Stochastic Processes and Applications pp 181-233 | Cite as
The Langevin Equation
Abstract
In this chapter, we study the Langevin equation and the associated Fokker –Planck equation. In Sect. 6.1, we introduce the equation and study some of the main properties of the corresponding Fokker–Planck equation. In Sect. 6.2 we give an elementary introduction to the theories of hypoellipticity and hypocoercivity. In Sect. 6.3, we calculate the spectrum of the generator and Fokker–Planck operators for the Langevin equation in a harmonic potential. In Sect. 6.4, we study Hermite polynomial expansions of solutions to the Fokker–Planck equation. In Sect. 6.5, we study the overdamped and underdamped limits for the Langevin equation. In Sect. 6.6, we study the problem of Brownian motion in a periodic potential. Bibliographical remarks and exercises can be found in Sects. 6.7 and 6.8, respectively.
References
- [13]R. Balescu. Statistical dynamics. Matter out of equilibrium. Imperial College Press, London, 1997.Google Scholar
- [17]A. Bensoussan, J.-L. Lions, and G. Papanicolaou. Asymptotic analysis for periodic structures, volume 5 of Studies in Mathematics and Its Applications. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.Google Scholar
- [25]N. Bleistein and R. A. Handelsman. Asymptotic expansions of integrals. Dover Publications Inc., New York, second edition, 1986.Google Scholar
- [33]S. Cerrai and M. Freidlin. On the Smoluchowski-Kramers approximation for a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Probab. Theory Related Fields, 135(3):363–394, 2006.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [34]S. Cerrai and M. Freidlin. Smoluchowski-Kramers approximation for a general class of SPDEs. J. Evol. Equ., 6(4):657–689, 2006.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [35]S. Chandrasekhar. Stochastic problems in physics and astronomy. Rev. Mod. Phys., 15(1):1–89, Jan 1943.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [41]S. R. de Groot and P. Mazur. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Interscience, New York, 1962.Google Scholar
- [43]L. Desvillettes and C. Villani. On the trend to global equilibrium in spatially inhomogeneous entropy-dissipating systems: the linear Fokker-Planck equation. Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 54(1):1–42, 2001.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [44]L. Desvillettes and C. Villani. On the trend to global equilibrium for spatially inhomogeneous kinetic systems: the Boltzmann equation. Invent. Math., 159(2):245–316, 2005.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [49]J.-P. Eckmann and M. Hairer. Spectral properties of hypoelliptic operators. Comm. Math. Phys., 235(2):233–253, 2003.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [58]J. C. M. Fok, B. Guo, and T. Tang. Combined Hermite spectral-finite difference method for the Fokker-Planck equation. Math. Comp., 71(240): 1497–1528 (electronic), 2002.Google Scholar
- [61]M. I. Freidlin and A. D. Wentzell. Random perturbations of Hamiltonian systems. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 109(523):viii+82, 1994.Google Scholar
- [62]M. I. Freidlin and A. D. Wentzell. Random perturbations of dynamical systems, volume 260 of Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences]. Springer, Heidelberg, third edition, 2012. Translated from the 1979 Russian original by Joseph Szücs.Google Scholar
- [74]H. Grad. Asymptotic theory of the Boltzmann equation. Phys. Fluids, 6: 147–181, 1963.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [79]M. Hairer and G. A. Pavliotis. From ballistic to diffusive behavior in periodic potentials. J. Stat. Phys., 131(1):175–202, 2008.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [82]P. Hanggi, P. Talkner, and M. Borkovec. Reaction-rate theory: fifty years after Kramers. Rev. Modern Phys., 62(2):251–341, 1990.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [85]B. Helffer and F. Nier. Hypoelliptic estimates and spectral theory for Fokker-Planck operators and Witten Laplacians, volume 1862 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005.Google Scholar
- [86]F. Hérau and F. Nier. Isotropic hypoellipticity and trend to equilibrium for the Fokker-Planck equation with a high-degree potential. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 171(2):151–218, 2004.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [92]L. Hörmander. Hypoelliptic second order differential equations. Acta Math., 119:147–171, 1967.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [108]V. V. Jikov, S. M. Kozlov, and O. A. Oleĭnik. Homogenization of differential operators and integral functionals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [118]T. Komorowski, C. Landim, and S. Olla. Fluctuations in Markov processes, volume 345 of Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences]. Springer, Heidelberg, 2012. Time symmetry and martingale approximation.Google Scholar
- [120]S. M. Kozlov. Effective diffusion for the Fokker-Planck equation. Mat. Zametki, 45(5):19–31, 124, 1989.Google Scholar
- [121]S. M. Kozlov. Geometric aspects of averaging. Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 44(2(266)):79–120, 1989.Google Scholar
- [122]H. A. Kramers. Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions. Physica, 7:284–304, 1940.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [140]S. Lifson and J. L. Jackson. On the self–diffusion of ions in polyelectrolytic solution. J. Chem. Phys, 36:2410, 1962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [164]G. Metafune, D. Pallara, and E. Priola. Spectrum of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators in L p spaces with respect to invariant measures. J. Funct. Anal., 196(1):40–60, 2002.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [165]J. Meyer and J. Schröter. Proper and normal solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation. Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 76(3):193–246, 1981.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [166]J. Meyer and J. Schröter. Comments on the Grad procedure for the Fokker-Planck equation. J. Statist. Phys., 32(1):53–69, 1983.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [171]E. Nelson. Dynamical theories of Brownian motion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1967.MATHGoogle Scholar
- [177]D. Nualart. The Malliavin calculus and related topics. Probability and Its Applications (New York). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 2006.Google Scholar
- [180]M. Ottobre, G. A. Pavliotis, and K. Pravda-Starov. Exponential return to equilibrium for hypoelliptic quadratic systems. J. Funct. Anal., 262(9):4000–4039, 2012.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [183]G. A. Pavliotis and A. Vogiannou. Diffusive transport in periodic potentials: Underdamped dynamics. Fluct. Noise Lett., 8(2):L155–173, 2008.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [184]G. A. Pavliotis. A multiscale approach to Brownian motors. Phys. Lett. A, 344:331–345, 2005.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [185]G. A. Pavliotis and A. M. Stuart. Multiscale methods, volume 53 of Texts in Applied Mathematics. Springer, New York, 2008. Averaging and homogenization.Google Scholar
- [197]P. Reimann, C. Van den Broeck, H. Linke, P. Hänggi, J. M. Rubi, and A. Perez-Madrid. Diffusion in tilted periodic potentials: enhancement, universality and scaling. Phys. Rev. E, 65(3):031104, 2002.Google Scholar
- [198]P. Reimann, C. Van den Broeck, H. Linke, J. M. Rubi, and A. Perez-Madrid. Giant acceleration of free diffusion by use of tilted periodic potentials. Phys. Rev. Let., 87(1):010602, 2001.Google Scholar
- [199]P. Resibois and M. De Leener. Classical Kinetic Theory of Fluids. Wiley, New York, 1977.Google Scholar
- [206]H. Risken. The Fokker-Planck equation, volume 18 of Springer Series in Synergetics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989.Google Scholar
- [210]H. Rodenhausen. Einstein’s relation between diffusion constant and mobility for a diffusion model. J. Statist. Phys., 55(5–6):1065–1088, 1989.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [212]L. C. G. Rogers and D. Williams. Diffusions, Markov processes, and martingales. Vol. 2. Cambridge Mathematical Library. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.Google Scholar
- [215]J. Schröter. The complete Chapman-Enskog procedure for the Fokker-Planck equation. Arch. Rational. Mech. Anal., 66(2):183–199, 1977.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [222]R.B. Sowers. A boundary layer theory for diffusively perturbed transport around a heteroclinic cycle. Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 58(1):30–84, 2005.CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [225]R. L. Stratonovich. Topics in the theory of random noise. Vol. II. Revised English edition. Translated from the Russian by Richard A. Silverman. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 1967.Google Scholar
- [232]G. Teschl. Mathematical methods in quantum mechanics, volume 99 of Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2009. With applications to Schrödinger operators.Google Scholar
- [233]U. M. Titulaer. A systematic solution procedure for the Fokker-Planck equation of a Brownian particle in the high-friction case. Phys. A, 91(3–4): 321–344, 1978.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [237]C. Villani. Hypocoercivity. Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 202(950):iv+141, 2009.Google Scholar
- [242]D. Wycoff and N. L. Balazs. Multiple time scales analysis for the Kramers-Chandrasekhar equation. Phys. A, 146(1–2):175–200, 1987.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [243]D. Wycoff and N. L. Balazs. Multiple time scales analysis for the Kramers-Chandrasekhar equation with a weak magnetic field. Phys. A, 146(1–2): 201–218, 1987.CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [246]R. Zwanzig. Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.MATHGoogle Scholar