Neurosteroids pp 167-190 | Cite as

Modulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors by Neuroactive Steroids

  • Terrell T. Gibbs
  • Nader Yaghoubi
  • Charles E. WeaverJr.
  • Mijeong Park-Chung
  • Shelley J. Russek
  • David H. Farb
Chapter
Part of the Contemporary Endocrinology book series (COE, volume 16)

Abstract

Our laboratory has been investigating the modulatory role of a novel class of glutamate receptor modulators, the neuroactive steroids. Neuroactive steroids may be synthesized by nervous tissue (1–4), in which case they are referred to as neurosteroids. Alternatively, neuroactive steroids may be synthesized in peripheral tissues or may be synthetic steroid compounds that are exogenously introduced into the central nervous system (CNS).

Keywords

NMDA Receptor Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Kainate Receptor Neuroactive Steroid 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Corpéchot C, Synguelakis M, Talha S, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Vihko R, Baulieu E-E, Robel P. Pregnenolone and its sulfate ester in the rat brain. Brain Res 1983; 270: 119–125.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Lanthier A, Patwardhan VV. Sex steroids and 5-en-5(3-hydroxysteroids in specific regions of the human brain and cranial nerves. J Steroid Biochem 1986; 25: 445–449.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Hu ZY, Bourreau E, Jung-Testas I, Robel P, Baulieu EE. Neurosteroids: oligodendrocyte mitochondria convert cholesterol to pregnenolone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 8215–8219.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Robel P, Bourreau E, Corpéchot C, Dang DC, Halberg F, Clarke C, Haug M, Schlegel ML, Synguelakis M, Vourch C, Baulieu EE. Neuro-steroids: 313-hydroxy-45-derivatives in rat and monkey brain. J Steroid Biochem 1987; 27: 649–655.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM. Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA response. Science (Wash, DC) 1986; 232: 1004–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Puia G, Santi M, Vicini S, Pritchett DB, Purdy RH, Paul SM, Seeburg PH, Costa E. Neurosteroids act on recombinant human GABAA receptors. Neuron 1990; 4: 759–765.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Inverse modulation of y-aminobutyric acid-and glycine-induced currents by progesterone. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 37: 597–602.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Shingai R, Sutherland ML, Barnard EA. Effects of subunit types of the cloned GABAA receptor on the response to a neurosteroid. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 206: 77–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Woodward RM, Polenzani L, Miledi R. Effects of steroids on GABA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes by poly(A)+ RNA from mammalian brain and retina. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 41: 89–103.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Zaman S, Shingai R, Harvey R, Darlison M, Barnard EA. Effects of subunit types of the recombinant GABAA receptor on the response to a neurosteroid. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 225: 321–330.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Hadingham KL, Wingrove PB, Wafford KA, Bain C, Kemp JA, Palmer KJ, Wilson AW, Wilcox AS, Sikela JM, Ragan CI, Whiting PJ. Role of the beta subunit in determining the pharmacology of human GABAA receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 44: 1211–1218.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Puia G, Ducic I, Vicini S, Costa E. Does neurosteroid modulatory efficacy depend on GABAA receptor subunit composition? Receptors Chanels 1993; 1: 135–42.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Rabow L, Russek SJ, Farb DH. From ion currents to genomic analysis: recent advances in GABAA receptor research. Synapse 1995; 21: 189–274.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 13a.
    Prince, R J, M A Simmonds. Steroid modulation of the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor. Neuropharmacology 1992; 31: 201–205.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 14.
    ffrench-Mullen JMH, Tokutomi N, Akaike N. The effect of temperature on the GABA-induced chloride current in isolated sensory neurones of the frog. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 95: 753–762.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 15.
    Mermelstein PG, Becker JB, Surmeier DJ. Estradiol reduces calcium currents in rat neostriatal neurons via a membrane receptor. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 595–604.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 16.
    Pin J, Duvoisin R. Neurotransmitter receptors I: The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 1995; 34: 1–26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 17.
    Hohmann M, Hartley M, Heinemann S Cat+ permeability of KA-AMPA-gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science (Washington, DC) 1991; 252: 851–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 18.
