared with their synthetic counterparts are either less toxic or non-toxic [1]. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, references to skin care is seen and are termed under various headings such as Vayasthapana (age defying), Varnya (brighten skin-glow), Sandhaniya (cell regeneration), Vranaropana (healing), Tvachya (nurturing), Shothahara (anti-inflammatory), Tvachagnivardhani (strengthening skin metabolism), and Tvagrasayana (retarding aging) [3].
Keywords
Emblica officinalis Phyllanthus emblica Amla Anti-wrinkling Anti-aging Anti-melanogenic Skin cancerReferences
- 1.Arora R. Herbal drugs: a cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic perspective. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Private Limited; 2010.Google Scholar
- 2.Kulkarni RD. Principles of pharmacology in ayurveda. Mumbai, India: Ram Sangam Graphics; 1997.Google Scholar
- 3.Datta HS, Paramesh R. Trends in aging and skin care: ayurvedic concepts. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1:110–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty C. Indian medicinal plants, vol. 5. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman Limited; 1996.Google Scholar
- 5.Khan KH. Roles of Emblica officinalis in medicine—a review. Bot Res Int. 2009;2:218–28.Google Scholar
- 6.Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S. Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the ayurvedic wonder. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;21:93–105.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Majeed M, Bhat B, Jadhav AN, et al. Ascorbic acid and tannins from Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Fruits—a revisit. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:220–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Habib-ur-Rehman, Yasin KA, Choudhary MA, et al. Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. Nat Prod Res. 2007; 21:775–81.Google Scholar
- 9.Liu X, Zhao M, Luo W, et al. Identification of volatile components in Phyllanthus emblica L. and their antimicrobial activity. J Med Food. 2009;12:423–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Poltanov EA, Shikov AN, Dorman HJ, et al. Chemical and antioxidant evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn., syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) supplements. Phytother Res. 2009;23:1309–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Chaudhuri RK. Emblica cascading antioxidant: a novel natural skin care ingredient. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002;15:374–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Mahady GB. Medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:2405–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62:183–93.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Dabur R, Gupta A, Mandal TK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007;4:313–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Ghosh A, Das BK, Roy A, et al. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts. J Nat Med. 2008;62:259–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Rahman S, Akbor MM, Howlader A, et al. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the alkaloids of Amlaki (Emblica officinalis). Pak J Biol Sci. 2009;12:1152–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yamasaki O, et al. Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48:487–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Friedman O. Changes associated with the aging face. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2005;13:371–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30:87–95.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Gilchrest BA. A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135:867–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2007;26:343–57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Fujii T, Wakaizumi M, Ikami T, et al. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) extract promotes procollagen production and inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human skin fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119:53–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Chanvorachote P, Pongrakhananon V, Luanpitpong S, et al. Type I pro-collagen promoting and anti-collagenase activities of Phyllanthus emblica extract in mouse fibroblasts. J Cosmet Sci. 2009;60:395–403.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Majeed M, Bhat B, Anand S, Sivakumar A, Paliwal P, Geetha KG. Inhibition of UV-induced ROS and collagen damage by Phyllanthus emblica extract in normal human dermal fibroblasts. J Cosmet Sci. 2011;62:49–56.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 25.Jimenez F, Mitts TF, Liu K, et al. Ellagic and tannic acids protect newly synthesized elastic fibers from premature enzymatic degradation in dermal fibroblast cultures. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1272–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Adil MD, Kaiser P, Satti NK, et al. Effect of Emblica officinalis (fruit) against UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132:109–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Bae JY, Choi JS, Kang SW, et al. Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19:e182–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Draelos ZD, Yatskayer M, Bhushan P, et al. Evaluation of a kojic acid, emblica extract, and glycolic acid formulation compared with hydroquinone 4% for skin lightening. Cutis. 2010;86:153–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Shimogaki H, Tanaka Y, Tamai H, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ellagic acid on melanogenesis inhibition. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22:291–303.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Kim YJ. Antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties of gallic acid. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30:1052–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Saladi RN, Persaud AN. The causes of skin cancer: a comprehensive review. Drugs Today. 2005;41:37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Guilford JM, Pezzuto JM. Natural products as inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:1341–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Baliga MS, Dsouza JJ. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2011;20(3):225–39.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Sancheti G, Jindal A, Kumari R, et al. Chemopreventive action of emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005;6:197–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Mukhtar H, Das M, Del Tito Jr BJ, et al. Protection against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced skin tumorigenesis in Balb/C mice by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984;119:751–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Lesca P. Protective effects of ellagic acid and other plant phenols on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia in mice. Carcinogenesis. 1983;4:1651–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Kaul A, Khanduja KL. Polyphenols inhibit promotional phase of tumorigenesis: relevance of superoxide radicals. Nutr Cancer. 1998;32:81–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Chang RL, Huang MT, Wood AW, et al. Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and (+/−)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis. 1985;6:1127–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Ashoori F, Suzuki S, Zhou JH, Isshiki N, Miyachi Y. Involvement of lipid peroxidation in necrosis of skin flaps and its suppression by ellagic acid. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;94:1027–37.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Perchellet JP. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity by tannic acid and other polyphenols in mouse epidermis in vivo. Cancer Res. 1991;51:2820–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 41.Perchellet JP, Gali HU, Perchellet EM, et al. Antitumor-promoting activities of tannic acid, ellagic acid, and several gallic acid derivatives in mouse skin. Basic Life Sci. 1992;59:783–801.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 42.Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, et al. Hydrolyzable tannins: potent inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion in mouse skin treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in vivo. Int J Cancer. 1992;51:425–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, et al. Antitumor-promoting activities of hydrolyzable tannins in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis. 1992;13:715–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Del Tito BJ, Mukhtar Jr H, et al. Inhibition of epidermal metabolism and DNA-binding of benzo[a]pyrene by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983;114(1):388–94.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Shugart L, Kao J. Effect of ellagic and caffeic acids on covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene to epidermal DNA of mouse skin in organ culture. Int J Biochem. 1984;16:571–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Mukhtar H, Das M, Del Tito Jr BJ, et al. Epidermal benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and DNA-binding in Balb/C mice: inhibition by ellagic acid. Xenobiotica. 1984;14:527–31.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Mukhtar H, Del Tito Jr BJ, et al. Ellagic acid: a potent naturally occurring inhibitor of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and its subsequent glucuronidation, sulfation and covalent binding to DNA in cultured BALB/C mouse keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis. 1984;5:1565–71.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.Lo C, Lai TY, Yang JH, et al. Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Int J Oncol. 2010;37(2):377–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 49.Lo C, Lai TY, Yang JS, et al. Gallic acid inhibits the migration and invasion of A375.S2 human melanoma cells through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and Ras. Melanoma Res. 2011;21:267–73.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar