Patterns of Old World Hipparionine Evolutionary Diversification and Biogeographic Extension

  • R. L. Bernor
  • H. Tobien
  • M. O. Woodburne
Chapter
Part of the NATO ASI Series book series (NSSA, volume 180)

Abstract

Hipparionine horses have long been united evolutionarily by the presence of three toes per digit, having high crowned cheek teeth with cement, and isolated proto-cones on upper cheek teeth (Christol, 1832). Geochronologically they have further been recognized as the preeminent large mammal “index” fossils for late Neogene Old World deposits. Their abundance in later Neogene mammal faunas has prompted the production of a staggering body of systematic and interpretive literature during the last 150 years. In the last 40 years there has been an increasing number of attempts to reorganize parts of Old World hipparionine systematics by regional studies of variable scope including Europe in general (Pirlot, 1956); western Europe (Rhône Valley: Sondaar, 1974; Spain: Alberdi, 1974); eastern Europe, western U.S.S.R. and North Asia (Gromova, 1952; Gabunja, 1959; Zhegallo, 1971, 1978); Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia (Woodburne and Bernor, 1980); southwest Asia (Bernor, 1985a); China (Qiu et al., 1987; Bernor et al., in press); the Indian Subcontinent (Hussain, 1971; MacFadden and Woodburne, 1982; Bernor and Hussain, 1985); and Africa (Boné and Singer, 1965; Churcher and Richardson, 1978). Extensive interregional comparisons of Old World hipparionines have been provided by Gromova (1952) and Forstén (1968).

Keywords

Late Miocene Cheek Tooth Bivariate Plot Vienna Basin Infraorbital Foramen 
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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1990

Authors and Affiliations

  • R. L. Bernor
    • 1
    • 2
  • H. Tobien
    • 3
  • M. O. Woodburne
    • 4
  1. 1.College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy Laboratory of PaleobiologyHoward UniversityUSA
  2. 2.Department of Paleobiology Smithsonian InstitutionMuseum of Natural HistoryUSA
  3. 3.Institut für Geowissenschaften FB 22Johannes Gutenberg UniversitätMainzWest Germany
  4. 4.Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

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