Arterial Circulation and the Heart

  • John K.-J. Li
Chapter

Abstract

In hemodynamic terms, the function of the heart is to provide energy and to perfuse the organ vascular beds. For the heart to accomplish this efficiently, the arterial system plays a central role as the distributing conduits. Both the distributing arteries and the peripheral vascular beds present the load to the heart. Peripheral resistance has been popularly viewed in the clinical setting as the vascular load to the heart. This applies mostly to steady-flow conditions. This description is naturally inadequate, because of the pulsatile nature of blood flow, which remains throughout the microcirculation. Pulsatility implies that there is an oscillatory or pulsatile contribution to the vascular load to the heart.

Keywords

Coronary Flow Right Coronary Artery Arterial System Coronary Flow Reserve Peripheral Resistance 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Asmar, R. G., Pannier, B., Santoni, J., London, G. M., Levy, B. I., and Safar, M. E. Reversion of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced arterial compliance after converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. Circulation 78: 941–950, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Bellamy, R. F. and O’Benar, J. D. The determinants of the pressure-flow relation in the coronary vasculature. J. Biomech. Eng. 107: 41–45, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Berger, D. S. and Li, J. K.-J. Temporal relationship between left ventricular and arterial system elastances. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 39: 404–410, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Berger, D. S. and Li, J. K.-J. Concurrent compliance reduction and increased peripheral resistance in the manifestation of isolated systolic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 65: 67–71, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Berger, D. D., Lis, J. K.-J., and Noordergraaf, A. Arterial wave propagation phenomena, ventricular work, and power dissipation. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 23: 804–811, 1995PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Berne, R. M. and Levy, M. N. Cardiovascular Physiology. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis, 1986.Google Scholar
  7. Beyar, R., Caminker, R., Manor, D. and Sideman, S. Coronary flow patterns in normal and ischemic hearts: transmyocardial and artery to vein distribution, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 21: 435–458, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Braunwald, E., Ross, Jr., J., and Sonnenblick, E. H. Mechanisms of Contradiction of the Normal and Failing Heart. Little Brown, Boston, pp. 357–397, 1976.Google Scholar
  9. Bruinsma, P., Arts, T., Dankelman, J., and Spaan, J. A. E. Model of the coronary resistance and compliance, Basic Res. Cardiol. 83: 510–524, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Canty, J. M., Jr., Klock, F. J., and Mates, R. E. Pressure and tone dependence of coronary diastolic input impedance and capacitance. Am. J. Physiol. 248: H700–711, 1985.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Chilian, W. M. and Marcus, M. L. Coronary venous outflow persists after cessation of coronary arterial inflow. Am. J. Physiol. 247: H984 — H990, 1984.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Dai, J. and Li, J. K.-J. Prediction of impediment effect of cardiac contraction on coronary blood flow. FASEB J. 13: A424, 1999.Google Scholar
  13. Dankelman, J., Spaan, J. A. E., Stassen, H. G., and Vergroesen, I. Dynamics of coronary adjustment to a change in heart rate in the anaesthetized goat, J. Physiol. 408: 295–312, 1989.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Dankelman, J., Spaan, J. A. E., Van der Ploeg, C. P. B., and Vergroesen, I. Dynamic response of the coronary circulation to a rapid change in its perfusion in the anesthetized goat, J. Physiol. 410: 703–715, 1989.Google Scholar
  15. Dart, A., Silagy, C., Dewar, E., Jennings, G., and McNeil, J. Aortic distensibility and left ventricular structure and function in isolated systolic hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 14: 1465–1470, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. De Bruyne, B. and Pijls, N. H. J. Coronary pressure measurements. Primary Cardiol. 21: 28–32, 1995.Google Scholar
  17. De Bruyne, B., et al. Intracoronary pressure measurements with a 0.015-inch fluid filled angioplasty guide wire. In: Serruys, P. W., Foley, D. P., and de Feyter, P. J., eds., Quantitative Coronary Angiographiy in Clinical Practice, Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, pp. 147–165, 1994.Google Scholar
  18. De Tombe P. P., Jones, S., Burkhoff, D., Hunter, W. C., and Kass, D. Ventricular stroke work and efficiency both remain nearly optimal despite altered vascular loading. Am. J. Physiol. 264: H1817 — H1824, 1993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Di Mario, C., Krams, R., Gil, R., and Serruys, P. W. Slope of the instantaneous hyperemic diastolic coronary flow velocity-pressure relation: a new index for assessment of the physiological significance of coronary stenosis in humans. Circulation 90: 1215–1224, 1994.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Doucette, J. W., Goto, M., Flynn, A. E., Austin, R. E., Jr., Husseini, W., and Hoffman, J. I. E. Effect of cardiac contraction and cavity pressure on myocardial blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. 265: H1342 — H1352, 1993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Downey, J. M. and Kirk, E. S. Inhibition of coronary flow by intra-vascular waterfall mechanism. Circ. Res. 36: 753–760, 1975.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Drzewiecki, G., Field, S., Mubarak, I., and Li, J. K.-J. Effect of vascular growth pattern on lumen area and compliance using a novel pressure-area model for collapsible wessels. Am. J. Physiol. (Heart Circ. Physiol.) 273: H2030–2043, 1997.Google Scholar
  23. Elzinga, E. and Westerhof, N. Pressure and flow generated by the left ventricle against different impedances. Circ. Res. 32: 178–186, 1973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Eng, C., Jentzer, J. H., and Kirk, E. S. Effects of the coronary capacitance on the interpretation of diastolic pressure-flow relationships. Circ. Res. 50: 334–341, 1982.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Finkelstein, S. M., Cohn, J. N., Carlyle, P. F., and Carlyle, W. J. Vascular compliance in congestive heart failure. Proc. 7th IEEEConf. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 7: 550–553, 1985.Google Scholar
  26. Fitchett, D. H. LV-arterial coupling: interactive model to predict effect of wave reflections on LV energetics. Am. J. Physiol. 261: H1026 — H1033, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Folkow, B. Structural factor in primary and secondary hypertension. Hypertension 16: 89–101, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Forrester, J. S., Tyberg, J. V., Wyatt, H. L., Goldner, S., and Parmely, W. W. Pressure-length loop: a new method for simultaneous measurement of segmental and total cardiac function. J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 711–775, 1974.Google Scholar
  29. Franklin, S. S. and Weber, M. A. Measuring hypertensive cardiovascular risk: the vascular overload concept. Am. Heart J. 128: 793–803, 1994.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Franklin S. S., Gustin IV, W., Wong, N. D., Larson, M. G., Weber, M. A., Kannel, W. B., and Levy, D. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham heart study. Circ. 96: 308–315, 1997.Google Scholar
  31. Frasch H., Kresh, J. Y., and Noordergraaf, A. Interpretation of coronary vascular perfuison. In: G. Drzewiecki, G. and Li, J. K.-J., eds., Analysis and Assessment of Cardiovascular Function. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 109–127, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Frolich, E. D. Antihypertensive therapy: new concepts and agents. Cardiology 72:349–365, 1985. Gallagher, K. P., Genen, R. A., Buda, A. J., and Dunham, W. R. Nonischemic dysfunction at the lateral margins of ischemic myocardium. In: Sideman, S. and Beyar, R., eds., Activation, Metabolism, and Perfusion of the Heart. Martinus Nijohff, New York, pp. 479–500, 1987.Google Scholar
  33. Geipel, P. S. and Li, J. K.-J. Pulsatile interaction of the left ventricle and arterial system in myocardial ischemia. Proc. 13th 1m’. Conf Eng. Med. Biol., 13: 2049–2050, 1991.Google Scholar
  34. Goto, M., VanBavel, E., Giezeman, M. J., and Spaan, J. A. Vasodilatory effect of pulsatile pressure on coronary resistance vessels. Circ. Res. 79 (5): 1039–1045, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Gould, K. L., Lipscomb, K., and Hamilton, G. W. Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. Am. J. Cardiol. 33 (1): 87–94, 1974.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Grover, G. J., Weiss, H. R., Kostis, J. B., Li, J. K.-J., Kovacs, T., and Kedem, J. Betaadrenoceptor simulation and blockade during myocardial ischemia in dogs: effect on cardiac 02 supply and consumption. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 142: 103–113, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Hayoz, D., Tardy, Y., Perret, F., Waeber, B., Meister, J.-J., and Brunner, H. R. Noninvasive determination of arterial diameter and distensibility by echo-tracking techniques in hypertension. J. Hypertension 10 (Suppl 5): 95–100, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Hayashida, K., Sunakawa, K., Noma, M., Sugimachi, M., Ando, H., and Nakamura, M. Mechanical matching of the left ventricle with the arterial system in exercising dogs. Circ. Res. 71: 481–489, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Hettrick, D. A. and Warltier, D. C. Ventriculoarterial coupling. In: Warltier, D. C., ed.,Ventricular Function, Wiliams Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 153–179, 1995.Google Scholar
  40. Holensterin, R. and Nerem, R. M. Parameteric analyisi of flow in the intramyocardial circualtion. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 18: 347–365, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Hoffman, J. I. Maximal coronary flow and the concept of coronary vascular reserve. Circulation 70: 153–159, 1984.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Hoffman, J. I. E. and Spaan, J. A.E. Pressure-flow relations in coronary circulation. Physiol. Rev. 70: 331–390, 1990.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Hood, W. B., Covelli, V. H., Abelman, W. H., and Normal, J. C. Persistence of contractile behavior in acutely ischemic myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 249–255, 1969.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Kelly, R. and Fitchett, D. Noninvasive determination of aortic input impedance and external left ventricular power output: a validation and repeatability study of a new technique. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20: 952–963, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Kelly, R. P., Tunin, R., Kass, D. A. Effect of reduced aortic compliance on cardiac efficiency and contractile function of in situ canine left ventricle. Circ. Res. 71: 490–502, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Kelly, R. P., Ting, C.-T., Yang, T. M., Liu, C.-P., Maughan, W. L., Chang, M.-S., and Kass, D. A. Effective arterial elastance as index of arterial vascular load in humans. Circulation 86: 513–521, 1992a.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Klocke, F. J. Measurements of coronary flow reserve: defining pathophysiology versus making decisions about patient care. Circulation 76: 1183–1189, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Klocke, F. J., Mates, R. E., Canty, J. M., and Ellis, A. K. Coronary pressure-flow relationships: controversial issues and probable implications, Circ. Res. 56: 310–323, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Krams, R., Sipkema, P., and Westerhof, N. Contractility is the main determinant of coronary systolic flow impediment. Am. J. Physiol. 257: H1936 — H1944, 1989b.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Krams, R., Sipkema, P. and Westerhof, N. The varying elastance concept may explain coronary systolic flow impediment. Am. J. Physiol. 257: H1471–1479, 1989c.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Krayenbuhl, H. P., Hess, 0. M., and Turina, J. Assessment of left ventricular function. Cardiovasc. Med. 3: 883–910, 1978.Google Scholar
  52. Lew, W. Y. and Ban-Hayashi, E. Mechanisms of improving regional and global ventricular function by preload alterations during acute ischemia in the canine left ventricle. Circulation 72: 1125–1134, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Li, J. K.-J. Oxygen cost to work ratio in pressure-loaded ventricle. Proc. 35th Ann. Conf Eng. Med. Biol. 24: 145, 1982.Google Scholar
  54. Li, J. K.-J. Ventricualr alternans: relative unimportance of the Starling mechanism. IRCS J. Med. Sci. 10: 19–20, 1982a.Google Scholar
  55. Li, J. K.-J. and Zhu, Y. Arterial compliance and its pressure dependence in hypertension and vasodilation. Angiology, J. Vasc. Dis. 45: 113–117, 1994.Google Scholar
  56. Li, J. K.-J. Arterial System Dynamics. New York University Press, New York, 1987.Google Scholar
  57. Li, J. K.-J., Cui, T., and Drzewieki, G. Nonliniar model of the arterial system incorporating a pressure-dependent compliance. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-37: 673–678, 1990.Google Scholar
  58. Li, J. K.-J., Drzewiecki, G., and Wang, R. P. Compliance of the aorta during acute pressure loading. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Cardiovasc. Syst. Dynamics, 7: 1–3, 1986.Google Scholar
  59. Li, J. K.-J., Zhu, Y., Wang, J.-J., and Drzewiecki, G. Sensitivity of measured and modelderived parameters for assessing myocardial ischemia and hypertension. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 23: S38, 1995Google Scholar
  60. Li, J. K.-J., Zhu, Y., and Drzewieck, G. Arterial compliance changes in spontaneous hypertension and hypotension. FASEB J. A462, 1993a.Google Scholar
  61. Li, J. K.-J., Zhu, Y., and Drzewieck, G. Difference in arterial compliance values measured at systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure. Am. J. Hypertension, 6: 41A, 1993b.Google Scholar
  62. Li, J. K.-J., Zhu, Y., and Drzewiecki, G. Pulse pressure is a significant determinant of arterial compliance in hypertension and vasodilation. Circulation 90: I166, 1994.Google Scholar
  63. Li, J. K.-J. Feedback effects in heart-arterial system interaction. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 346: 325–333, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Li, J. K.-J. Regional ventricular function in myocardial ischemia. In: Sideman, S. and Beyar, R., eds., Activation, Metabolism and Perfusion of the Heart. Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 453–461, 1987.Google Scholar
  65. Li, J. K.-J., Zhu, Y., and Drzewiecki, G. Systemic arterial compliance dependence on blood pressure: global effects. J. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Proc. 13: 300, 1996.Google Scholar
  66. Li, J. K.-J. A new description of arterial function: the compliance-pressure loop. Angiology, J. Vasc. Dis. 49: 543–548, 1998.Google Scholar
  67. Little, W. C. and Cheng, C.-P. Left ventricular-arterial coupling in conscious dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 261: H70–76, 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Marcus M.L. Coronary Circulation in Health and Disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.Google Scholar
  69. Maruyama, Y., Nishioka, O., Nozaki, E., Kinoshita, H., Kyono, H., Koiwa, Y., and Takishima, T. Effects of arterial distensibility on left ventricular ejection in the depressed contractile state. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 182–187, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Mates, R. E. and Judd, R. M. Models of coronary pressure-flow relations. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 346: 153–161, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Mates, R. E. Coronary capacitance. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 31: 1–15, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Maughan, W. L., Sunagawa, K., Burkoff, D., and Sagawa, K. Effect of arterial impedance changes on the end-systolic pressure-volume realtion. Circ. Res. 54: 595–602, 1984.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Meister, J.-J., Tardy, Y., Stergiopulos, N., Hayoz, D., Brunner, H. R., and Etienne, J.-D. Non-invasive method for the assessment of non-linear elastic properties and stress of forearm arteries in vivo. J. Hypertension 10 (S6): 23–26, 1992.Google Scholar
  74. Mulvany, M. J. Determinants of vascular hemodynamic characteristics. Hypertension 6 (Suppl. III): 13–18, 1984.Google Scholar
  75. Nichols, W. W., O’Rourke, M. F., Avolio, A. P., Yaginuma, T., Murgo, J. P., Pepine, C. J., and Conti, C. R. Effects of age on ventricular vascular coupling. Am. J. Cardiol. 55: 1179–1184, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Olsson, R. A., Bunger, R. and Spaan, J. A. E. Coronary circulation. In: Fozzard, H. A., Haber, E., Jennings, R. B., Katz, A. M., and Morgan, H. E., eds., The Heart and Cardiovascular System, 2nd ed., Raven Press, New York, pp. 1393–1425, 1992.Google Scholar
  77. O’Rourke, M. F. Arterial hemodynamics in hypertension. Circ. Res. 26 (Suppl. II): 123–132, 1970.Google Scholar
  78. Perret, F., Mooser, V., Hayoz, D., Tardy, Y., Meister, J.-J., Etienne, J.-D., et al. Evaluation of arterial compliance pressure curves. Effects of antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension 18 (Suppl. II): 77–83, 1991.Google Scholar
  79. Rabbany, S. Y., Kresh, J. Y., and Noordergraaf, A. Intramyocardial pressure: interatction of myocardial fluid pressure and fiber stress. Am. J. Physiol. 257:H357—H364 (1989)Google Scholar
  80. Reneman, R. S. and Arts, T. Dynmaic capacitance of epicardial coronart arteries in vivo. J. Biomech. Eng. 107: 29–33, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Roman, M. J., Saba, P. S., Pini, R., Spitzer, M., Pickering, T. G., et al. Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension. Circulation 86: 1909–1918, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Safar, M. E., Simon, A. C., and Levenson, J. A. Structural changes of large arteries in sustained essential hypertension. Hypertension, 6 (Suppl. III): 117–121, 1984.Google Scholar
  83. Sasayama, S., Gallagher, K. P., Kemper, W. S., Franklin, D., and Ross, J., Jr. Regional left ventricular wall thickness early and late after coronary occlusion in the conscious dog. Am. J. Physiol. 240: H293–299, 1981.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. Segal, J., Kern, M. J., Scott, N. A., et al. Alterations of phasic coronary artery flow velocity in humans during percutaneous angioplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20: 276–286, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Sideman S. and Beyar, R. Simulation and Modeling of the Cardiac System. Matinus Nijhoff, New York, 1987.Google Scholar
  86. Simon, A. C., Levenson, J., Chau, N. P., and Pithois-Merli, I. Role of arterial compliance in the physiopharmacological approach to human hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 19(55):D1l—S20, 1992.Google Scholar
  87. Simon, A. C., Safar, M. E., Levenson, J. A., London, G. M., Levy, B. I., and Chau, N. P. Evaluation of large arteries compliance in man. Am. J. Physiol. 237: H550–554, 1979.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. Spaan, J. A. E. Mechanical determinants of myocardial perfusion. Basic Res. Cardiol. 90: 89–102, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Spaan, J. A. E. Intramyocardial compliance studies by venous outflow at arterial occlusion. Circulation 66(Suppl. 3 ): 307, (Abstract), 1981a.Google Scholar
  90. Spaan, J. A. E., Breuls, N. P. W.,and Laird, J. D. Diastolic-systolic coronary flow differences are caused by intramyocardial pump action in the anesthetized dog. Circ. Res. 49: 584–593, 1981b.Google Scholar
  91. Starling, M.R. Left ventricular-arterial coupling relations in the normal human heart. Am. Heart J. 125: 1659–1666, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Suga, H., Igarashi, Y., Yamada, O., and Goto, Y. Mechanical efficiency of the left ventricle as a function of preload, afterload and contractility. Heart Vessels 1:3–8, 1985.Google Scholar
  93. Suga, H., Sagawa, K., and Shoukas, A. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio. Circ. Res. 32: 314–322, 1973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Sunagawa, K., Maughan, W. L., Burkhoff, D., Sagawa, K. Left ventricular interaction with arterial load studied in isolated canine left ventricle. Am. J. Physiol. 265: H773–780, 1983.Google Scholar
  95. Sunagawa, K., Maughan, W. L., and Sagawa, K. Optimal arterial resistance for the maximal stroke work studied in isolated canine left ventricle. Circ. Res. 56: 586–585, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Tennant, R. and Wiggers, C. J., Effect of coronart occlusion on myocardial contraction. Am. J. Physiol. 112: 351–361, 1935.Google Scholar
  97. Theroux, P., Ross, J., Jr., Franklin, D., Covell, J. W., Bloor, C. M., and Sasayama, S. Regional myocardial function and dimensions early and late after myocardial infarction in the unanesthetized dog. Circ Res 40: 158–165, 1977.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Tyberg, J. V., Forrester, J. S., Wyatte, H. L., Goldner, S. J., Parmley., W. W., and Swan, H. J. C. An analysis of segment ischemic dysfunction utilizing the pressure-length loop. Circulation 49: 748–747, 1974.Google Scholar
  99. Urschel, C. W., Corell, J. W., Sonnenblick, E. H., Ross, J., Jr., and Braunwald, E. Effects of decreased aortic compliance on performance of the left ventricle. Am. J. Physiol. 214: 298–304, 1968.Google Scholar
  100. Van den Horn, G. J., Westerhof, N.,and Elzinga, G. Interaction of heart and arterial system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 12: 151–162, 1984.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Van Huis, G. A., Sipkema, P., and Westerhof, N. Coronary input impedance during the cardiac cycle as determined by impulse response method. Am. J. Physiol. 253:H317—H324 (1987)Google Scholar
  102. Vis, M. A., Bovendeerd, P. H. M., Sipkema, P., and Westerhof, N. Effect of ventricular contraction, pressure, and wall stretch on vessels at different locations in the wall. Am. J. Physiol. 272:H2963–2975 (1997)Google Scholar
  103. Vis, M. A., Spikema, P., and Westerhof, N. Modeling pressure-area relations of coronary blood vessels embedded in cardiac muscle in diastole and systole. Am. J. Physiol. 268:H2531—H2543 (1995)Google Scholar
  104. Weintraub, W. S., Hattori, S., Agarwal, J. B., Bodenheimer, M. M., Banka, V. S., and Helfant, R. H. Relationship between myocardial blood flow and contraction by myocardial layer in the canine left ventricle during ischemia. Circ. Res. 48: 430–438, 1981.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Zhu, Y., Li, J. K.-J., and Drzewieck, G. Arterial compliance variation throughout the cardiac cycle. Proc. IEEE 14th Int. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. pp. 758–759, 1992a.Google Scholar
  106. Zhu, Y., et al, Arterial wave reflections and left ventricular energy output in vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Proc. 18th NE Bioeng. Conf., pp. 125–126, 1992b.Google Scholar
  107. Zinemanas, D., Beyar, R., and Sideman, S. Intramyocardial fluid transport effects on coronary flow and LV mechanics. In: Sideman, S. and Beyarm R., eds., Interactive Phenomena in the Cardiac System, Plenum, New York, pp. 219–231, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2000

Authors and Affiliations

  • John K.-J. Li
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers UniversityPiscatawayUSA

Personalised recommendations