Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to discuss those procedures that explore psychological processes by measuring different physiological variates. Study of brain electrical activity in humans allows the exploration of two fundamental levels of function, a very basic one, which gives information about the functional and anatomical integrity of the nervous system, and a second one, which explores higher cognitive activity. At the first level, it is possible to detect such localized lesions as an epileptogenic focus or functional alterations of the sensory pathways. Here, accumulated knowledge of brain electrical activity is strong enough to have practical clinical applications leading to differential diagnosis and differential treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahn, H. (1977). Electroencephalographic evoked potentials comparisons of normal children with different modes of underachievement. Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.
Ahn, H., Prichep, L., John, E. R., Baird, H., Trepetin, M., & Kaye, H. (1980). Developmental equations reflect brain dysfunctions. Science, 210, 1259–1262.
Aird, R. B., & Gastaut, Y. (1959). Occipital and posterior electroencephalographic rhythms. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 11, 637–656.
Alvarez, A., Valdés, P. & Pascual, R. D. (1987). US EEG developmental equations confirmed for Cuban school children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 67, 330–332.
Alvarez, A., Ricardo, J., Valdés, P. A., & Pascual, R. D. (1985). Clinical evaluation of the xi-alpha model for the EEG: Comparison with broad band spectral features. Neuroscience Branch Technical Report No. NH-O, National Research Center of Cuba. Havana.
Asamow, R. F., & MacCrimmon, D. (1981). Span of apprehension deficits during the post-psychotic stages of schizophrenia: A replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1006–1011.
Bachneff, S. A., & Engelsmann, F. (1983). Correlates of cerebral event-related slow potentials and psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 13, 763–770.
Baribeau-Braun, J., Picton, T. W., & Gosselin, J. I. (1982). Schizophrenia: A neurophysiological evaluation of abnormal information processing. Science, 219, 874–876.
Barnet, A. B., & Lodge, A. (1967). Clicked evoked EEG responses in normal and developmentally retarded infants. Nature, 214, 252–255.
Barnet, A. B., & Ohlrich, E. S. (1971). Evoked response decrement during auditory stimulation in normal and mongoloid infants. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 290–291.
Becker, J., Velasco, M., Harmony, T., Marosi, E., & Landazuri, M. (1987). Electroencephalographic characteristics of children with learning disabilities. Clinical Electroencephalography, 18, 93–101.
Bigum, H. B., Dustman, R. E., & Beck, E. C. (1970). Visual and somatosensory evoked responses from mongoloid and normal children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 28, 576–585.
Broadbent, D. E. (1971). Decision and stress. New York: Academic Press.
Broadbent, D. E. (1977). Levels, hierarchies and the locus of control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 29, 181–201.
Buchsbaum, M., & Wender, P. (1973). Averaged evoked responses in normal and minimally brain dysfunctioned children treated with amphetamine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 764–770.
Callaway, E. (1975). Brain electrical potentials and individual psychological differences. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Callaway, E., Halliday, R., & Naylor, H. (1983). Hyperactive children’s ERP fail to support underarousal and maturational lag theories. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1243–1248.
Celesia, G. G. & Daly, R. F. (1977). Effects of aging on visual evoked responses. Archives Neurology, 44, 403–407.
Chalke, F. C. R., & Ertl, J. (1965). Evoked potentials and intelligence. Life Sciences, 4, 1319–1322.
Cohen, J. (1980). Cerebral evoked potentials in dyslexic children. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Cohen, J., & Breslin, P. W. (1984). Visual evoked responses in dyslexic children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 338–343.
Cohn, R. (1958). On the significance of bioccipital slow wave activity in the electroencephalogram of children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 10, 766–768.
Cohn, R. (1961). Delayed acquisition of reading and writing abilities in children. Archives of Neurology (Chicago), 4, 153–164.
Cohn, R., & Nardini, J. E. (1958). The correlation of bilateral occipital slow activity in the human EEG with certain disorders of behavior. American Journal of Physiology, 115, 44–54.
Conners, C. K. (1971). Cortical visual evoked response in children with learning disorders. Psychophysiology, 7, 418–428.
Courchesne, E. (1977). Event related brain potentials: Comparison between children and adults. Science, 197, 589–592.
Courchesne, E., Lincoln, A., Kilman, B. A., & Galambos, R. (1985). Event-related brain potential correlates of the processing of novel visual and auditory information in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 55–76.
Dainer, K. B., Klorman, R., Salzman, L. F., Hess, D. W., Davidson, P. W., & Michael, R. L. (1981). Learning disordered children’s evoked potentials during sustained attention. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 79–94.
Diaz de León, A. E., Harmony, T., Marosi, E., Landazuri, A. M., Becker, J., & Baiíuelos, E. (1985). EEG frequency analysis in academic underachievers. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 61, S130.
Diaz de Leon, A. E., Harmony, T., Marosi, E., Becker, J., & Alvarez, A. (1988). Effect of different factors on EEG maturation. International Journal of Neurosciences (accepted for publication).
Donald, M. W. (1980). Memory, learning and event-related potentials. In H. H. Kornhuber & L. Deecke (Eds.), Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behavior and clinical use. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Donchin, E., Ritter, W., & McCallum, W. C. (1978). Cognitive psychophysiology: The endogenous components of the ERP. In E. Callaway, P. Tueting, & S. Koslow (Eds.), Event-related brain potentials in man. New York: Academic Press.
Doose, H., Gerken, H., & Völzke, E. (1968). Genetics of centren- cephalic epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia, 9, 107–115.
Eeg-Olofsson, O., Petersen, I., & Selldén, U. (1971). The development of EEG in normal children from the age of 1 to 15 years: Paroxysmal activity. Neuropädiatrie, 4, 375–404.
Fein, G., Galin, D., Yingling, C. D., Johnstone, J., Davenport, L., & Heron, J. (1986). EEG spectra in dyslexic and control boys during resting conditions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 63, 87–97.
Fenelon, B. (1978). Hemispheric effects of stimulus sequence and side of stimulation on slow potentials in children with learning problems. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Finley, W. W., Faux, S. F., Hutcheson. J., & Amstutz, L. (1985). Long latency event-related potentials in the evaluation of cognitive functions in children. Neurology, 35, 323–327.
Friberg, S., Matousek, M., & Petersen, I. (1980). A mathematical model for the age development of the background activity in the human electroencephalogram. Research Laboratory of Medical Electronics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, ISBN 91–7546–011–4.
Fried, I., Tanguay, P. E., Boder, E., Doubleday, C., & Greensite, M. (1981). Developmental dyslexia: Electrophysiological evidence of clinical subgroups. Brain and Language, 12, 1422.
Friedman, D., Brown, C., Comblatt, B., Vaughan, H. G., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1984a). Changes in the late task-related brain potentials during adolescence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 344–352.
Friedman, D., Brown, C., Vaughan, H. G., Comblatt, B., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1984b). Cognitive brain potential components in adolescents. Psychophysiology, 21, 83–96.
Fuller, P. W. (1977). Computer estimated alpha attenuation during problem solving in children with learning disabilities. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 42, 149–166.
Garreau, B., Martineau, J., Barthelemy, C., & Lelord, G. (1984). Electrocortical activity (evoked potentials) and dopamine metabolism (homovanillic acid) in normal and emotionally disturbed children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 353–356.
Gasser, T., Möcks, J., Lenard, H. G., Bächer, P., & Verleger, R. (1983). The EEG of mildly retarded children: Developmental, classificatory and topographic aspects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 131–144.
Gibbs, F. A., Gibbs, E. L., & Lennox, W. G. (1943). Electroencephalographic response to hyperventilation and its relation to age. Journal of Pediatrics, 23, 497–505.
Glanzmann, P., & Froelich, W. D. (1984). Anxiety, stress, and contingent negative variation considered. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 578–583.
Goldman, Z., Sohmer, H., Godfrey, C., & Manheim, A. (1981). Auditory nerve, brainstem and cortical response correlates of learning capacity. Physiology and Behavior, 26, 637–645.
Goodin, D., Squires, K., Henderson, B., & Starr, A. (1978). Age related variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal subjects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44, 447–458.
Greenhill, L. L., Rieder, R. O., Wender, P. H., Buchsbaum, M., & Zahn, T. P. (1973). Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 636–640.
Griffiths, A. D., & Laurence, K. M. (1974). The effect of hypoxia and hypoglycemia in the brain of the newborn infant. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16, 308–319.
Halgren, E., Squires, N. K., Wilson, C. L., Rohrbaugh, J. W., Babb, T. L., & Crandall, P. H. (1980). Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science, 210, 803–805.
Hall, R. A., Griffin, R. B., Moyer, D. L., Hopkins, K. H., & Rappaport, M. (1976). Evoked potential stimulus intensity and drug treatment in hyperkinesis. Psychophysiology, 13, 405–418.
Halliday, R., Callaway, E., & Naylor, H. (1983). Visual evoked potential changes induced by methylphenidate in hyperactive children: Dose/response effects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 258–267.
Halliday, R., Callaway, E., & Rosenthal, J. H. (1984). The visual ERP predicts clinical response to methylphenidate in hyperactive children. Psychophysiology, 21, 114–121.
Hanley, J., & Sklar, B. (1976). Electroencephalographic correlates of developmental reading dyslexias: Computer analysis of recordings from normal and dyslexic children. In G. Leisman (Ed.), Basic visual processes and learning disability. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Hansen, J. C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Endogenous brain potentials associated with selective auditory attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 49, 277–290.
Hansen, J. C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Effects of stimulation rate and attribute cuing on event-related potentials during selective auditory attention. Psychophysiology, 21, 394–405.
Harmony, T. (1984a). Neurometric assessment of brain dysfunction in neurological patients. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Harmony, T. (19846). Neurometria y Maduración Cerebral. Neurologic. Neurocirugla y Psiquiatria, 25, 7–12.
Harmony, T., Alvarez, A., Pascual, R., Ramos, A., Marosi, E., Diaz de León, A. E., Valdés, P., & Becker, J. (1988). EEG maturation on children with different economic and psychosocial characteristics. International Journal of Neurosciences (accepted for publication).
Harmony, T., Becker, J., Marosi, E., Landazuri, A. M., Banuelos, E., Díaz de Leon, A. E., & Hinojosa, G. (1985). EEG, visual evoked responses and brain stem evoked responses in children with risk factors of brain damage. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 61, S128.
Harmony, T., & Díaz de Leon, A. E. (1982). Visual evoked responses in children with learning disorders. Second International Evoked Potential Symposium, Cleveland, Ohio.
Harmony, T., & Díaz de León, A. E. (1983). La variabilidad de los potenciales relacionados a eventos como un sign de disfunción cerebral. Tercer Coloquio Interno de Investigación de la ENEP UNAM, Iztacala, Mexico.
Harmony, T., Marosi, E., Diaz de León, A. E., Becker, J., & Landazuri, A. M. (1984). Estudio de los potenciales evocados visuales en ninos con problemas del aprendizaje. XXIII International Congress of Psychology, Acapulco, Mexico.
Harmony, T., Ricardo, J., Otero, G., Fernaandez, G., & Valdés, P. (1973). Symmetry of the visual evoked potentials in normal subjects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35, 237–240.
Hillyard, S. A., Hink, R. F., Schwent, V. L., & Picton, T. W.
Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science, 182, 177–180.
Hillyard, S. A., & Kutas, M. (1983). Electrophysiology of cog- nitive processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 34. 33–61.
Hillyard, S. A., Picton, T. W., & Regan, D. M. (1978). Sensation, perception and attention: Analysis using ERPs. In E. Callaway, P. Tueting, & S. H. Koslow (Eds.), Event-related potentials in man. New York: Academic Press.
Hiramatsu, K., Kameyama, T., Niwa, S., Saitoh, O., Rymar, K., & Itoh, K. (1983). Schizophrenic deficits in information processing as reflected in event-related potential abnormalities during syllable discrimination tasks. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 13, 63–74.
Hughes, J. R. (1971). Electroencephalography and learning disabilities. In H. R. Myklebust (Ed.), Progress in learning disabilities (Vol. 2 ). New York: Grune & Stratton.
John, E. R., Ahn, H., Prichep, L., Trepetin, M., Brown, D., & Kaye, H. (1980). Developmental equations for the electroencephalogram. Science, 210, 1255–1258.
John, E. R., Prichep, L., Ahn, H., Easton, P., Fridman, J., & Kaye, H. (1983). Neurometric evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions and neurological disorders in children. Progress in Neurobiology, 21, 239–290.
Johnson, R., & Fedio, P. (1984). ERP and P300 activity in patients following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Society Neuroscience Abstracts, 10, 847.
Johnstone, J., Galin, D., Fein, G., Yingling, G., Herron, J., & Marcus, M. (1984). Regional brain activity in dyslexic and control children during reading tasks: Visual probe event related potentials. Brain and Language, 21, 233–254.
Jutai, J. W., Gruzelier, J. H., Connolly, J. F., Manchanda, R., & Hirsch, S. R. (1984). Schizophrenia and spectral analysis of the visual evoked potential. British Journal of Psychiatry. 145, 496–501.
Karrer, R., Warren, C., & Ruth, R. (1978). Slow potentials of the brain preceding cued and noncued movement: Effects of development and mental retardation. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Kellaway, P., & Fox, B. J. (1952). Electroencephalographic diagnosis of cerebral pathology in infants during sleep. I. Rationale, technique and the characteristics of normal sleep in infants. Journal of Pediatrics. 4, 262–287.
Klorman, R., Salzman, L., Bauer, L., Coons, H., Borgstedt, A., & Halpern, W. (1983). Effects of two doses of methylphenidate in cross-situational and borderline hyperactive children’s evoked potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 56, 169–185.
Knight, R. T. (1984). Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 9–20.
Knight, R. T., Hillyard, S. A., Woods, D. L., & Neville, H. J. (1981). The effects of frontal cortex lesions in event-related potentials during auditory selective attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 52, 571–582.
Kok, A., & Rooijakkers, J. A. J. (1985). Comparison of event-related potentials of young children and adults in a visual recognition and word reading task. Psychophysiology, 22, 11–23.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science. 207, 203–205.
Lelord, G., Laffont, F., Jusseaume, P., & Stephant, J. (1973). Comparative study of conditioning of AER by coupling sound and light in normal and autistic children. Psychophysiology. 10, 415–425.
Lezny, L., Provasnik, K., Jirasek, J., & Komarek, L. (1977). The value of EEG, especially of hyperventilation test in learning disabilities. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 19. 263–264.
Loiselle, D. L., Stamm, J. S., Maitinsky, S., & Whipple, S. C. (1980). Evoked potentials and behavioral signs of attentive dysfunctions in hyperactive boys. Psychophysiology, 17, 193–201.
Marczynski, T. J. (1978). Neurochemical mechanisms in the genesis of slow potentials: A review and some clinical implications. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Martineau, J., Garman, B., Barthelemy, C., & Lelord, G. (1984). Evoked potentials and P300 during sensory conditioning in autistic children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 362–369.
Martineau, J., Laffont, F., Bruneau, N., Roux, S., & Lelord, G. (1980). Event-related potentials evoked by sensory stimulation in normal, mentally retarded and autistic children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 48, 140153.
Mason, S. M., & Mellor, D. H. (1984). Brain-stem, middle latency and late cortical evoked potentials in children with speech and language disorders. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 297–309.
Matousek, M., & Petersen, I. (1971). Objective measurement of maturation defects and other EEG abnormalities by means of frequency analysis. V World Congress of Psychiatry, Mexico.
Matousek, M., & Petersen, I. (1973). Frequency analysis of the EEG in normal children and adolescents. In P. Kellaway & I. Petersén (Eds.), Automation of clinical electroencephalography. New York: Raven Press.
Michael, R. L., Klorman, R., Salzman. L. F., Borgstedt, A. D., & Dainer, K. B. (1981). Normalizing effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children’s vigilance performance and evoked potentials. Psychophysiology, 18, 665–671.
Murdoch, B. D. (1974). Changes in the electroencephalogram in minimal cerebral dysfunction: A controlled study over 8 months. South African Medical Journal, 48, 606–610.
Musso, M. F., & Harter, M. R. (1978). Contingent negative variation, evoked potential and psychophysical measures of selective attention in children with learning disabilities. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA-600/9–77043.
Myers, R. E. (1972). Two patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 246–276.
Näätänen, R., & Michie, P. T. (1979). Early selective attention effects on the evoked potential: A critical review and interpretation. Biological Psychology, 8, 81–136.
Netchine, S., & Lairy, G. C. (1975). The EEG and psychology of the child. Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (Vol. 6B ) 69–104.
Neville, H. J., Kutas, M., & Schmidt, A. (1984). Event-related potential studies of cerebral specialization during reading. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 370–376.
Novick, B., Vaughan, H. G., Kurtzberg, D., & Simon, R. (1980). An electrophysiological indication of auditory processing defects in autism. Psychiatric Research, 3, 107–115.
Ornitz, E. M., Tanguay, P. E., Lee, J. C. M., Ritvo, E. R., Sivertsen, B., & Wilson, C. (1972). The effect of stimulus interval on the auditory evoked response during sleep in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 140–150.
Pascual, R. D., Valdés, P., & Alvarez, A. (1985). Multivariate spectral modelling of the EEG: The xi-alpha model. Neuroscience Branch Technical Report No. Nc-001, National Research Center of Cuba, Havana.
Petersen, I., & Eeg-Olofsson, O. (1971). The development of the EEG in normal children from the age of 1 through 15 years: Non-paroxysmal activity. Neuropädiatrie, 3, 277–304.
Petersen, I., Selldén, U., & Eeg-Olofsson, O. (1975). The evolution of the EEG in normal children and adolescents from 1 to 21 years. Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (Vol. 6B ) 31–68.
Preston, M. S., Guthrie, J. T., & Childs, B. (1974). Visual evoked responses in normal and disabled readers. Psychophysiology, 11, 452–457.
Prichep, L., Sutton, S., & Hakerem, G. (1976). Evoked potentials in hyperkinetic and normal children under certainty and uncertainty: A placebo and methylphenidate study. Psychophysiology, 13, 419–428.
Proulx, G. B., & Picton, T. W. (1980). The CNV during cognitive learning and extinction. In H. H. Kornhuber & L. Deecke (Eds.), Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Potentials, behavior, and clinical use. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Reben, C. S., Wexler, B. N., & Sproul, A. (1978). EEG asymmetry in educationally handicapped children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 45, 436–442.
Rhodes, L. E., Dustman, R. E., & Beck, E. C. (1969). The visual evoked response: A comparison of bright and dull children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 27, 364–372.
Rizzo, P. A., Spadoro, M., Albani, G. F., & Morocutti, C. (1984). Contingent negative variation and schizophrenia: A long term follow-up study. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 1719–1724.
Rosenblum, S. M., Arick, J. R., King, D. A., Stubbs, E. G., Young, N. B., & Pelson, R. O. (1980). Auditory brainstem evoked responses in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 215–225.
Roth, W. T., Pfefferbaum, A., Horvath, T. B., Berger, P. A., & Berts, K. (1980). P3 reduction in auditory evoked potentials of schizophrenics. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 49, 497–505.
Rumsey, J. M., Grimes, A. M., Pikus, A. M., Duara, R., & Ismond, D. R. (1984). Auditory brainstem responses in pervasive developmental disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 1403–1418.
Saitoh, O., Niwa, S., Hiramatsu, K., Kameyama, T., Rymar, K., & Itoh, K. (1984). Abnormalities in late positive components of event related potentials may reflect a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 293–303.
Saletu, B., Saletu, M., Simeon, J., Viamontes, G., & Itil, T. M. (1975). Comparative symptomatological and evoked potential studies with d-amphetamine, thioridazine and placebo in hyperkinetic children. Biological Psychiatry, 10, 253–275.
