Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Virtual Reality and Psychotic Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions

  • 2618 Accesses

Abstract

In the early years of virtual reality in mental healthcare several reviews were published (Gregg and Tarrier 2007; G. Riva 2002; 2003; 2005). None of them mentions work done on virtual reality with psychotic disorders yet, though some early work was starting to get published around the same time. There are different psychotic disorders with each their own specified combination of symptom domains, symptom intensity and duration. Wood et al. (2011) suggest a dimensional staging of psychosis, ranging from psychotic-like experiences to severe persistent psychotic episodes. A large body of research is accumulating showing psychotic symptoms can be seen as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype found in the general population (J. van Os and Reininghaus 2016). When psychotic experiences persist, transition to a psychotic disorder becomes a possibility. The main recognizable symptom domains of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are perceptions a person experiences without a corresponding external stimulus. Hallucinations can occur for all five senses. Patients with a psychotic disorder for example often experience auditory hallucinations such as hearing voices. These voices can be commentary, give orders to the patient or call them names. Delusions are beliefs people have about the external reality which are strongly maintained despite strong evidence to the contrary or despite what almost everybody else (of a person’s culture or subculture) believes. The most common delusion found in psychotic disorders is the persecutory delusion (paranoia). People with a persecutory delusion feel others (known or unknown) spy on them, pursue them and threaten their safety (van der Gaag et al. 2012; Beck et al. 2009). Hallucinations and delusions often cause anxiety and make the patient avoid (social) situations, which can be treated with exposure therapy. Other symptom domains of psychotic disorders are negative symptoms and impaired cognition. Patients with negative symptoms experience an diminished emotional expression and avolition. Impaired cognition is about learning deficiencies, whether insufficiently thought or thwarted by deficits. For both negative symptoms and impaired cognition training can help patients learn to master new skills. There are some additional symptom domains in psychotic disorders, but these don’t play a part in virtual reality (yet). See Box 13.1 for an overview.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achim, A. M., Maziade, M., Raymond, E., Olivier, D., Merette, C., & Roy, M. A. (2011). How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(4), 811–821. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Alcazar-Corcoles, M. A., González-Blanch, C., Bendall, S., McGorry, P. D., & Gleeson, J. F. (2014). Online, social media and mobile technologies for psychosis treatment: A systematic review on novel user-led interventions. Schizophrenia Research, 156(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atherton, S., Antley, A., Evans, N., Cernis, E., Lister, R., Dunn, G., et al. (2016). Self-confidence and paranoia: An experimental study using an immersive virtual reality social situation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465814000496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. K., Kurtz, M. M., & Astur, R. S. (2006). Virtual reality assessment of medication compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(2), 224–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekele, E., Bian, D., Peterman, J., Park, S., & Sarkar, N. (2017). Design of a virtual reality system for affect analysis in facial expressions (VR-SAAFE); application to schizophrenia. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(6), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2591556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. D., & Weinstein, A. (2011). Simulated job interview skill training for people with psychiatric disability: Feasibility and tolerability of virtual reality training. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(suppl 2), S91–S97. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Zeev, D. (2014). Technology-based interventions for psychiatric illnesses: Improving care, one patient at a time. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 23(04), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M. R., Zányi, E., Hamborg, T., Selmanovic, E., Czanner, S., Birchwood, M., et al. (2013). A high-fidelity virtual environment for the study of paranoia. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/538185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, C. L. F., Ngai, E. K. Y., Leung, P. K. H., & Wong, S. (2010). Effect of the adapted virtual reality cognitive training program among Chinese older adults with chronic schizophrenia: A pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(6), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, T., Garety, P., Ward, T., Rus-Calafell, M., Williams, G., Huckvale, M., & Leff, J. (2014). Computer assisted therapy for auditory hallucinations: The avatar clinical trial. Schizophrenia Research, 153(S1), S74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70240-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, M., Winbeck, M., Leiberg, S., Chen, Y., & Mathiak, K. (2010). Virtual faces as a tool to study emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 179(3), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellett, L., Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2008). The psychological effect of an urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: The Camberwell walk study. Schizophrenia Research, 99(1–3), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornells-Ambrojo, M., Barker, C., Swapp, D., Slater, M., Antley, A., & Freeman, D. (2008). Virtual reality and persecutory delusions: Safety and feasibility. Schizophrenia Research, 104(1–3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornells-Ambrojo, M., Freeman, D., Slater, M., Swapp, D., Antley, A., & Barker, C. (2013). How do people with persecutory delusions evaluate threat in a controlled social environment? A qualitative study using virtual reality. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(01), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (2008). Studying and treating schizophrenia using virtual reality: A new paradigm. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(4), 605–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., Gittins, M., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., & Dunn, G. (2008a). What makes one person paranoid and another person anxious? The differential prediction of social anxiety and persecutory ideation in an experimental situation. Psychological Medicine, 38(8), 1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Gittins, M., et al. (2008b). Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(4), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., McManus, S., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., & Bebbington, P. (2010a). Concomitants of paranoia in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 41(05), 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., Pugh, K., Vorontsova, N., Antley, A., & Slater, M. (2010b). Testing the continuum of delusional beliefs: An experimental study using virtual reality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., Evans, N., Lister, R., Antley, A., Dunn, G., & Slater, M. (2014). Height, social comparison, and paranoia: An immersive virtual reality experimental study. Psychiatry Research, 218(3), 348–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., Bradley, J., Antley, A., Bourke, E., DeWeever, N., Evans, N., et al. (2016). Virtual reality in the treatment of persecutory delusions: Randomised controlled experimental study testing how to reduce delusional conviction. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Bitter, I., Libiger, J., Bucci, P., Wolfgang Fleischhacker, W., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Persistent negative symptoms in first episode patients with schizophrenia: Results from the European first episode schizophrenia trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(3), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Montes, J. M., Noguera, C., Álvarez, D., Ruiz, M., & Cimadevilla Redondo, J. M. (2014). High and low schizotypal female subjects do not differ in spatial memory abilities in a virtual reality task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(5), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2014.896786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gega, L., White, R., Clarke, T., Turner, R., & Fowler, D. (2013). Virtual environments using video capture for social phobia with psychosis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(6), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.1510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, K. E., Morris, R., Smith, V., Jones, A. M., Pearman, D., & Wykes, T. (2016). Virtual shopping: A viable alternative to direct assessment of real life function? Schizophrenia Research, 172(1–3), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(5), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0173-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, K., Young Kim, I., & Kim, J.-J. (2012). Assessment of cognitive flexibility in real life using virtual reality: A comparison of healthy individuals and schizophrenia patients. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 42(8), 841–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.06.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, K., Shin, J., Yoon, S. Y., Jang, D.-P., & Kim, J.-J. (2014). Deficient gaze pattern during virtual multiparty conversation in patients with schizophrenia. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 49, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.03.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckers, S., Barch, D. M., Bustillo, J., Gaebel, W., Gur, R., Malaspina, D., et al. (2013). Structure of the psychotic disorders classification in DSM-5. Schizophrenia Research, 150(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isnanda, R. G., Brinkman, W. P., Veling, W., van der Gaag, M., & Neerincx, M. A. (2013). Priming to induce paranoid thought in a non clinical population. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 191, 95–99. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-282-0-95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isnanda, R. G., Brinkman, W. P., Veling, W., van der Gaag, M., & Neerincx, M. (2014). Controlling a stream of paranoia evoking events in a virtual reality environment. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, (199), 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leff, J., Williams, G., Huckvale, M. A., Arbuthnot, M., & Leff, A. P. (2013). Computer-assisted therapy for medication-resistant auditory hallucinations: Proof-of-concept study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(6), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.124883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Man, D. W. K., Ganesan, B., Yip, C. C. K., Lee, C. O. P., Tsang, S. Y. L., Yu, P. W. P., et al. (2016). Validation of the virtual-reality prospective memory test (Hong Kong Chinese version) for individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1251949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: A systematic review of process-and-outcome studies. Depression and Anxiety, 27(10), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, S., Voigt, M., Köther, U., Leighton, L., Kjahili, B., Babur, Z., et al. (2014). Can virtual reality reduce reality distortion? Impact of performance feedback on symptom change in schizophrenia patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(2), 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: A quantitative meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 29(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, I. H., Kim, J. J., Ku, J., Jang, H. J., Park, S. H., Kim, C. H., … Kim, S. I. (2009a). Characteristics of social anxiety from virtual interpersonal interactions in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 72(1), 79–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, K.-M., Ku, J., Park, I.-H., Park, J.-Y., Kim, S. I., & Kim, J.-J. (2009b). Improvement in social competence in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study using a performance-based measure using virtual reality. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(8), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, K.-M., Ku, J., Choi, S.-H., Jang, H.-J., Park, J.-Y., Kim, S. I., & Kim, J.-J. (2011). A virtual reality application in role-plays of social skills training for schizophrenia: A randomized, controlled trial. Psychiatry Research, 189(2), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riva, G. (2002). Virtual reality for health care: The status of research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riva, G. (2003). Virtual environments in clinical psychology. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1/2), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.40.1/2.68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riva, G. (2005). Virtual reality in psychotherapy: Review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(3), 220–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rus-Calafell, M., Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., & Ribas-Sabaté, J. (2014). A virtual reality-integrated program for improving social skills in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rus-Calafell, M., Garety, P., Sason, E., Craig, T. J. K., & Valmaggia, L. R. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment and treatment of psychosis: A systematic review of its utility, acceptability and effectiveness. Psychological Medicine, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. J., Fleming, M. F., Wright, M. A., Roberts, A. G., Humm, L. B., Olsen, D., & Bell, M. D. (2015). Virtual reality job interview training and 6-month employment outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia seeking employment. Schizophrenia Research, 166(1–3), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn, B. K., Hwang, J. Y., Park, S. M., Choi, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. Y., & Jung, H. Y. (2016). Developing a virtual reality-based vocational rehabilitation training program for patients with schizophrenia. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 19(11), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, A., Peled, A., & Weinshall, D. (2005). Virtual reality testing of multi-modal integration in schizophrenic patients. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 111, 508–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, A., Weinshall, D., Modai, I., & Peled, A. (2006). Improving the accuracy of the diagnosis of schizophrenia by means of virtual reality. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 512–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, A., Weinshall, D., & Peled, A. (2008). The distortion of reality perception in schizophrenia patients, as measured in virtual reality. in Proc: 16th Annual Medicine Meets Virtual Reality (MMVR). http://icnc.huji.ac.il/files/SorkinMMVR2008.pdf.

  • Souto, T., Baptista, A., Tavares, D., Queiros, C., & Marques, A. (2013). Facial emotional recognition in schizophrenia: Preliminary results of the virtual reality program for facial emotional recognition. Revista De Psiquiatria Clinica, 40(4), 129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spieker, E. A., Astur, R. S., West, J. T., Griego, J. A., & Rowland, L. M. (2012). Spatial memory deficits in a virtual reality eight-arm radial maze in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 135(1–3), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thirioux, B., Tandonnet, L., Jaafari, N., & Berthoz, A. (2014). Disturbances of spontaneous empathic processing relate with the severity of the negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: A behavioural pilot-study using virtual reality technology. Brain and Cognition, 90, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.06.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, M. M. Y., & Man, D. W. K. (2013). A virtual reality-based vocational training system (VRVTS) for people with schizophrenia in vocational rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Research, 144(1–3), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Üçok, A., & Ergül, C. (2014). Persistent negative symptoms after first episode schizophrenia: A 2-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 158(1–3), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valmaggia, L. R., Freeman, D., Green, C., Garety, P., Swapp, D., Antley, A., et al. (2007). Virtual reality andparanoidideations in peoplewith an ‘at-risk mental state’ for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(S1), S63–S68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valmaggia, L. R., Day, F., & Rus-Calafell, M. (2016). Using virtual reality to investigate psychological processes and mechanisms associated with the onset and maintenance of psychosis: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), 921–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1245-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Bennekom, M. J., de Koning, P. P., & Denys, D. (2017). Virtual reality objectifies the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: A literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00163.

  • Van Der Gaag, M. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In J.D. Blom and I.E. Sommer (Eds). Hallucinations. Research and Practice (pp. 361–374). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Os, J., & Reininghaus, U. (2016). Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Os, J., Kenis, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2010). The environment and schizophrenia. Nature, 468(7321), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veling, W., Selten, J.-P., Veen, N., Laan, W., Blom, J. D., & Hoek, H. W. (2006). Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: A four-year first-contact study. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1–3), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veling, W., Moritz, S., & van der Gaag, M. (2014). Brave new worlds--review and update on virtual reality assessment and treatment in psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(6), 1194–1197. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veling, W., Pot-Kolder, R., Counotte, J., van Os, J., & van der Gaag, M. (2016). Environmental social stress, paranoia and psychosis liability: A virtual reality study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(6), 1363–1371. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weniger, G., & Irle, E. (2008). Allocentric memory impaired and egocentric memory intact as assessed by virtual reality in recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 101(1–3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, L. K., Girard, T. A., King, J., King, M. J., Herdman, K. A., Christensen, B. K., & King, J. (2013a). Spatial-memory deficit in schizophrenia spectrum disorders under viewpoint-independent demands in the virtual courtyard task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(10), 1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.857389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, L. K., Girard, T. A., Konishi, K., King, M., Herdman, K. A., King, J., et al. (2013b). Selective deficit in spatial memory strategies contrast to intact response strategies in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders tested in a virtual navigation task. Hippocampus, 23(11), 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2011). Neuroimaging and treatment evidence for clinical staging in psychotic disorders: From the at-risk mental state to chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 70(7), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zawadzki, J. A., Girard, T. A., Foussias, G., Rodrigues, A., Siddiqui, I., Lerch, J. P., et al. (2013). Simulating real world functioning in schizophrenia using a naturalistic city environment and single-trial, goal-directed navigation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00180.

  • Zimmermann, G., Favrod, J., Trieu, V. H., & Pomini, V. (2005). The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 77(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arkin BasisGGZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands & VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Roos Pot-Kolder

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Wim Veling

  3. Interactive Intelligence Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Willem-Paul Brinkman

  4. Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Mark van der Gaag

Authors
  1. Roos Pot-Kolder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wim Veling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Willem-Paul Brinkman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mark van der Gaag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roos Pot-Kolder .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA

    Albert “Skip” Rizzo

  2. Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada

    Stéphane Bouchard

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pot-Kolder, R., Veling, W., Brinkman, WP., van der Gaag, M. (2019). Virtual Reality and Psychotic Disorders. In: Rizzo, A.“., Bouchard, S. (eds) Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9482-3_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation