Cytoskeleton
Chapter
First Online:
Abstract
Actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are the cytoskeleton systems that play crucial roles in basic cell functions and behavioral cell responses. Actin cytoskeleton and microtubules participate cooperatively in the formation of pseudopodia and adhesive bonds of cells with the extracellular matrix, thereby determining the capability of the cells to migration. Both these systems play a key role in cell shape determination and intercellular adhesion. Microtubules are critically involved in mitotic cycle. Intermediate filaments carry out both mechanical and some nonmechanical functions in cells.
Keywords
Actin Filament Actin Cytoskeleton Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Actin Monomer Actin Nucleator
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
- 1.Vasiliev JM (2004) Cytoskeletal mechanisms responsible for invasive migration of neoplastic cells. Int J Dev Biol 48(5–6):425– 439. doi: 10.1387/ijdb.041806jv DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Lindberg U, Karlsson R, Lassing I, Schutt CE, Höglund AS (2008) The microfilament system and malignancy. Semin Cancer Biol 18(1):2–11. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.10.002 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Hall A (2009) The cytoskeleton and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 28(1–2):5–14. doi: 10.1007/s10555-008-9166-3 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 4.Pollard TD, Cooper JA (2009) Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement. Science 326(5957):1208–1212. doi: 10.1126/science.1175862 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Saha S, Mundia MM, Zhang F, Demers RW, Korobova F, Svitkina T, Perieteanu AA, Dawson JF, Kashina A (2010) Arginylation regulates intracellular actin polymer level by modulating actin properties and binding of capping and severing proteins. Mol Biol Cell 21(8):1350–1361. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E09-09-0829 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Dugina V, Zwaenepoel I, Gabbiani G, Clément S, Chaponnier C (2009) Beta and gamma-cytoplasmic actins display distinct distribution and functional diversity. J Cell Sci 122(Pt 16):2980–2988. doi: 10.1242/jcs.041970 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Pollard TD (1999) Introduction to actin and actin-binding proteins. In: Kreis T and Vale R (eds) Guidebook to the Cytokeletal and Motor Proteins. Oxford University Press Inc, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- 8.Higgs HN, Pollard TD (2001) Regulation of actin filament network formation through ARP2/3 complex: activation by a diverse array of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 70:649–676. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.649 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Goley ED, Welch MD (2006) The ARP2/3 complex: an actin nucleator comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7(10):713–726. doi: 10.1038/nrm2026 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Chhabra ES, Higgs HN (2007) The many faces of actin: matching assembly factors with cellular structures. Nat Cell Biol. 9(10):1110–1121. doi: 10.1038/ncb1007-1110 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Cai L, Bear JE (2008) Peering deeply inside the branch. J Cell Biol 180(5):853–855. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200802062 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Dominguez R (2009) Actin filament nucleation and elongation factors--structure-function relationships. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 44(6):351–366. doi: 10.3109/10409230903277340 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Campellone KG, Welch MD (2010) A nucleator arms race: cellular control of actin assembly. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(4):237–251. doi: 10.1038/nrm2867 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Mellor H (2010) The role of formins in filopodia formation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803(2):191–200. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.12.018 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Takenawa T, Suetsugu S (2007) The WASP-WAVE protein network: connecting the membrane to the cytoskeleton. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8(1):37–48. doi: 10.1038/nrm2069 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Pollitt AY, Insall RH (2009) WASP and SCAR/WAVE proteins: the drivers of actin assembly. J Cell Sci 122(Pt 15):2575–2578. doi: 10.1242/jcs.023879 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 17.Kurisu S, Takenawa T (2009) The WASP and WAVE family proteins. Genome Biol 10(6):226. doi: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-226 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 18.Derivery E, Gautreau A (2010) Generation of branched actin networks: assembly and regulation of the N-WASP and WAVE molecular machines. Bioessays 32(2):119–131. doi: 10.1002/bies.200900123 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Antón IM, Jones GE (2006) WIP: a multifunctional protein involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation. Eur J Cell Biol 85(3–4):295–304PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Antón IM, Jones GE, Wandosell F, Geha R, Ramesh N (2007) WASP-interacting protein (WIP): working in polymerisation and much more. Trends Cell Biol 17(11):555–562PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Renault L, Bugyi B, Carlier MF (2008) Spire and Cordon-bleu: multifunctional regulators of actin dynamics. Trends Cell Biol 18(10):494–504. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.07.008 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Chesarone MA, Goode BL (2009) Actin nucleation and elongation factors: mechanisms and interplay. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21(1):28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.12.001 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Goode BL, Eck MJ (2007) Mechanism and function of formins in the control of actin assembly. Annu Rev Biochem 76:593–627. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142647 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Paul AS, Pollard TD (2009) Review of the mechanism of processive actin filament elongation by formins. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 66(8):606–617. doi: 10.1002/cm.20379 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 25.Young KG, Copeland JW (2010) Formins in cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803(2):183–190. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.017 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Yarmola EG, Bubb MR (2009) How depolymerization can promote polymerization: the case of actin and profilin. Bioessays 31(11):1150–1160. doi: 10.1002/bies.200900049 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Birbach A (2008) Profilin, a multi-modal regulator of neuronal plasticity. Bioessays 30(10):994–1002. doi: 10.1002/bies.20822 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 28.Silacci P, Mazzolai L, Gauci C, Stergiopulos N, Yin HL, Hayoz D (2004) Gelsolin superfamily proteins: key regulators of cellular functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 61(19–20):2614–23. doi: 10.1007/s00018-004–4225-6 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Ono S (2007) Mechanism of depolymerization and severing of actin filaments and its significance in cytoskeletal dynamics. Int Rev Cytol 258:1–82. doi: 10.1016/S0074–7696(07)58001-0 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 30.Svitkina TM, Borisy GG (1999) Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. J Cell Biol 145(5):1009–1026. doi: 10.1083/jcb.145.5.1009 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 31.Van Troys M, Huyck L, Leyman S, Dhaese S, Vandekerkhove J, Ampe C (2008) Ins and outs of ADF/cofilin activity and regulation. Eur J Cell Biol 87(8–9):649–667PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 32.Oser M. Condeelis J (2009) The cofilin activity cycle in lamellipodia and invadopodia. J Cell Biochem 108(6):1252–1262. doi: 10.1002/jcb.22372 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 33.Buday L, Downward J (2007) Roles of cortactin in tumor pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1775(2):263–273. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.12.002 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Ammer AG, Weed SA (2008) Cortactin branches out: roles in regulating protrusive actin dynamics. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 65(9):687–707. doi: 10.1002/cm.20296 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Ren G, Crampton MS, Yap AS (2009) Cortactin: Coordinating adhesion and the actin cytoskeleton at cellular protrusions. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 66(10):865–873. doi: 10.1002/cm.20380 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 36.Khurana S, George SP (2008) Regulation of cell structure and function by actin-binding proteins: villin’s perspective. FEBS Lett 582(14):2128–2139. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.040 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Kostyukova AS (2008) Capping complex formation at the slow-growing end of the actin filament. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73(13):1467–1472. doi: 10.1134/S0006297908130075 DOI:dx.doi.org Google Scholar
- 38.Sjöblom B, Salmazo A, Djinović-Carugo K (2008) Alpha-actinin structure and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 65(17):2688–2701PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 39.Popowicz GM, Schleicher M, Noegel AA, Holak TA (2006) Filamins: promiscuous organizers of the cytoskeleton. Trends Biochem Sci 31(7):411–419. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.05.006 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 40.Delanote V, Vandekerckhove J, Gettemans J (2005) Plastins:versatile modulators of actin organization in (patho) physiological cellular processes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 26(7):769–779. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00145.x DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 41.Enomoto A, Ping J, Takahashi M (2006) Girdin, a novel actin-binding protein, and its family of proteins possess versatile functions in the Akt and Wnt signaling pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1086:169–184. doi: 10.1196/annals.1377.016 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 42.Niggli V, Rossy J (2008) Ezrin/radixin/moesin: versatile controllers of signaling molecules and of the cortical cytoskeleton. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40(3):344–349. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.02.012 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 43.Fehon RG, McClatchey AI, Bretscher A (2010) Organizing the cell cortex: the role of ERM proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(4):276–287. doi: 10.1038/nrm2866 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 44.Chibalina MV, Puri C, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F(2009) Potential roles of myosin VI in cell motility. Biochem Soc Trans 37(Pt 5):966–970. doi: 10.1042/BST0370966 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 45.Ross JL, Ali MY, Warshaw DM (2008) Cargo transport: molecular motors navigate a complex cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20(1):41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.11.006 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 46.Semenova I, Burakov A, Berardone N, Zaliapin I, Slepchenko B, Svitkina T, Kashina A, Rodionov V (2008) Actin dynamics is essential for myosin-based transport of membrane organelles. Curr Biol 18(20):1581–1586. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.070 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 47.Woolner S, Bement WM (2009) Unconventional myosins acting unconventionally. Trends Cell Biol 19(6):245–252. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.03.003 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 48.Nambiar R, McConnell RE, Tyska MJ (2010) Myosin motor function: the ins and outs of actin-based membrane protrusions. Cell Mol Life Sci 67(8):1239–1254. doi: 10.1007/s00018-009-0254-5 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 49.Gunning P, O’Neill G, Hardeman E (2008) Tropomyosin-based regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in time and space. Physiol Rev 88(1):1–35. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2007 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 50.O’Neill GM, Stehn J, Gunning PW (2008) Tropomyosins as interpreters of the signalling environment to regulate the local cytoskeleton. Semin Cancer Biol 18(1):35–44PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.Lin JJ, Li Y, Eppinga RD, Wang Q, Jin JP (2009) Chapter 1: roles of caldesmon in cell motility and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 274:1–68. doi: 10.1016/S1937–6448(08)02001-7 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 52.Vicente-Manzanares M, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Horwitz AR (2009) Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(11):778–790. doi: 10.1038/nrm2786 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 53.Borisy GG, Svitkina TM (2000) Actin machinery: pushing the envelope. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12(1):104–112. doi: 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)00063-0 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 54.Olson EN, Nordheim A (2010) Linking actin dynamics and gene transcription to drive cellular motile functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(5):353–365. doi: 10.1038/nrm2890 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 55.Wade RH (2007) Microtubules: an overview. Methods Mol Med 137:1–16. doi: 10.1007/s12033-009-9193-5 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 56.Wade RH (2009) On and around microtubules: an overview. Mol Biotechnol 43(2):177–191. doi: 10.1007/s12033-009-9193-5 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 57.Wiese C, Zheng Y (2006) Microtubule nucleation: gamma-tubulin and beyond. J Cell Sci 119(Pt 20):4143– 4153. doi: 10.1242/jcs.03226 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 58.Raynaud-Messina B, Merdes A (2007) Gamma-tubulin complexes and microtubule organization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19(1):24 –30PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 59.Vorobjev IA, Svitkina TM, Borisy GG (1997) Cytoplasmic assembly of microtubules in cultured cells. J Cell Sci 110 ( Pt 21):2635–2645PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 60.Efimov A, Kharitonov A, Efimova N, Loncarek J, Miller PM, Andreyeva N, Gleeson P, Galjart N, Maia AR, McLeod IX, Yates JR 3rd, Maiato H, Khodjakov A, Akhmanova A, Kaverina I (2007) Asymmetric CLASP-dependent nucleation of noncentrosomal microtubules at the trans-Golgi network. Dev Cell 12(6):917–930. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.04.002 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 61.Vinogradova T, Miller PM, Kaverina I (2009) Microtubule network asymmetry in motile cells: role of Golgi-derived array. Cell Cycle 8(14):2168–2174. doi: 10.4161/cc.8.14.9074 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 62.Miller PM, Folkmann AW, Maia AR, Efimova N, Efimov A, Kaverina I (2009) Golgi-derived CLASP-dependent microtubules control Golgi organization and polarized trafficking in motile cells. Nat Cell Biol 11(9):1069–1080. doi: 10.1038/ncb1920 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 63.Gross SP, Vershinin M, Shubeita GT. Cargo transport: two motors are sometimes better than one. Curr Biol. 2007; 17(12):R478–86. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.025 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 64.Hirokawa N, Nitta R, Okada Y (2009) The mechanisms of kinesin motor motility: lessons from the monomeric motor KIF1A. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(12):877–884. doi: 10.1038/nrm2807 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 65.Marx A, Hoenger A, Mandelkow E (2009) Structures of kinesin motor proteins. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 66(11):958–966. doi: 10.1002/cm.20392 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 66.Verhey KJ, Hammond JW (2009) Traffic control: regulation of kinesin motors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(11):765–777. doi: 10.1038/nrm2782 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 67.Kardon JR, Vale RD (2009) Regulators of the cytoplasmic dynein motor. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(12):854–865. doi: 10.1038/nrm2804 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 68.Carter AP, Vale RD (2010) Communication between the AAA+ ring and microtubule-binding domain of dynein. Biochem Cell Biol 88(1):15–21. doi: 10.1139/O09-127 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 69.Hunter AW, Wordeman L (2000) How motor proteins influence microtubule polymerization dynamics. J Cell Sci 113 Pt 24:4379–4389PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 70.Howard J, Hyman AA (2007) Microtubule polymerases and depolymerases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19(1):31–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.12.009 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 71.Akhmanova A, Steinmetz MO (2008) Tracking the ends: a dynamic protein network controls the fate of microtubule tips. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(4):309–322. doi: 10.1038/nrm2369 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 72.Jaworski J, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A (2008) Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in differentiated mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40(4):619–637. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.015 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 73.Vitre B, Coquelle FM, Heichette C, Garnier C, Chrétien D, Arnal I (2008) EB1 regulates microtubule dynamics and tubulin sheet closure in vitro. Nat Cell Biol 10(4):415–421. doi: 10.1038/ncb1703 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 74.Brocardo M, Henderson BR (2008) APC shuttling to the membrane, nucleus and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 18(12):587–596. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.09.002 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 75.Akiyama T, Kawasaki Y (2006) Wnt signalling and the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogene 25(57):7538–7544. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210063 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 76.Aoki K, Taketo MM (2007) Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC): a multi-functional tumor suppressor gene. J Cell Sci 120(Pt 19):3327–3335. doi: 10.1242/jcs.03485 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 77.Barth AI, Caro-Gonzalez HY, Nelson WJ (2008) Role of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and microtubules in directional cell migration and neuronal polarization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 19(3):245–251. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.02.003 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 78.McCartney BM, Näthke IS (2008) Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20(2):186–193. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.02.001 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 79.Silverman-Gavrila RV, Silverman-Gavrila LB (2008) Septins: new microtubule interacting partners. ScientificWorldJournal 8:611–620. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.151837 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 80.Hammond JW, Cai D, Verhey KJ (2008) Tubulin modifications and their cellular functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20(1):71–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.11.010 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 81.Jordan MA, Kamath K (2007) How do microtubule-targeted drugs work? An overview. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(8):730–742. doi: 10.2174/156800907783220417 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 82.Pasquier E, Kavallaris M (2008) Microtubules: a dynamic target in cancer therapy. IUBMB Life 60(3):165–170. doi: 10.1002/iub.25 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 83.Carlson RO (2008) New tubulin targeting agents currently in clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17(5):707–722. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.5.707 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 84.Pletjushkina OJ, Ivanova OJ, Kaverina IN, Vasiliev JM (1994) Taxol-treated fibroblasts acquire an epithelioid shape and a circular pattern of actin bundles. Exp Cell Res 212(2):201–208. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1135 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 85.Siegrist SE, Doe CQ (2007) Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity. Genes Dev 21(5):483–496. doi: 10.1101/gad.1511207 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 86.Kaverina I, Krylyshkina O, Small JV (1999) Microtubule targeting of substrate contacts promotes their relaxation and dissociation. J Cell Biol 146(5):1033–1044. doi: 10.1083/jcb.146.5.1033 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 87.Elbaum M, Chausovsky A, Levy ET, Shtutman M, Bershadsky AD (1999) Microtubule involvement in regulating cell contractility and adhesion-dependent signalling: a possible mechanism for polarization of cell motility. Biochem Soc Symp 65:147–72PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 88.Small JV, Geiger B, Kaverina I, Bershadsky A (2002) How do microtubules guide migrating cells? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(12):957–964. doi: 10.1038/nrm971 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 89.Basu R, Chang F (2007) Shaping the actin cytoskeleton using microtubule tips. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19(1):88–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.12.012 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 90.Wagner OI, Rammensee S, Korde N, Wen Q, Leterrier JF, Janmey PA (2007) Softness, strength and self-repair in intermediate filament networks. Exp Cell Res 313(10):2228–2235. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.025 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 91.Kreplak L, Fudge D (2007) Biomechanical properties of intermediate filaments: from tissues to single filaments and back. Bioessays 29(1):26–35. doi: 10.1002/bies.20514 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 92.Qin Z, Buehler MJ, Kreplak L (2010) A multi-scale approach to understand the mechanobiology of intermediate filaments. J Biomech 43(1):15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.004 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 93.Oshima RG (2007) Intermediate filaments: a historical perspective. Exp Cell Res 313(10):1981–1994. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.007 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 94.Minin AA, Moldaver MV (2008) Intermediate vimentin filaments and their role in intracellular organelle distribution. Biochemistry (Mosc). 73(13):1453–1466. doi: 10.1134/S0006297908130063 DOI:dx.doi.org Google Scholar
- 95.Herrmann H, Strelkov SV, Burkhard P, Aebi U (2009) Intermediate filaments: primary determinants of cell architecture and plasticity. J Clin Invest 119(7):1772–1783. doi: 10.1172/JCI38214 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 96.Kreplak L, Richter K, Aebi U, Herrmann H (2008) Electron microscopy of intermediate filaments: teaming up with atomic force and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 88:273–297. doi: 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)00415-9 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 97.Andrés V, González JM (2009) Role of A-type lamins in signaling, transcription, and chromatin organization. J Cell Biol 187(7):945–957. ReviewGoogle Scholar
- 98.Guelstein VI, Tchypysheva TA, Ermilova VD, Ljubimov AV (1993) Myoepithelial and basement membrane antigens in benign and malignant human breast tumors. Int J Cancer 53(2):269–277. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910530217 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 99.Chou YH, Flitney FW, Chang L, Mendez M, Grin B, Goldman RD (2007) The motility and dynamic properties of intermediate filaments and their constituent proteins. Exp Cell Res 313(10):2236–43. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.008 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 100.Godsel LM, Hobbs RP, Green KJ (2008) Intermediate filament assembly: dynamics to disease. Trends Cell Biol 18(1):28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.11.004 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 101.Eriksson JE, Dechat T, Grin B, Helfand B, Mendez M, Pallari HM, Goldman RD (2009) Introducing intermediate filaments: from discovery to disease. J Clin Invest 119(7):1763–1771. doi: 10.1172/JCI38339 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 102.Omary MB (2009) “IF-pathies”: a broad spectrum of intermediate filament-associated diseases. J Clin Invest 119(7):1756–1762. doi: 10.1172/JCI39894 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 103.Svitkina TM, Verkhovsky AB, Borisy GG (1996) Plectin sidearms mediate interaction of intermediate filaments with microtubules and other components of the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 135(4):991–1007. doi: 10.1083/jcb.135.4.991 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 104.Sonnenberg A, Liem RK (2007) Plakins in development and disease. Exp Cell Res 313(10):2189–2203. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.039 DOI:dx.doi.org PubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011