    Hollmann M, O’Shea-Greenfield A, Rogers SW, Heinemann S Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family. Nature (London) 1989; 342: 643–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 19.
    Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Pregnenolone sulfate: a positive allosteric modulator at the NMDA receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 40: 333–336.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 20.
    Irwin RP, Maragakis NJ, Rogawski MA, Purdy RH, Farb DH, Paul SM. Pregnenolone sulfate augments NMDA receptor mediated increases in intracellular Cat+ in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 1992; 141: 30–34.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 21.
    Irwin RP, Lin SZ, Rogawski MA, Purdy RH, Paul SM. Steroid potentiation and inhibition of N-methylD-aspartate receptor-mediated intracellular Ca++ responses: structure activity studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 271: 677–682.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 22.
    Smith S S, Waterhouse BD, Woodward DJ. Sex steroid effects on extrahypothalamic CNS I Estrogen augments neuronal responsiveness to iontophoretically applied glutamate in the cerebellum. Brain Res 1987; 422: 40–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 23.
    Smith SS. Progesterone administration attenuates excitatory amino acid responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuroscience 1991; 42: 309–320.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 24.
    Bowlby M. Pregnenolone sulfate potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 43: 813–819.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 25.
    Wong M, Moss RL. Patch-clamp analysis of direct steroidal modulation of glutamate receptor-channels. J Neuroendocrinol 1994; 6: 347–355.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 26.
    Artola A, Singer W. NMDA receptors and developmental plasticity in visual neocortex. In: Watkins JC, Collingridge GL, eds. The NMDA Receptor. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989, pp. 153–166.Google Scholar
  28. 27.
    McDonald JW, Johnston MV. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acid during central nervous system development. Brain Res Rev 1990; 15: 41–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 28.
    Komuro H, Rakic P. Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science (Washington, DC) 1993; 238: 355–358.Google Scholar
  30. 29.
    Collingridge GL, Kehl SJ, McLennan H Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus. J Physiol (London) 1983; 334: 33–46.Google Scholar
  31. 30.
    Bliss TVP, Collingridge GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature (London) 1993; 361: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 31.
    Choi, DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1988; 1: 623–634.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 32.
    Choi DW, Rothman SM. The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci 1990; 13: 171–182.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 33.
    Wahlestedt C, Golanov E, Yamamoto S, Yee F, Ericson H, Yoo H, Inturrisi CE, Reis DJ. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to NMDA-R1 receptor channel protect cortical neurons from excitotoxicity and reduce focal ischaemic infarctions. Nature (London) 1993; 363: 260–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 34.
    Lipton S, Choi YB, Pan ZH, Lei S, Chen H, Sucher N, Loscalzo J, Singel D, Stamler J. A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 1993; 364: 626–632.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 35.
    Plaitakis A, Berl S, Yahr MD. Abnormal glutamate metabolism in adult-onset degenerative neurological disorder. Science 1982; 216: 193–196.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 36.
    Beal MF, Kowall NW, Ellison DW, Mazurek MF, Swartz KJ, Martin JB. Replication of the neuro-chemical characteristics of Huntington’s disease by quinolinic acid. Nature (London) 1986; 321: 168–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 37.
    Young AB, Greenamyre JT, Hollingsworth Z, Albin R, D’Amato C, Shoulson I, Penney JB. NMDA receptor losses in putamen from patients with Huntington’s disease. Science (Washington, DC) 1988; 241: 981–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 38.
    Greenamyre JT, Young AB. Excitatory amino acids and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 1989; 10: 593–602.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 39.
    Plaitakis A. Glutamate dysfunction and selective motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a hypothesis. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 3–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 40.
    Greenamyre JT. Neuronal bioenergetic defects, excitotoxicity and Alzheimer’ s disease: `use it and lose it’. Neurobiol Aging 1991; 12: 334–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 41.
    Greenamyre JT, O’Brien FC. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 977–981.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 42.
    Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW. Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1454–1468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 43.
