Abstract
Differential emotions theory (DET) packs the infant. Infants gain possession of a limited set of discrete emotions in the first months of life, and these emotions are organized as a modular system with a high degree of independent functioning. The number of emotions, their expressive signatures, and their links to one another undergo remarkable change over time, to be sure, as do system organization and articulation. The core processes in emotional development, however, consist of the construction and consolidation of affective—cognitive structures, which mediate intersystem coordination of the emotions, cognitive, and motor systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abe, J. A., Takahashi, M., Putnam, P. H., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Developmental changes in 13- to 18month-old infants’ expressive behavior and their implications for socioemotional competence in toddlerhood and early preschool years. Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Aggleton, J. P., & Mishkin, M. (1986). The amygdala in emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 3, pp. 281–299 ). San Diego: Academic Press.
Alpern, L., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (1993). Preschool children at social risk. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 29–48.
Balaban, M. T. (1995). Affective influences on startle in five-month-old infants: Reactions to facial expressions of emotion. Child Development, 66, 28–36.
Barrett, K. C., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development II: A functionalist approach to emotions. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 555–578 ). New York: Wiley.
Blumberg, S. H., & Izard, C. E. (1985). Affective and cognitive characteristics of depression in 10- and 11-year-old children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 194–202.
Blumberg, S. H., & Izard, C. E. (1986). Discriminating patterns of emotions in 10- and 11-year-old children’s anxiety and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 852–857.
Blumberg, S. H., & Izard, C. E. (1991). Patterns of emotion experiences as predictors of facial expression of emotion. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37, 183–197.
Brown, J. R., & Dunn, J. (1992). Talk with your mother or sibling? Developmental changes in early family conversations about feelings. Child Development, 63, 336–349.
Campbell, S. B., Cohn, J. F., Flanagan, C., Popper, S., Meyers, T. (1992). Course and correlates of postpartum depression during the transition to parenthood. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 29–48.
Campbell, S. B., Pierce, E. W., March, C. L., & Ewing, L. J. (1991). Noncompliant behavior, overactivity, and family stresses as predictors of negative maternal control with preschool children. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 175–190.
Campbell, S. B., Pierce, E. W., March, C. L., Ewing, L. J., & Szumowski, E. K. (1994). Hard-tomanage preschool boys: Symptomatic behavior across contexts and time. Child Development, 65, 836–851.
Campos, J. J. ( 1994, Spring). The new functionalism in emotion. SRCD Newsletter, pp. 9–11.
Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 284–303. (1, Serial No. 240).
Camras, L. A. (1992). Expressive development and basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 269–283.
Cermele, J. A., Ackerman, B. P., Morris, A., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Children’s understanding of the relation between emotion evidence and emotion experiences. Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Cicchetti, D. (1990). The organization and coherence of socioemotional, cognitive, and representational development: Illustrations through a developmental psychopathology perspective on Down syndrome and child maltreatment. In R. Thompson (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 36. Socioemotional development (pp. 259–366 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Cicchetti, D. (1991). Fractures in the crystal: Developmental psychopathology and the emergence of self. Developmental Review, 11, 271–287.
Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 353–375.
Denham, S. A., McKinley, M., Couchoud, E. A., & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and behavioral predictors of preschool peer ratings. Child Development, 61, 1145–1152.
Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. (1983). Emotion, attention and temperament. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition and behavior (pp. 132–166 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Duclos, S. E., Laird, J. D., Schneider, E., Sexter, M., Stern, L., & Van Lighten, 0. (1989). Emotion-specific effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 100–108.
Dunn, J., Brown, J., & Beardsall, L. (1991). Family talk about feeling states and children’s later understanding of others’ emotions. Developmental Psychology, 27, 448–455.
Dweck, C. A. (1991). Self-theories and goals: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 38: Perspectives on motivation (pp. 199–234 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bernzweig, J., Karbon, M., Poulin, R., & Hanish, L. (1993). The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers’ social skills and sociometric status. Child Development, 64, 1418–1438.
Ekman, P. (1972). Universality and cultural differences in facial expressions. In J. R. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp. 207–283 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Bernzweig, J., Speer, A. L., & Carlo, G. (1994). Socialization of children’s vicarious emotional responding and prosocial behavior: Relations with mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 30, 44–55.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., & Switzer, G. (1994). The relations of children’s emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1678–1693.
Fernald, A. (1992). Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals: An evolutionary perspective. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 391–428 ). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gandour, M. J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament in toddlers. Child Development, 60, 1092–1098.
Garner, P. W., Jones, D. C., & Miner, J. L. (1994). Social competence among low-income preschoolers: Emotion socialization practices and social cognitive correlates. Child Development, 65, 622–637.
Gunnar, M. R., Porter, F. L., Wolf, C. M., Rigatuso, J., & Larson, M. C. (1995). Neonatal stress reactivity: Predictions to later emotional temperament. Child Development, 66, 1–13.
Harris, P. L. (1994). The child’s understanding of emotion: Developmental change and the family environment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 3–28.
Harris, P. L., Johnson, C. N., Hutton, D., Andrews, G., & Cooke, T. (1989). Young children’s theory of mind and emotion. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Development of emotion-cognition relations, 3, 379–400.
Haviland, J. J., & Lelwica, M. (1987). The induced affect response: 10-week-old infants’ responses to three emotion expressions. Developmental Psychology, 23, 97–104.
Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions. San Diego: Academic Press.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. (1979). Emotions as motivations: An evolutionary-developmental perspective. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 26, pp. 163–200 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99, 561–565.
Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68–90.
Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. ( 1995, Winter). What’s new in the new functionalism? What’s missing? SRCD Newsletter, pp. 1–2, 8, 10.
Izard, C. E., Dougherty, L. M., & Hembree, E. A. (1983). A system for identifying affect expressions by holistic judgments (Affex). Newark: University of Delaware, Computer Network Services and University Media Services.
Izard, C. E., Fantauzzo, C. A., Castle, J. M., Haynes, O. M., Rayias, M. F., & Putnam, P. H. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first nine months of life., 31, 997–1013.
Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A., Dougherty, L. M., & Spizzirri, C. C. (1983). Changes in facial expressions of 2- to 19-month-old infants following acute pain. Developmental Psychology, 19, 418–426.
Izard, C. E., & Harris, P. (1995). Emotional development and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of developmental psychopathology: Vol.1. Theory and methods (pp. 467–503 ). New York: Wiley.
Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A., & Huebner, R. R. (1987). Infants’ emotion expressions to acute pain: Developmental change and stability of individual differences. Developmental Psychology, 23, 105–113.
Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development ( 2nd ed., pp. 494–554 ). New York: Wiley Interscience.
Izard, C. E., & Youngstrom, E. A. (1996). The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Jacobs, W. J., & Nadel, L. (1985). Stress-induced recovery of fears and phobias. Psychological Review, 92, 512–531.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Clarke, C., Snidman, N., & Garcia-Coll, C. (1984). Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 55, 2212–2225.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459–1473.
Kobak, R., & Cole, H. (1994). Attachment and metamonitoring: Implications for adolescent autonomy and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 5. Disorders and dysfunctions of the self (pp. 267–298 ). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Langsdorf, P., Izard, C. E., Rayias, M., & Hembree, E. A. (1983). Interest expression, visual fixation, and heart rate changes in 2- to 8-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 19, 375–386.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 352–367.
LeDoux, J. E. (1987). Emotion. In F. Plum (Ed.), Handbook of physiology, Section 1. The nervous system: Higher functions of the brain (pp. 419–459 ). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Brain systems and emotion memory. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (Vol. 2, pp. 23–29 ). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Lewis, M., & Michalson, L. (1983). Children’s emotions and moods: Developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum Press.
Mangelsdorf, S., Gunnar, M., Kestenbaum, R., Lang, S., & Andreas, D. (1990). Infant proneness-todistress temperament, maternal personality, and mother-infant attachment. Child Development, 61, 820–831.
Matias, R., & Cohn, J. F. (1993). Are Max-specified infant facial expressions during face-to-face interaction consistent with differential emotions theory? Developmental Psychology, 29, 524–531.
Nelson, K. (1986). Event knowledge: Structure and function in development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Oster, H., Hegley, D., & Nagel, L. (1992). Adult judgments and fine-grained analysis of infant facial expressions: Testing the validity of a priori coding formulas. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1115–1131.
Peng, C., Johnson, C. N., Pollock, L. J., Glasspool, E., & Harris, P. L. (1992). Training young children to acknowledge mixed emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 387–401.
Reznick, J. S., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Gersten, N., Baak, K., & Rosenberg, A. (1986). Inhibited and uninhibited behavior: A follow-up study. Child Development, 51, 660–680.
Riskind, J. H. (1984). They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 479–493.
Sacks, O. (1995). An anthropologist on Mars: Seven paradoxical tales. New York: Knopf.
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Barrett, L. C., & Krafchuk, E. (1994). Infant temperament measured by multiple observations and mother report. Child Development, 65, 1428–1490.
Smiley, P. A., & Dweck, C. S. (1994). Individual differences in achievement goals among young children. Child Development, 65, 1723–1743.
Smith, C. A, & Scott, H. S. (1996). A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 229–254 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stifter, C., & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26, 582–588.
Strassberg, Z., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. S. (1994). Spanking in the home and children’s subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 445–462.
Termine, N. T., & Izard, C. E. (1988). Infants’ responses to their mothers’ expressions of joy and sadness. Developmental Psychology, 24, 223–229.
Tronick, E., Ricks, M., & Cohn, J. (1982). Maternal and infant affective exchange: Patterns of adaptation. In T. Field, & A. Fogel (Eds.), Emotion and early interaction (pp. 83–100 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253–265.
Van der Kolk, B. A., & Van der Hart, 0. (1994). The intrusive past: The flexibility of memory and engraving of trauma. American Imago, 48, 425–454.
Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1994). Beyond the face: An empirical study of infant affective configurations of facial, vocal, gestural, and regulatory behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1503–1515.
Weiss, B., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1992). Some consequences of early harsh discipline. Child Development, 63, 1321–1335.
Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child’s theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Werner, H. (1948). The comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ackerman, B.P., Abe, J.A.A., Izard, C.E. (1998). Differential Emotions Theory and Emotional Development. In: Mascolo, M.F., Griffin, S. (eds) What Develops in Emotional Development?. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1941-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1939-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive