Surface Modification of Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemical, Biological, and Surface Analytical Challenges

  • Buddy D. Ratner
Chapter

Abstract

Synthetic polymers are widely used in contact with biological systems. Applications in medicine, biotechnology, food processing and natural water environments are common. Millions of medical devices comprised of synthetic materials (biomaterials) are used in humans each year (Table 1). These medical devices can be designed, synthesized, and fabricated to have appropriate mechanical properties, durability, and functionality. Examples are a knee prosthesis that should withstand high localized mechanical stresses, a blood oxygenator membrane that should have the requisite permeability characteristics, and the leaflets in a heart valve that should flex for millions of cycles without failure. The bulk structure of the materials governs these properties. Biological responses to biomaterials, on the other hand, are dominated by their surface chemistry and structure. Thus, the rationale for the surface modification of biomaterials is straightforward: retain the key physical properties while modifying only the outermost surface to influence biointeraction. If surface modification is properly effected, the bulk mechanical properties and functionality of the medical device will be unchanged, but the biological performance will be improved. Improvements in certain important surface physical properties such as lubricity are also readily achieved by surface modification.

Keywords

Surface Modification Blood Compatibility Biomaterial Surface Modify Surface Layer Biomolecule Immobilization 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Williams, DF (Ed.) (1987): Definitions in Biomaterials. Progress in Biomedical Engineering, 4. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Tang, LP; Eaton, JW (1995): Inflammatory responses to biomaterials. Am. J. Clin. Path. 103, 466–471.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Ratner, BD; Hoffman, AS; Lemons, JE and Schoen, FJ (1996): Biomaterials Science - An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Anderson, JM (1988): Perspectives on in vivo testing of biomaterials, prostheses, and artificial organs. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7 (4), 469–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Hench, LL; Ethridge, EC (1982): Biomaterials: An Interfacial Approach. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Plate, NA; Valuev, LI (1986): Heparin-containing polymeric materials. Advances in Polymer Science 79, 95–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Hoffman, AS; Schmer, G; Harris, C; Kraft, WG (1972): Covalent binding of biomolecules to radiation-grafted hydrogels on inert polymer surfaces. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs 18, 10–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Hoffman, AS; Ratner, BD; Garfinkle, AM; Reynolds, LO; Horbett, TA; Hanson, SR (1985): The small diameter vascular graft–a biomaterials challenge. In: Polymers in Medicine II–Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. (Eds: Chiellini, E; Giusti, P; Migliaresi, C; Nicolais, L) Plenum Press, New York, 157–173Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Engbers, GH; Feijen, J (1991): Current techniques to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterial surfaces. Int. J. Artif. Org. 14 (4), 199–215.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Bamford, CH; Al-Lamee, KG (1992): Chemical Methods for improving the haemocompatibility of synthetic polymers. Clinical Materials 10, 243–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Ertel, SI; Ratner, BD; Horbett, TA (1990): Radio-frequency plasma deposition of oxygen-containing films on polystyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates improves endothelial cell growth. J. Biomed.Mater. Res. 24 (12), 1637–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Schamberger, PC; Gardella, JA (1994): Surface chemical modifications of materials which influence animal cell adhesion–a review. Coll. Surf. B: Biointerfaces 2, 209–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Tengvall, P; Lestelius, M; Liedberg, B; Lundstrom, I (1992): Plasma protein and antisera interactions with L-cysteine and 3-mercaptoproprionic acid monolayers on gold surfaces. Langmuir 8 (5), 1236–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Wesslen, B; Kober, M; Freij-Larsson, C; Ljungh, A; Paulsson, M (1994): Protein adsorption of poly(ether urethane) surfaces modified by amphiphilic and hydrophilic polymers. Biomaterials 15 (4), 278–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Wu, S (1982): Polymer Interface and Adhesion. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Fowkes, FM (1989): Acid-base interactions. In: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering. Supplement. (Eds: Mark, HF; Bikales, NM; Overberger, CG; Menges, G; Kroschwitz, JI) John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1–11.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Ratner, BD; Yoon, SC (1988): Polyurethane surfaces: Solvent and temperature induced structural rearrangements. In: Polymer Surface Dynamics. (Ed: Andrade, JD) Plenum Press, New York, 137–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Garbassi, F; Morra, M; Occhiello, E; Barino, L; Scordamaglia, R (1989): Dynamics of macromolecules: a challenge for surface analysis. Surf Interface Anal. 14, 585–589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Somorjai, GA (1990): Modern concepts in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis. J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1013–1023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Somorjai, GA (1991): The flexible surface. Correlation between reactivity and restructuring ability. Langmuir 7 (12), 3176–3182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Huang, J; Hemminger, JC (1993): Photooxidation of thiols in self-assembled monolayers on gold. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 3342–3343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Griesser, HJ; Chatelier, RC (1990): Surface characterization of plasma polymers from amine, amide and alcohol monomers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 46, 361–384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Ratner, BD (1993): Plasma depostion of organic thin films-control of film chemistry. ACS Polym. Prepr. 34(1), 643. (644)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Lopez, GP; Ratner, BD (1992): Substrate temperature effects on film chemistry in plasma deposition of organics. II: Polymerizable precursors. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 30, 2415–2425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Ferguson, GS; Chaudhury, MK; Biebuyck, HS; Whitesides, GM (1993): Monolayers on disordered substrates: self-assembly of Alkyltrichlorosilanes on surface-modified polyethylene and poly(dimethylsiloxane). Macromolecules 26, 5870–5875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Sun, F; Grainger, DW; Castner, DG (1994): Ultrathin self-assembled polymeric films on solid surfaces. III. Influence of acrylate dithioalkyl side chain length on polymeric monolayer formation on gold. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12 (4), 2499–2506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Ratner, BD (1993): Characterization of biomaterial surfaces. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2 Suppl.(3), 87S - 1005Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Lewis, KB; Ratner, BD (1993): Observation of surface restructuring of polymers using ESCA. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 158, 77–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Chilkoti, A; Ratner, BD (1993): Chemical derivatization methods for enhancing the analytical capabilities of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static secondary ion mass spectrometry. In: Surface Characterization of Advanced Polymers. (Eds: Sabbatini, L; Zambonin, PG) VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 221–256Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Chilkoti, A; Ratner, BD; Briggs, D (1993): Static secondary ion mass spectrometric investigation of the surface chemistry of organic plasma-deposited films created from oxygen-containing precursors. 3. Multivariate statistical modeling. Anal. Chem. 65, 1736–1745CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Golander, CG; Pitt, WG (1990): Characterization of hydrophobicity gradients prepared by means of radio frequency plasma discharge. Biomaterials 11, 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Liedberg, B; Tengvall, P (1995): Molecular gradients of co-substituted alkanethiols on gold: preparation and characterization. Langmuir 11, 3821–3827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Singhvi, R; Kumar, A; Lopez, GP; Stephanopoulos, GN; Wang, DIC; Whitesides, GM; Ingber, DE (1994): Engineering cell shape and function. Science 264, 696–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Okano, T; Suzuki, K; Yui, N; Sakurai, Y; Nakahama, S (1993): Prevention of changes in platelet cytoplasmic free calcium levels by interaction with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/styrene block copolymer surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27, 1519–1525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    von Recum, AF; van Kooten, TG (1995): The influence of micro-topography on cellular response and the implications for silicone implants. J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer. Edn. 7 (2), 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Stenger, DA; Georger, JH; Dulcey, CS; Hickman, JJ; Rudolph, AS; Nielsen, TB; McCort, SM; Calvert, JM (1992): Coplanar molecular assemblies of amino-and perfluorinated alkylsilanes: characterization and geometric definition of mammalian cell adhesion and growth. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (22), 8435–8442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Matsuda, T; Sugawara, T; Inoue, K (1992): Two-dimensional cell manipulation technology. An artificial neural circuit based on surface microphotoprocessing. ASAIO J. 38, M243 - M247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Kaiser, R; Hunkapiller, T; Hood, L (1991): Light on molecular recognition. Nature 350, 656–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    van den Berg, A; Bergveld, P (eds.)(1995) Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings of the IsTAS ‘84 Workshop, held at MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands, 21–22 November 1994, Kluwer Academic Publishers, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Kumar, A; Biebuyck, HA; Whitesides, GM (1994): Patterning self-assembled monolayers: applications in materials science. Langmuir 10 (5), 1498–1511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Pritchard, DJ; Morgan, H; Cooper, JM (1995): Patterning and regeneration of surfaces with antibodies. Anal. Chem. 67 (19), 3605–3607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Rozsnyai, LF; Wrighton, MS (1995): Selective deposition of conducting polymers via monolayer photopatterning. Langmuir 11 (10), 3913–3920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Lom, B; Healy, KE; Hockberger, PE (1993): A versatile technique for patterning biomolecules onto glass coverslips. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 50, 385–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Ranieri, JP; Bellamkonda, R; Jacob, J; Vargo, TG; Gardella, JA; Aebischer, P (1993): Selective neuronal cell attachment to a covalently patterned monoamine on fluorinated ethylene propylene films. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27, 917–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Bhatia, SK; Hickman, JJ; Ligler, FS (1992): New approach to producing patterned biomolecular assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 4432–4433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Ratner, BD (1993): The blood compatibility catastrophe. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27, 283–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Ratner, BD (1993): New ideas in biomaterials science–a path to engineered biomaterials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27, 837–850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Ratner, BD (1996): The engineering of biomaterials exhibiting recognition and specificity. J. Mol. Recognition, in pressGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Piglowski, J; Gancarz, I; Staniszewska-Kus, J; Paluch, D; Szymonowicz, M; Konieczny, A (1994): Influence of plasma modification on biological properties of poly(ethyleneterephthalate). Biomaterials 15 (11), 909–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Johansson, CB; Albrektsson, T; Ericson, LE; Thomsen, P (1992): A quanitative comparison of the cell response to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6A1–4V implants in the abdominal wall of rats. J. Mat. Sci.: Mat. Med. 3, 126–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Tidwell, CD; Ertel, SI; Ratner, BD; Tarasevich, B; Atre, S; Allara, D (1996): Endothelial cell growth and protein adsorption on terminally functionalized, self assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold. Langmuir (submitted)Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Jozefonvicz, J; Jozefowicz, M (1990): Review: Interactions of biospecific functional polymers with blood proteins and cells. Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition 1 (3), 147–165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Mallik, S; Plunkett, SD; Dhal, PK; Johnson, RD; Pack, D; Shnek, D; Arnold, FH (1994): Towards materials for the specific recognition and separation ofproteins. New J. Chem. 18, 299–304Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Massia, SP; Hubbell, JA (1988): Covalently attached GRGD on polymer surfaces promotes biospecific adhesion of mammalian cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 589, 261–270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Brauker, JH; Carr-Brendel, VE; Martinson, LA; Crudele, J; Johnston, WD; Johnson, RC (1995): Neovascularization of synthetic membranes directed by membrane microarchitecture. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 29, 1517–1524CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1996

Authors and Affiliations

  • Buddy D. Ratner
    • 1
  1. 1.Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUSA

Personalised recommendations