    Pratt GD, Kokaia M, Bengzon J, Kokaia Z, Fritschy JM, Mohler H, Lindvall O. Differential regulation of NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs in kindling-induced epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 1993; 57: 307–318.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 44.
    Olney JW, Farber NB. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 998–1007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 45.
    Zylberman I, Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Pharmacological augmentation of NMDA receptor function for treatment of schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 757: 487–491.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 46.
    Kleckner NW, Dingledine R. Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Science (Washington, DC) 1988; 241: 835–837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 47.
    Ransom RW, Stec NL. Cooperative modulation of [3H]MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-Daspartate receptor-ion channel complex by L-glutamate, glycine, polyamines. J Neurochem. 1988; 51: 830–836.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 48.
    Lehmann J, Colpaert F, Canton H. Glutamate and glycine co-activate while polyamines merely modulate the NMDA receptor complex. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991; 15: 183–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 49.
    Williams K, Dawson VL, Romano C, Dichter MA, Molinoff PB. Characterization of polyamines having agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist effects at the polyamine recognition site of the NMDA receptor. Neuron 1990; 5: 199–208.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 50.
    Ault B, Evans R, Francis A, Oaks D, Watkins J. Selective depression of excitatory amino acid induced depolarizations by magnesium ions in isolated spinal cord preparations. J Physiol 1980; 307: 413–428.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 51.
    Mayer M, Westbrook G, Guthrie P. Voltage-dependent block by Mgt+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones. Nature (London) 1984; 309: 261–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 52.
    Nowak L, Bregestovski P, Ascher P, Herbet A, Prochiantz A. Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature (London) 1984; 307: 462–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 53.
    Muir K, Lees K. Clinical experience with excitotory amino acid antagonist drugs. Stroke 1995; 26: 503–513.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 54.
    Kaku D, Giffard R, Choi D. Neuroprotective effects of glutamate antagonists and extracellular acidity. Science (Washington, DC) 1993; 260: 1516–1518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 55.
    Aizenman E, Lipton SA, Loring RH. Selective modulation of NMDA responses by reduction and oxidation. Neuron 1989; 2: 1257–1263.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 56.
    Park-Chung M, Wu FS, Farb DH. 3a-Hydroxy-513-pregnan-20-one sulfate: a negative modulator of the NMDA-induced current in cultured neurons. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 46: 146–150.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 57.
    Park-Chung M, Wu FS, Purdy RH, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Distinct sites for positive and negative modulation of NMDA receptors by sulfated steroids. Soc Neurosci Abst 1996; 22: 1280.Google Scholar
  59. 58.
    Park-Chung M. Steroids as Functional Modulators of Amino Acid Receptors. 1997; PhD Thesis, Dept. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
  60. 59.
    Park-Chung M, Wu FS, Purdy RH, Malayev AA, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Distinct sites for inverse modulation of NMDA receptors by sulfated steroids. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 56: 1113–1123.Google Scholar
  61. 60.
    Farb DH, Gibbs TT. Steroids as modulators of amino acid receptor function. In: Stone TW, ed. CNS Transmitters and Neuromodulators: Neuroactive Steroids. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, p. 23–36.Google Scholar
  62. 61.
    Weaver CE Jr, Park-Chung M, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. 1713-Estradiol protects against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by direct inhibition of NMDA receptors. Brain Res 1997; 761: 338–341.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 62.
    Moriyoshi K, Masu M, Ishii T, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature (London) 1991; 354: 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 63.
    Nakanishi N, Axel R, Shneider NA. Alternative splicing generates functionally distinct NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 8552–8556.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 64.
    Sugihara H, Moriyoshi K, Ishii T, Masu M, Nakanishi S. Structures and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185: 826–832.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 65.
    Yamazaki M, Mori H, Araki K, Mori KJ, Mishina M. Cloning, expression and modulation of a mouse NMDA receptor subunit. FEBS Lett 1992; 300: 39–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 66.
    Katsuwada T, Kashiwabuchi N, Mori H, Sakimura K, Kushiya E, Araki K, Meguro H, Masaki H, Kumanishi T, Arakawa M, Mishina M. Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature (London) 1992; 358: 36–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 67.