Satterfield, J., & Braley, B. (1977). Evoked potentials and brain maturation in hyperactive and normal children. Psychophysiology, 43, 43–51.
Satterfield, J. H., Schell, A. M., Backs, R. W., & Hidaka, K. C. (1984). A cross sectional and longitudinal study of age effects of electrophysiological measures in hyperactive and normal children. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 973–990.
Shagass, C., Roemer, R. A., Straumanis, J. J., & Josiassen, R. C. (1981). Intelligence as a factor in evoked potential studies of psychopathology. I. Comparison of low and high IQ subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 16, 1007–1029.
Shelburne, S. A. (1973). Visual evoked responses to language stimuli in normal children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 34, 135–143.
Shelburne, S. A. (1978). Visual evoked potentials to language stimuli in children with reading disabilities. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Shucard, D. W., Cummins, K. R., & McGee, M. G. (1984). Event-related brain potentials differentiate normal and disabled readers. Brain and Language, 21, 318–334.
Simon, N. (1975). Echolalic speech in childhood autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1437–1442.
Sklar, B., Hanley, J., & Simmons, W. W. (1973). A computer analysis of EEG spectral signatures from normal and dyslexic children. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 20, 20–26.
Skoff, B. F., Mirsky, A. F., & Turner, D. (1980). Prolonged brainstem transmission time in autism. Psychiatric Research, 2, 157–166.
Small, J. G., De Myer, M. K., & Milstein, V. (1971). CNV responses of autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 215–231.
Sobotka, K. R., & May, J. G. (1977). Visual evoked potentials and reaction time in normal and dyslexic children. Psychophysiology, 14, 18–24.
Sohmer, H., & Student, M. (1978). Auditory nerve and brain stem evoked response in normal, autistic, minimal brain dysfunction and psychomotor retarded children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44, 380–388.
Somjen, G. G. (1978). Contribution of neuroglia to extracellular sustained potential shifts. In D. A. Otto (Ed.), Multidisciplinary perspectives in event–related brain potential research. Washington, DC: EPA–600/9–77–043.
Squires, N., Aine, C., Buchwald, J., Norman, R., & Galbraith, G. (1980). Auditory brain stem response abnormalities in severely and profoundly retarded adults. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 50, 172–185.
Srebro, R. (1985). Localization of visually evoked cortical activity in humans. Journal of Physiology (London), 360, 233–246.
Strandburg, R. J., Marsh, J. T., Brown, W. S., Asarnow, R. F., & Guthrie, D. (1984). Event-related potential concomitants of information processing dysfunction in schizophrenic children. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 57, 236–253.
Sutton, S., Tueting, P., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1967). Information delivery and the sensory evoked potentials. Science, 155, 1436–1439.
Tanguay, P. E., Edwards, R. M., Buchwald, J., Schwafel, J., & Allen, V. (1982). Auditory brainstem evoked responses in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 174–180.
Tecce, J. J., Savignano-Bowman, J., & Meinbresse, D. (1976). Contingent negative variation and the distraction-arousal hypothesis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 41, 277–286.
Timsit-Berthier, M., Mantanus, H., Ansseau, M., Doumont, A., & Legros, J. J. (1983). Methodological problems raised by contingent negative variation interpretation in psychopathological conditions. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 13, 80–92.
Valdés, P., Biscay, R., Pascual, R., Jiménez, J. C., & Alvarez, A. (1985). A quantitative description of the developmental neurometric parameters. Neuroscience Branch Technical Report No. Nc-003, National Research Center of Cuba, Havana.
Van den Bosch, R. J. (1984). Contingent negative variation: Components and scalp distribution in psychiatric patients. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 963–972.
Walter, W. G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C., & Winter, A. L. (1964). Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380–384.
Yingling, C. D., & Hosobuchi, Y. (1984). A subcortical correlate
of P300 in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 72–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harmony, T. (1989). Psychophysiological Evaluation of Children’s Neuropsychological Disorders. In: Reynolds, C.R., Fletcher-Janzen, E. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6807-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6807-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-6809-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-6807-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive