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The Impact of Microbiota on Brain and Behavior: Mechanisms & Therapeutic Potential

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Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((MICENDO,volume 817))

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that host-microbe interactions play a key role in maintaining homeostasis. Alterations in gut microbial composition is associated with marked changes in behaviors relevant to mood, pain and cognition, establishing the critical importance of the bi-directional pathway of communication between the microbiota and the brain in health and disease. Dysfunction of the microbiome-brain-gut axis has been implicated in stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. Bacterial colonization of the gut is central to postnatal development and maturation of key systems that have the capacity to influence central nervous system (CNS) programming and signaling, including the immune and endocrine systems. Moreover, there is now expanding evidence for the view that enteric microbiota plays a role in early programming and later response to acute and chronic stress. This view is supported by studies in germ-free mice and in animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic agents or antibiotics. Although communication between gut microbiota and the CNS are not fully elucidated, neural, hormonal, immune and metabolic pathways have been suggested. Thus, the concept of a microbiome-brain-gut axis is emerging, suggesting microbiota-modulating strategies may be a tractable therapeutic approach for developing novel treatments for CNS disorders.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-Hydroxytryptamine

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

ASD:

Autism spectrum disorder

BDNF:

Brain derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

DC:

Dendritic cell

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DSS:

Dextran sodium sulphate

EC:

Enteroendocrine cells

ECC:

Enterochromaffin cells

ENS:

Enteric nervous system

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues

GI:

Gastrointestinal

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

HPA:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

IDO:

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase

NMDAR:

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

SCFA:

Short chain fatty acid

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

TCA:

Tricyclic antidepressant

TDO:

Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

Treg:

The regulatory T cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of NeuroGastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Yuliya E. Borre & Rachel D. Moloney

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Rachel D. Moloney & Timothy G. Dinan

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of NeuroGastroenterology Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Gerard Clarke

  4. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    John F. Cryan

Authors
  1. Yuliya E. Borre
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  2. Rachel D. Moloney
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  3. Gerard Clarke
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  4. Timothy G. Dinan
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  5. John F. Cryan
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Correspondence to John F. Cryan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA

    Mark Lyte

  2. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Cork, Ireland

    John F. Cryan

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Borre, Y.E., Moloney, R.D., Clarke, G., Dinan, T.G., Cryan, J.F. (2014). The Impact of Microbiota on Brain and Behavior: Mechanisms & Therapeutic Potential. In: Lyte, M., Cryan, J. (eds) Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 817. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_17

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