    Meguro H, Mori H, Araki K, Kushiya E, Kutsuwada T, Yamazaki M, Kumanishi T, Arakawa M, Sakimura K, Mishina M. Functional characterization of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs. Nature (London) 1992; 357: 70–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 68.
    Monyer H, Sprengel R, Schoepfer R, Herb A, Higuchi M, Lomeli H, Burnashev N, Sakman B, Seeburg PH. Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science (Washington, DC) 1992; 256: 1217–1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 69.
    Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, Kadotani H, Yokoi M, Akazawa C, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 2836–2843.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 70.
    Chu B, Anantharam V, Treistman SN. Ethanol inhibition of recombinant heteromeric NMDA channels in the presence and absence of modulators. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 140–148.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 71.
    Zheng X, Zhang L, Durand GM, Bennett MV, Zukin RS. Mutagenesis rescues spermine and Zn2+ potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors. Neuron 1994; 12: 811–818.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 72.
    Kohr G, Eckardt S, Luddens H, Moyer H, Seeburg PH. NMDA receptor channels• subunit-specific potentiation by reducing agents. Neuron 1994; 12: 1031–1040.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 73.
    Yaghoubi N, Malayev A, Russek SJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Neurateroid modulation of recombinant glutamate receptors. Brain Res 1998; 803: 153–160.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 74.
    Boulter J, Hohmann M, O’ Shea-Greenfield A, Hartley M, Deneris E, Maron C, Heinemann S. Molecular cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science (Washington, DC) 1990; 249: 1033–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 75.
    Keinanen K, Wisden W, Sommer B, Werner P, Herb A, Verdoorn TA, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH. A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science (Washington, DC) 1990; 249: 556–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 76.
    Nakanishi S, Shneider NA, Axel R. A family of glutamate receptor genes-evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channel properties. Neuron 1990; 5: 569–581.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 77.
    Linden DJ, Dickinson MH, Smeyne M, Connor JA. A long-term depression of AMPA currents in cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Neuron 1991; 7: 81–89.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 78.
    Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Wisden W. Glutamate-operated channels-developmentally early and mature forms arise by alternative splicing. Neuron 1991; 6: 799–810.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 79.
    Craig AM, Blackstone CD, Huganir RL, Banker G. The distribution of glutamate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: postsynaptic clustering of AMPA-selective subunits. Neuron 1993; 10: 1055–1068.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 80.
    Wisden W, Seeburg PH. A complex mosaic of high-affinity kainate receptors in rat brain. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 3582–3598.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. 81.
    Huettner JE. Glutamate receptor channels in rat DRG neurons: activation by kainate and quisqualate and blockade of desensitization by ConA. Neuron 1990; 5: 255–266.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 82.
    Ferkany JW, Zaczek R, Coyle JT. Kainic acid stimulates excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release at presynaptic receptors. Nature (London) 1982; 298: 757–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 83.
    Coyle, JT. Neurotoxic action of kainic acid. J Neurochem 1983; 41: 1–11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 84.
    Ulas J, Monaghan DT, Cotman CW. Kainate receptors in the rat hippocampus: a distribution and time course of changes in response to unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 2352–2362.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 85.
    Mondadori C, DucretT, Häusler A. Elevated corticosteroid levels block the memory-improving effects of nootropics and cholinomimetics. Psychopharmacology 1992; 108: 11–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 86.
    Represa A, Tremblay E, Ben-Ari Y. Kainate binding sites in the hippocampal mossy fibers: localization and plasticity. Neuroscience 1987; 20: 739–748.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 87.
    Yaghoubi N, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Evaluation of neurosteroid modulation of kainate receptors using an automated system for oocyte electrophysiology. Soc Neurosci Abst 1995; 20: 1109.Google Scholar
  89. 88.
    Wong M, Moss RL. Long-term and short-term electrophysiological effects of estrogen on the synaptic properties of hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 3217–3225.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 89.
    Smith SS, Waterhouse BD, Woodward DJ. Locally applied estrogens potentiate glutamate-evoked excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Brain Res 1988; 475: 272–282.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 90.
    Jung-Testas I, Hu ZY, Baulieu EE, Robel P. Neurosteroids: biosynthesis of pregnenolone and progesterone in primary cultures of rat glial cells. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 2083–2091.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 91.
    Corpéchot C, Robel P, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Baulieu EE. Characterization and measurement of dehydroepiandosterone sulfate in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 4704–4707.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 92.
    Purdy RH, Morrow AL, Moore PH Jr, Paul SM. Stress-induced elevations of GABAA receptor-active steroids in the rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4553–4557.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 93.
    Korneyev A, Guidotti A, Costa E. Regional and Interspecies differences in brain progesterone metabolism. J Neurochem 1993; 61: 2041–2047.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 94.
    Corpéchot C, Leclerc P, Baulieu EE, Brazeau P. Neurosteroids: regulatory mechanisms in male rat brain during heterosexual exposure. Steroids 1985; 45: 229–234.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 95.
    Paul SM, Purdy RH. Neuroactive steroids. FASEB J 1992; 6: 2311–2322.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. 96.
    Sjövall K. Sulfates of pregnanolones, pregnanediols and 16-hydroxysteroids in plasma from pregnant women. Ann Clin Res 1970; 2: 409–413.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 97.
    Sjövall K. Gas chromatographic determination of steroid sulfates in plasma during pregnancy. Ann Clin Res 1970; 2: 393–408.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. 98.
    Axelson, M, B-L Sahlberg. Group separation and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of conjugated steroids in plasma. J Steroid Biochem 1982; 18: 313–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 99.
    Karavolas HJ, Hodges DR. Neuroendocrine metabolism of progesterone and related progestins. Steroids and Neuronal Activity. Ciba Foundation Symposium. 1990; 153: 22–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 100.
    LambertJJ, Belelli D, Hill-Venning C, Peters JA. Neurosteroids and GABAA receptor function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995; 16: 295–303.Google Scholar
  102. 101.
    Robel P, Young J, Corpéchot C, Mayo W, Perché F, Haug M, Simon H, Baulieu EE. Biosynthesis and assay ofneurosteroids inrats and mice: functional correlates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 53: 355–360.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 102.
    Romeo E, Cheney DL, Zivkovic I, Costa E, Guidotti A. Mitochondrial diazepam-binding inhibitor receptor complex agonists antagonize dizocilpine amnesia: putative role for allopregnanolone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270: 89–96.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. 103.
    Stryer L. Biochemistry. Freeman, New York, NY, 1988.Google Scholar
  105. 104.
    Simon R, Swan J, Griffiths T, Meldrum B. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain. Science (Washington, DC) 1984; 226: 850–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 105.
    Wieloch T. Hypoglycemia-induced neuronal damage prevented by an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. Science 1985; 230: 681–683.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 106.
    Weiss J, Goldberg M, Choi D. Ketamine protects cultured neocortical neurons from hypoxic injury. Brain Res 1986; 380: 186–190.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 107.
    Goldberg M, Weiss J, Pham P, Choi D. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate hypoxic neuronal injury in cortical culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 243: 784–791.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. 108.
    Choi D, Koh J, Peters S. Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 185–196.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. 109.
    Mac Dermott A, Mayer M, Westbrook G, Smith S, Barker J. NMDA-receptor activation increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration in cultured spinal cord neurones. Nature (London) 1986; 361: 65–90.Google Scholar
  111. 110.
    Weaver CE Jr, Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Pregnenolone sulfate exacerbates NMDA-induced death of hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 1998; 803: 129–136.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 111.
    Weaver CE Jr, Marek P, Park-Chung M, Tam SW, Farb DH. Neuroprotective activity of a new class of steroidal inhibitors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 1045–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 112.
    Smith SS. Female sex steroid hormones: from receptors to networks to performance: actions on the sensorimotor system. Prog Neurobiol 1994; 44: 55–86.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 113.
    Murphy DD, Segal M. Regulation of dendritic spine density in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by steroid hormones. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4059–4068.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. 114.
