Roles in Immune Responses

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Microglia are best known as the mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. As a resident glial cell population, microglia play key roles during the initiation, propagation, and/or resolution of inflammation. Recently, the discovery that microglial cells continuously survey their local CNS environment in vivo improved our understanding of their immune-surveillance properties in health and disease. Microglial interactions with other elements of the immune system and resident cells of the CNS define a fine balance between neuroprotection and irreparable tissue damage. In this chapter we highlight the innate immune properties of microglia, with a focus on events that initiate an inflammatory response within the brain proper including, Toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, cytokines, and chemokines, and their relationship to immune-mediated disease exacerbation or resolution.

Keywords

Microglia Phagocytosis Toll-like receptor Nod-like receptor Inflammasome Chemokine Scavenging Antigen presentation Blood–brain barrier 

Abbreviations

BBB

Blood–brain barrier

CNS

Central nervous system

DAMP

Danger-associated molecular pattern

DC

Dendritic cell

EAE

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

LFA-1

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

MHC

Major histocompatibility complex

MOG

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MPTP

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

MS

Multiple sclerosis

NLR

Nod-like receptor

PAMP

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PLP

Proteolipid protein

SNpc

Substantia nigra pars compacta

TIM

T cell immunoglobulin mucin

TLR

Toll-like receptor

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDuke UniversityDurhamUSA
  2. 2.Department of BiologyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioUSA
  3. 3.Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUSA
  4. 4.Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioUSA

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