    Nakano M, Sugioka K, Naito I, Takekoshi S, Niki E. Novel and potent biological antioxidants on membrane phospholipid peroxidation: 2-hydroxy estrone and 2-hydroxy estradiol. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1987; 142: 919–924.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 115.
    Niki E. Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation. Chem Phys Lipid 1987; 44: 227–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 116.
    Miura T, Muraoka S, Ogiso T. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol. Steroids 1996; 61: 379–383.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 117.
    Beal M. Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic disease. FASEB J 1992; 6: 3338–3344.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. 118.
    Chan PH. Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke 1996; 27: 1124–1129.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 119.
    Hall E, Pazara K, Linseman K. Sex differences in postischemic neuronal necrosis in gerbils. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 292–298.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. 120.
    Emerson CS, Headrick JP, Vink R. Estrogen improves biochemical and neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury in male rats, but not in females. Brain Res 1993; 608: 95–100.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 121.
    Behl, C, Widmann M, Trapp T, Holsboer F. 17-ß estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 216: 473–482.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 122.
    Green PS, Bishop J, Simpkins JW. 17a-Estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects on SK-N-SH cells. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 511–515.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. 123.
    Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women. Am J Epidem 1994; 140: 2560–261.Google Scholar
  125. 124.
    ffrench-Mullen JMH, Danks P, Spence KT. Neurosteroids modulate calcium currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled mechanism. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 1963–1977.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. 125.
    Majewska MD, Schwartz RD. Pregnenolone-sulfate: an endogenous antagonist of the y-aminobutyric acid receptor complex in brain. Brain Res 1987; 404: 355–360.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 126.
    Farb DH, Gibbs TT, Wu FS, Gyenes M, Friedman L, Russek SJ. Steroid modulation of amino acid neurotransmitter receptors. In: Biggio G, Concas A, Costa E, eds. GABAergic Synaptic Transmission: Molecular, Pharmacological, Clinical Aspects. Raven, New York, 1992, pp. 119–131.Google Scholar
  128. 127.
    Bertrand D, Valera S, Bertrand S, Ballivet M, Rungger D. Steroids inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuroreport 1991; 2: 277–280.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. 128.
    Valera S, Ballivet M, Bertrand D. Progesterone modulates a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 9949–9953.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. 129.
    Harrison NL, Majewska MD, Harrington JW, Barker JL. Structure-activity relationships for steroid interaction with the y-aminobutyric acidA receptor complex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 241: 346–353.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. 130.
    Peters J, Kirkness E, Callachan H, Lambert J, Turner A. Modulation of the GABAA receptor by depressant barbiturates and pregnane steroids. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 94: 1257–1269.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. 131.
    Hill-Yenning C, Peters JA, Lambert JJ. The interaction of steroids with inhibitory and excitatory amino acid receptors. Clin. Neuropharm. 1992; 15 (Suppl. Pt A): 683A - 684A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 132.
    Harrison NL, Simmonds MA. Modulation of the GABA receptor complex by a steroid anaesthetic. Brain Res 1984; 323: 287–292.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. 133.
    BarkerJL, Harrison NL, Lange GD, Owen DG. Potentiation of y-aminobutyric-acid-activated chloride conductance by a steroid anaesthetic in cultured rat neurons. J Physiol (London) 1987; 386: 485–501.Google Scholar
  135. 134.
    Cottrell GA, Lambert JJ, Peters JA. Modulation of GABAA receptor activity by alphaxalone. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 90: 491–500.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. 135.
    Simmonds MA., Turner JP. Antagonism of inhibitory amino acids by the steroid derivative RU5135. Br J Pharmacol 1985; 84: 631–635.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 136.
    Majewska MD, Demirgören S, Spivak CE, London ED. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor. Brain Res 1990; 526: 143–146.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. 137.
    Gu Q, Aguila MC, Moss RL. 17(3-estradiol potentiation of inward kainate-induced currents in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons. Soc Neurosci Abst 1995; 21: 54.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1999

Authors and Affiliations

  • Terrell T. Gibbs
  • Nader Yaghoubi
  • Charles E. WeaverJr.
  • Mijeong Park-Chung
  • Shelley J. Russek
  • David H. Farb

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations