The Role of Oxidative Processes and Metal Ions in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Chapter
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with the slow progressive development of physiologic deficits accompanied by a subtle degree of cognitive involvement. A host of reviews summarizing the major biochemical changes associated with aging have been published over the last few years (Kehrer and Lund, 1994; Shigenaga and Ames, 1994; Ames et al., 1993; Beal, 1993; Stadtman, 1992; Mooradian and Wong, 1991). Comprehensive lists of the panoply of age-related changes seen in man may be found in the CRC Handbook of Biochemistry in Aging (Florini, 1981) and the CRC Handbook of Physiology in Aging (Masoro, 1981).
Keywords
Alzheimer Disease Cytochrome Oxidase Amyloid Precursor Protein Neurofibrillary Tangle Senile Plaque
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Abdel-Ghany, M., El-Sabae, A. K., and Shalloway, D., 1993, Aluminum-induced nonenzymic phospho-incorporation into human tau and other proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 268:11976–11981.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Adams, J. D., Jr., Kaidman, L. K., Odunze, I. N., Shen, H. C., and Miller, C. A., 1991, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Brain levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and vitamin E, Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 14:213–226.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Agnoli, A., Fabbrini, G., Fioravanti, M., and Marucci, N., 1992, CBF and cognitive evaluation of Alzheimer type patients before and after IMAO-B treatment: A pilot study, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2:31–35.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ahlskog, J. E., Uitti, R. J., Low, P. A., Tyce, G. M., Nickander, K. K., Petersen, R. C., and Kokmen, E., 1995, No evidence for systemic oxidant stress in Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease, Mov. Dis. 10:566–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alberts, M. J., Ioannu, P., Deucher, R., Gilbert, J., Lee, J., Middleton, L., Roses, A. D., 1992, Isolation of a cytochrome oxidase gene overexpressed secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein, J. Neurochem. 64:307–315.Google Scholar
- Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., and Hagen, T. M., 1993, Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90:7915–7922.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Anderson, A. J., Cummings, B. J., and Cotman, C. W., 1994, Increased immunoreactivity for jun- and fos-related proteins in Alzheimer’s disease: Association with pathology, Exp. Neurol 125:286–295.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Andorn, A. C., Britton, R. S., and Bacon, B. R., 1990, Evidence that lipid peroxidation and total iron are increased in Alzheimer’s brain, Neurobiol. Aging 1:316.Google Scholar
- Ankarcrona, M., Dypbukt, J. M., Bonfoco, E., Zhivotovsky, B., Orrenius, S., Lipton, S. A., and Nicotera, P., 1995, Glutamate-induced neuronal death: A succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function, Neuron 15:961–973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Anneren, G., Gardner, A., and Lundin, T., 1986, Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease/senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type, Acta. Neurol. Scand. 73:586–589.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arispe, N., Rojas, E., and Pollard, H. B., 1993, Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: Blockade by tomethamine and aluminum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:567–571.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arnheim, N., and Cortopassi, G., 1992, Deleterious mitochondrial DNA mutations accumulate in aging human tissues, Mutat. Res. 275:157–167.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Asano, K., Amagase, S., Matsura, E. T., and Yamagishi, H., 1991, Changes in the rat liver mitochondrial DNA upon aging, Mech. Ageing Dev. 60:275–284.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Balzacs, L., and Leon, M., 1994, Evidence of an oxidative challenge in the Alzheimer’s brain, Neurochem. Res. 19:1131–1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beal, M. F., 1993, Neurochemical aspects of aging in primates, Neurobiol Aging 14:707–709.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beal, M. F., 1994, Energy, oxidative damage, and Alzheimer’s disease: Clues to the underlying puzzle, Neurobiol. Aging 15:171–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beal, M. F., 1995, Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, Ann. Neurol. 38:357–366.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Behl, C., Davis, J. B., Klier, F. G., and Schubert, D., 1994a, Amyloid beta peptide induces necrosis rather than apoptosis, Brain Res. 645:253–264.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Behl, C., Davis, J. B., Lesley, R., and Schubert, D., 1994b, Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity, Cell 77:817–827.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bennett, M. C., Diamond, D. M., Stryker, S. L., Parks, J. K., and Parker, W. D. Jr., 1992, Cytocyhrome oxidase inhibition: A novel animal model of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Geriatr. Psych. Neurol. 5:93–101.Google Scholar
- Bittles, A. H., 1992, Evidence for and against the causal involvement of mitochondrial DNA mutation in mammalian ageing, Mutat. Res. 275:217–225.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bodovitz, S., Dalduto, M. T., Frail, D. E., and Klein, W. L., 1995, Iron levels modulate alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein, J. Neurochem. 64:307–315.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boffoli, D., Scacco, S. C., Vergari, R., Solaruno, G., Santancroce, G., Papa, S., 1994, Decline with age of the respiratory chain activity in human skeletal muscle, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1226:73–82.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bonfoco, E., Drainic, D., Ankarcrona, M., Nicotera, P., and Lipton, S. A., 1995, Apoptosis and necrosis: Two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92:7162–7166.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bourgeron, T., Rustin, P., Chretien, D., Birch-machin, M., Bourgeois, M., Viegas-Pequignot, E., Munnich, A., and Rotig, A., 1995, Mutation of a nuclear succinate dehydrogenase gene results in mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, Nature Genet. 11:144–149.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bowling, A. C., and Beal, M. F., 1994, Aging, energy and Alzheimer’s disease, in: Amyloid Protein Precursor in Development, Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease (C. L. Masters, K. Beyreuther, M. Trillet, and Y. Christen, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 216–227.Google Scholar
- Bowling, A. C., and Beal, M. F., 1995, Bioenergetic and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, Life Sci. 56:1151–1171.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bowling, A. C., Mutisya, E., Walker, L. C., Price, D. L., Cork, L. C., and Beal, M. F., 1993, Age-dependent impairment of mitochondrial function in primate brain, J. Neurochem. 60:1964–1967.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bray, T. M., and Bettger, W. J., 1990, The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 8:281–291.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brookes, A. J., and St. Clair, D., 1994, Synuclein proteins and Alzheimer’s disease, Trends Neurosci. 17:404–405.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, G. G., Levine, S. R., Gorell, J. M., Pettegrew, J. W., Gdowski, J. W., Bueri, J. A., Helpern, J. A., and Welch, K. M., 1989, In vivo 3 IP NMR profiles of Alzheimer’s disease and multiple subcortical infarct dementia, Neurology 39:1423–1427.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown, M. D., Shoffner, J. M., Kim, Y. L., Jun, A. S., Graham, B. H., Cabell, M. F., Buley, D. S., and Wallace, D. C., 1996, Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of four Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease patients, Am. J. Med. Genet. 61:283–289.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Busciglio, J., and Yankner, B. A., 1995, Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down’s syndrome neurons in vitro, Nature 378:776–779.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burnet, F. M., 1981, A possible role of zinc in the pathology of dementia, Lancet i: 186–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bush, A. I., Multhaup, G., Moir, R. D., Williamson, T. G., Small, D. H., Rumble, B., Pollwein, P., Beyreuther, K., and Masters, C. L., 1993, A novel zinc(II) binding site modulates the function of the ßA4 amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Biol. Chem. 268:16109–16112.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bush, A. I., Pettingell, W. H., Multhaup, G., Paradis, M., Vonsattel, J.-P, Gusella, J. F., Beyreuther, K., Masters, C. L., and Tanzi, R. E., 1994a, Rapid induction of Alzheimer Aß formation by zinc, Science 265:1464–1467.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bush, A. I., Pettingell, W. H., Paradis, M. D., and Tanzi, R. E., 1994b, Modulation of Aß adhesiveness and secretase site cleavage by zinc, J. Biol. Chem. 269:12152–12158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bush, A. I., Moir, R. D., Rosenkranz, K. M., and Ranzi, R. E., 1995, Zinc and Alzheimer’s disease, Science 268:1921–1922.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Butterfield, D. A., Hensley, K., Harris, M., Mattson, M., and Carney, J., 1994, β-amyloid peptide free radical fragments initiate synaptosomal lipoperoxidation in a sequence-specific fashion: Implications to Alzheimer’s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 200:710–715.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Butterworth, R. F., and Besnard, A. M., 1990, Thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Metab. Brain Dis. 5:179–184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Candy, J. M., Oakley, A. E., Klinowski, J., Carpenter, R. A., Perry, R. H., Atack, J. R., Perry, E. K., Blessed, G., Fairbairn, A., and Edwardson, J. A., 1986, Aluminosilicates and senile plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet i:354–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carney, J. M., Starke-Reed, P. E., Oliver, C. N., Landum, R. W., Cheng, J. M., Wu, J. F., and Floyed, R. A., 1991, Reversal of age-related increase in brain-protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3833–3636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carney, J. M., and Carney, A. M., 1994, Role of protein oxidation in aging and in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, Life Sci. 55:2097–2103.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ceballos-Picot, I., Merad-Boudia, M., Nicole, A., Thevenin, M., Hellier, G., Legrain, S., and Berr, C., 1996, Peripheral antioxidant enzyme activities and selenium in elderly subjects and in dementia of Alzheimer’s type-place of the extracellular glutathione peroxidase, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20:579–587.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cerammi, A., 1985, Hypothesis: Glucose as a mediator of aging, J. Am. Geri. Soc. 33:626–634.Google Scholar
- Chafi, A. H., Haw, J.-J., Rancurel, G., Berry, J.-P, and Galle, C., 1991, Absence of aluminum in Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue: Electron probe and ion microprobe studies, Neuroscience Lett. 123:61–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chan, S., and Gerson, B., 1990, Technical aspects of quantification of aluminum, Clin. Lab. Med. 10:423–433.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chandrasekaran, K., Stoll, J., Rapoport, S. I., and Brady, D. R., 1992, Localization of cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity and COX mRNA in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the monkey brain: correlation with specific neuronal pathway, Brain Res. 579:333–336.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chandrasekaran, K., Giordano, R., Brady, D. R., Stoll, J., Martin, L. J., and Rapoport, S. I., 1994, Impairment in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene expression in Alzheimer disease, Mol. Br. Res. 24:336–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chazot, G., and Broussolle, E., 1993, Alterations in trace elements during brain aging and in Alzheimer’s dementia, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 380:269–281.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chen, L., Richardson, J. S., Caldwell, J. E., and Ang, L. C., 1994, Regional brain activity of free radical defense enzymes in autopsy samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and from nondemented controls, Intern. J. Neuroscience 75:83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connor, J. R., Menzies, S. L., St. Marin, S. M., and Mufson, E. J., 1992a, A histochemical study of iron, transferrin, and ferritin in Alzheimer’s diseased brains, J. Neurosci. Res. 31:75–83.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connor, J. R., Snyder, B. S., Beard, J. L., Fine, R. E., and Mufson, E. J., 1992b, The regional distribution of iron in aging and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurosci. Res. 31:327.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connor, J. R., Tucker, P., Johnson, M., and Snyder, B., 1993, Ceruloplasmin levels in the human superior temporal gyrus in aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscience Lett. 159:88–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connor, J. R., and Menzies, S. L., 1995, Cellular management of iron in the brain, J. Neurol. Sci. 134S:33–44.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Constaninidis, J and Tissot, R., 1981, Role of glutamate and zinc in the hippocampal lesions of Picks disease, in: Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter (G. Dichiara and L. Gessa, eds.), Raven Press, New York. p. 413.Google Scholar
- Constantinidis, J., 1990, Alzheimer’s disease and the zinc theory, Encephale 16:231–2399.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, J. M., Mann, V. M., and Schapira, A. H. V., 1992, Analyses of mitochondrial respiratory chain function and mitochondrial DNA deletion in human skeletal muscle: Effect of ageing, J. Neurol. Sci. 113:91–98.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Corral-Debrinski, M., Stepien, G., Shoffner, J. M., Lott, M. T., Kanter, K., and Wallace, D., 1991, Hypoxemia is associated with mitochondrial DNA damage and gene induction: Implications for cardiac disease, JAMA 266:1812–1816.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Corral-Debrinski, M., Horton, R., Lott, M. T., Shoffner, J. M., Beal, M. F., and Wallace, D. C., 1992, Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: Regional variability and increase with advanced age, Nature Genet. 2:324–329.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Corrigan, F. M., Van Rhijn, A., and Horrobin, D. F., 1993, Essential fatty acids in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 640:250–252.Google Scholar
- Cortopassi, G. A., and Arnheim, N., 1990, Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6927–6933.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cortopassi, G. A., Shibata, D., Soong, N. W, and Arnheim, N. A., 1992, A pattern of accumulation of a somatic deletion in mitochondrial DNA of various tissues in ageing in human tissue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7370–7374.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cotman, C. W, and Anderson, A. J., 1995, A potential role for apoptosis in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease, Mol. Neurobiol. 10:19–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cotton, P., 1994, Constellation of risks and processes seen in the search for Alzheimer’s clues, JAMA 271:89–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crapper, D. R., Kirshnan, S. S., and Dalton, A. J., 1973, Aluminum distribution in Alzheimer’s disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration, Science 180:511–513.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crapper-McLachlan, D. R., Dalton, A. J., Kruck, T. P. A., Bell, M. Y., Smith, W L., Kalow, W, and Andrews, D. R., 1991, Intramuscular desferoxamine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet 337:1304–1308.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davis, R. E., Miller, S., Herrnstadt, C., Ghosh, S. S., Fahy, E., Shinobu, L. A., Galasko, D., Thal, L. J., Beal, M. F., Howell, N., and Parker, W. D., 1997, Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4526–4531.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dedman, D. J., Trefry, M., Candy, J. M., Taylor, G. A. A., Morris, C. M., Bloxham, C. A., Perry, R. H., Edwardson, J. A., and Harrison, P. M., 1992, Iron and aluminum in relation to brain ferritin in normal individuals and Alzheimer’s disease and chronic renal-dialysis patients, Biochem. J. 287:509–514.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Delaney, J. R., 1979, Spinal fluid aluminum levels in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 5:580–581.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- de Lustig, E., Serra, J. A., Kohan, S., Canziani, G. A., Famulari, A. L., and Dominguez, R. O., 1993, Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells and serum in demented patients and in aging, J. Neurol Sci. 115:18–25.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Stefano, N., Mathews, P. M., Ford, B., Genge, A., Karpati, G., and Arnold, D. L., 1995, Short-term dicholoroacetate treatment improves indices of cerebral metabolism in patients with mitochondrial disorders, Neurology 45:1193–1198.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dexter, D. T., Sian, J., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D., 1993, Implications of alterations in trace element levels in brain in Parkinson’s disease and other neurological disorders affecting the basal ganglia, Adv. Neurol. 60:273–281.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dowson, J. H., Mountjoy, C. Q., Cairns, M. R., and Wilton-Cox, H., 1992, Changes in intraneuronal lipopigment in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 13:493–500.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Duara, R., Grady, C., Haxby, J., Sundaram, M., Cutler, N. R., Heston, L., Moore, A., Schlageter, N., Larson, S., and Rapoport, S. I., 1986, Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 36:879–887.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dyrks, T., Dyrks, E., Hartmann, T., Masters, C., and Beyreuther, K., 1992, Amyloidogeneicity of ßA4 and ßA4-bearing amyloid protein precursor fragments by metal-catalyzed oxidation, J. Biol. Chem. 267:18210–18217.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dyrks, T., Dyrks, E., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K., 1993, Amyloidogeneicity of rodent and human ßA4 sequences, FEBS 324:231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Eckert, A., Hartmann, H., Forstl, H., and Muller, W. E., 1994, Alterations in intracellular calcium regulation during aging and Alzheimer’s disease in nonneuronal cells, Life Sci. 55:2019–2029.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Edamatsu, R., Mori, A., and Packer, L., 1995, The spin-trap N-tert-α-phenyl-butylnitrone prolongs the life span of the senscence accelerated mouse, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 211:847–849.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ehmann, W. D., Markesbery, W. R., Alauddin, M., Hossain, T. I. M., and Brubaker, E. H., 1986, Brain trace elements in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurotoxicology 7:197–206.Google Scholar
- Emard, J.-E, Thouez, J.-P, and Gauvreau, D., 1995, Neurodegenerative diseases and risk factors: A literature review, Soc. Sci. Med. 40:847–858.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Erickson, J. C., Sewall, A. K., Jensen, L. T., Winge, D. R., and Palmiter, R. D., 1994, Enhanced neurotrophic activity in Alzheimer’s disease cortex is not associated with down-regulation of metallothionein-III (GIF), Brain Res. 649:297–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Finali, G., Piccirilli, M., Oliani, C., and Piccinin, G. L., 1991, L-deprenyl therapy improves verbal memory in amnesic Alzheimer patients, Clin. Neuropharmacol. 14:523–36.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fitzgerald, D. J., 1995, Zinc and Alzheimer’s disease, Science 268:1920.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fleming, J. E., Miquel, J., and Bensh, K. G., 1985, Age-dependent changes in mitochondria, Basic Life Sciences, 35:143–156.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Florini, J. R., ed., 1981, CRC Handbook in Biochemistry of Aging, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
- Frackowiak, R. S. J., Pozzilli, C., Legg, N. G., Du Boulay, G. Y. H., Marshal, J., Lenzi, G. L., and Jones, T., 1981, Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilization in dementia: A clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography, Brain 104:753–778.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Franceschi, M., Comola, M., Piattoni, R., Gualandri, W., and Canal, N., 1990, Prevalence of dementia in adult patients with trisomy 21, Am. J. Med. Genet. 7:306–308.Google Scholar
- Frederickson, C. J., Howell, G. A., and Kasarskis, E. J., 1984, The Neurobiology of Zinc, Volumes IIA and IIB, Alan R. Liss, New York.Google Scholar
- Friedlich, A. L., and Butcher, L. L., 1994, Involvement of free oxygen radicals in β-amyloidosis: An hypothesis, Neurobiol. Aging 15:443–455.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Friedman, B., and Price, J. L., 1984, Fiber systems in the olfactory bulb and cortex: A study in adult and developing rats, using the Timms method with the light and electron microscope, J. Comp. Neurol. 223:88–109.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fukuyama, H., Ogawa, M., Yamaguchi, H., Yamaguchi, S., Kimura, J., Yonekawa, Y, and Konishi, J. H., 1995, Altered cerebral energy metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: a PET study, J. Nucl. Med. 35:1–6.Google Scholar
- Furuta, A., Price, D. L., Pardo, C. A., Troncoso, J. C., Xu, Z.-S., Taniguchi, N., and Martin, L. J., 1995, Localization of superoxide dismutases in Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome neocortex and hippocampus, Am. J. Pathol. 146:357–367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gabuzda, D., Busciglio, J., Chen, L. B., Matsudaira, P., and Yankner, B. A., 1994, Inhibition of energy metabolism alters the processing of amyloid precursor protein and induces a potentially amyloidogenic derivative, J. Biol. Chem. 6:13623–13628.Google Scholar
- Gadaleta, M. N., Rainaldi, G., Lezza, A. M., Milella, F., Fracasso, F., and Cantatore, P., 1992, Mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial DNA deletion in adult and senescent rats, Mutat. Res. 275:181–193.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Games, D., Adams, D., Alessandrini, R., Barbour, R., Berthelette, P., Blackwell, C., Carr, T., Clemens, J., Donaldson, T., Gillespie, F., Guido, R., Hagoplan, S., Johnson-Wood, D., Khan, K., Lee, M., Leibowitz, P, Leiberburg, I., Little, S., Masliah, E., McConiogue, L., Montoya-Zavala, M., Mucke, L., Paganini, L., Schenk, K., Seubert, P., Snyder, B., Soriano, F., Tan, H., Vitale, J., Wadsworth, S., Wolozin, B., and Zhao, J., 1995, Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein, Nature 373:523–527.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gerlach, M., Ben-Schachter, D., Riederer, P., and Youdim, M. B. H., 1994, Altered brain metabolism of iron as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases?, J. Neurochem. 63:793–807.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Glasco, S., Miller, S. W., Thai, L. J., and Davis, R. E., 1995, Alzheimer’s disease cybrids manifest a cytochrome oxidase defect, Soc. Neuroscience 21:979.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, S., 1971, The biology of aging, New Engl J. Med. 285:1120–1129.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gomez-Isla, T., West, H. L., Rebeck, G. W, Harr, S. D., Growdon, J. H., Locasio, J. J., Perls, T. T., Lipsitz, L. A., and Hyman, B. T, 1996, Clinical and pathological correlates of apoplipoprotien E e4 in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 39:62–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Good, P. F., Perl, D. P., Bierer, L. M., and Schmeidler, J., 1992, Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s disease: a laser microprobe (LAMMA) study, Ann. Neurol. 31:286–292.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goodman, L., 1953, Alzheimer’s disease: A clinicopathologic analysis of twenty-three cases with a theory on pathogenesis, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 118:97–130.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grundke-Iqbal, I., Fleming, J., Tung, Y.-C, Lassmann, H., Iqbal, K., and Joshi, J. G., 1990, Ferritin is a component of the neuritic (senile) plaque in Alzheimer dementia, Acta Neuropathol. 81:105–110.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gsell, W, Conrad, R., Hickethier, M., Sofie, E., Frolich, L., Wichart, I., Jellinger, K., Moll, G., Ransmayr, Beckmann, H., and Riederer, P., 1995, Decreased catalase activity but unchanged superoxide dismutase activity in brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, J. Neurochem. 64:1216–1223.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Guttman, R. P., Erickson, A. C., and Johnson, G. V. W, 1995, t Self-association: stabilization with a chemical cross-linker and modulation by phosphorylation and oxidation state, J. Neurochem. 64:1209–1215.Google Scholar
- Hajimohammadreza, I., and Brammer, M., 1990, Brain membrane fluidity and lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscience Lett. 112:333–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harman, D., 1956, Role of free radical and radiation chemistry, J. Gerontol. 11:298–300.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harman, D., 1993, Free radical theory of aging: A hypothesis on pathogenesis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type, Age 16:23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harris, M. E., Hensley, K., Butterfield, D. A., Leedle, R. A., and Carney, J. M., 1995, Direct evidence of oxidative injury produced by the Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide (1–40) in cultured hippocampal neurons, Exp. Neurol. 131:193–202.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hartmann, H., Eckert, A., and Muller, W. E., 1994, Disturbances of the neuronal calcium homeostasis in the aging nervous system, Life Sci. 55:2011–2018.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., and Duara, R., 1986, Neocortical metabolic abnormalities precede nonmemory cognitive deficits in early Alzheimer-type dementia, Arch. Neurol. 43:882–885.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hayakawa, M., Torii, K., Sugiyama, S., Tanaka, M., and Ozawa, T., 1991, Age-associated accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in mitochondrial DNA of human diaphragm, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 179:1023–1029.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hayflick, L., 1985, Theories of biological aging, Exp. Geront. 20:145–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hensley, K., Carney, J. M., Mattson, M. P., Aksenova, M., Harris, M., Wu, J. F., Floyd, R. A., and Butterfield, D. A., 1994, A model for β-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3270–3274.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hensley, K., Hall, N., Subramanian, R., Cole, P., Harris, M., Aksenov, M., Aksenova, M., Gabbita, S. P., Wu, J. F., Carney, J. M., Lovell, M., Markesbery, W. R., and Butterfield, D. A., 1995, Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer’s disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation, J. Neurochem. 65:2146–2156.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Herholtz, K., Heindel, W, Rackl, A., Neubauer, I., Steinbrich, W, Peitrzyk, U., Erasmi-Korber, H., and Heiss, W. D., 1990, Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with leuko-ariosis and atherosclerotic carotid artery disease, Arch. Neurol. 47:392–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hershey, C. O., Hershey, L. A., Varnes, A., Vibhakar, S. D., Lavin, P., and Strain, W. H., 1983, Cerebrospinal fluid trace element content in dementia: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlations, Neurology 33:1350–1353.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hess, K., and Straub, P. W., 1974, Chronic lead poisoning, Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 63:177–183.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hevner, R. F., and Wong-Riley, M. T. T., 1993, Entorhinal cortex of the human, monkey, and rat: Metabolic map as revealed by cytochrome oxidase, J. Comp. Neurol. 326:451–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hewitt, C. D., Savory, J., and Wills, M. R., 1990, Aspects of aluminum toxicity, Clin. Lab. Med. 10:403–422.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hock, A., Demmel, U., Schicka, H., Kasperek, K., and Feinendegen, L. E., 1975, Trace element concentration in human brain: Activation analysis of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selenium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium, Brain 98:44–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hockenbery, D. M., Oltvai, Z. N., Yin, X. M., Milliman, C. L., and Korsmeyer, S. J., 1993, Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis, Cell 75:241–251.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hollosi, M., Urge, L., Perczel, A., Kajtar, J., Teplan, I., Otvos, L. Jr., and Fasman, G. D., 1992, Metal ion-induced conformational changes of phosphorylated fragments of human neurofilament (NF-M) protein, J. Mol. Biol. 223:673–682.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Holt, I. J., Harding, A. E., and Morgan-Hughes, J. A., 1988, Deletions of mitochondrial DNA in patients with mitochondrial myopathies, Nature 331:717–719.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hovda, D. A., Yoshino, A., Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y, and Becker, D. P., 1991, Diffuse prolonged depression of cerebral oxidative metabolism following concussive brain injury in the rat: a cytochrome oxidase histochemistry study, Brain Res. 567:1–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hoyer, S., Oestereich, K., and Wagner, O., 1988, Glucose metabolism as the site of the primary abnormality in early-onset dementia of Alzheimer type, J. Neurol. 235:143–148.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hruszkewycz, A. M., 1992, Lipid peroxidation and mtDNA degeneration: A hypothesis, Mutat. Res. 275:243–248.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hutchin, T., and Cortopassi, G., 1995, A mitochondrial DNA clone is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6892–6895.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hyman, B. T., and Tanzi, R., 1995, Molecular epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease, New Eng. J. Med. 333:1283–1284.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hyman, B. T., Van Hoesen, G. W, and Damasiao, A. R., 1990, Memory-related neuronal systems in Alzheimer’s disease: an anatomic study, Neurology 40:1721–1730.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ibata, Y, and Otsuka, N., 1969, Electron microscopic demonstration of zinc in the hippocampal formation using Timms’ sulfide silver technique, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17:171–175.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Imagawa, M., Naruse, S., Tsuji, S., Fujioka, A., and Yamaguchi, H., 1992, Coenzyme Q10, iron, and vitamin B6 in genetically-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet 340:671.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ishitani, R., Sunaga, K., Hirano, A., Saunders, P., Katsube, N., and Chuang, D.-M., 1996, Evidence that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in age-induced apoptosis in mature cerebellar neurons in culture, J. Neurochem. 66:929–935.Google Scholar
- Iyengar, V., Kumpulainen, J., Okamoto, K., Morita, M., Hirai, S., and Nomoto, S., 1993, Recent trends in analytical approaches for trace element determinations in biomedical investigations, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 380:329–354.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jeandel, C., Nicolas, M. B., Dubois, F., Nabet-Belleville, F., Penin, R., and Cuny, G., 1989, Lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in Alzheimer’s disease, Gerontology 35:275–282.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Johns, D. R., 1995, Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, mitochondrial DNA and disease, New Engl. J. Med. 333:638–644.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kaiser, J., 1994, Alzheimer’s: Could there be a zinc link?, Science 265:1365.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kalaria, R. N., Sromek, S. M., Grahovac, I., and Harik, S. I., 1992, Transferrin receptors of rat and human brain and cerebral microvessels and their status in Alzheimer’s disease, Brain Res. 585:87–93.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kaiman, J., Dey, L, Ilona, S. V., Markovics, B., Brown, D., Janka, Z., Farkas, T., and Joos, E, 1994, Platelet membrane fluidity and plasma malondialdehyde levels in Alzheimer’s demented patients with and without family history of dementia, Soc. Biol. Psychiatry 35:190–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kaplan, E., Bigelow, D., Vatassery, G., and Ansari, K., 1982, Glutathione peroxidase in human cerebrospinal fluid, Brain Res. 252:391–393.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kaneko, Y., Kitamoto, R., Tateisha, J., and Yamaguchi, K., 1989, Ferritin immunohistochemistry as a marker for microglia, Acta Neuropathol. 79:129–136.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Katzman, R., 1989, The dementias, in: Merritts Textbook of Neurology (L. P., Rowland, ed.), 8th edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 637–644.Google Scholar
- Katzman, R., 1993, Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Alzheimer’s disease, Clin. Neuroscience 1:165–170.Google Scholar
- Kehrer, J. P., and Lund, L. G., 1994, Cellular reducing equivalents and oxidative stress, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 17:65–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kirkwood, T. B.1991, , Genetic basis of limited cell proliferation, Mutat. Res. 256:323–328, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kish, S. J., Morito, C. L. H., and Hornykiewicz, O., 1986, Brain glutathione peroxidase in neurodegenerative disorders, Neurochem. Path. 4:23–38.Google Scholar
- Kish, S. J., Bergeron, C., Rajput, A., Dozic, S., Mastrogiacomo, F., Chang, L. J., Wilson, J. M., DiStefano, L. M., and Nobrega, J. N., 1992, Brain cytochrome oxidase in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurochem. 59:776–779.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Knoll, J., 1992, (-)Deprenyl-medication: a strategy to modulate the age-related decline of the striatal dopaminergic system, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 40:839–847.Google Scholar
- Konig, G., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K., 1990, Retinoic acid induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells show increased expression of the ßA4 amyloid gene of Alzheimer’s disease and an altered splicing pattern, FEBS 269:305–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Korsmeyer, S. J., 1995, Regulators of cell death, Trends in Genetics 11:101–105.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kroemer, G., Petit, P., Zamzami, N., Vayssiere, J.-J., and Mignotte, B., 1995, The biochemistry of programmed cell death, FASEB J. 9:1277–1287.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Krsek-Staples, J. A., and Webster, R. O., 1993, Ceruloplasmin inhibits carbonyl formation in endogenous cell proteins, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14:115–125.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ku, H. H., Brunk, U. T, and Sohal, R. S., 1993, Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and longevity of mammalian species, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 15:621–627.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kumar, U., Dunlop, D. M., and Richardson, J. S., 1994, Mitochondria from Alzheimer’s fibroblasts show decreased uptake of calcium and increased sensitivity to free radicals, Life Sciences 24:1855–1860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kunimoto, M., 1994, Methylmercury induces apoptosis of rat cerebellar neurons in primary culture, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 204:310–317.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- LaFerla, F. M., Tinkle, B. T., Bieberich, C. J., Haudenschild, C. C., and Jay, G., 1995, The Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice, Nature Genet. 9:21–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lakis, J., Galasco, S., Miller, S. W, Thai, L. J., and Davis, R. E., 1995, Production of reactive oxygen species correlates with decreased cytochrome oxidase activity in Alzheimer’s disease cybrids, Soc. Neuroscience 21:979.Google Scholar
- Landsberg, J., McDonald, B., Grime, G., and Watt, F., 1992, Microanalysis of senile plaques using nuclear microscopy, J. Geriatric Psych. Neurol. 6:97–104.Google Scholar
- Lamb, B. T., 1995, Making models for Alzheimer’s disease, Nature Genet. 9:4–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Larsen, P. L., 1993, Aging and resistance to oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8905–8909.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lennon, S. V., Martin, S. J., and Cotter, T. G., 1991, Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli, Cell Prolif. 24:203–214.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Li, J. J., Surini, M., Carsicas, S., Kawashima, E., and Bouras, C., 1995, Age-dependent accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products in human neurons, Neurobiol. Aging 16:69–76.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Liu, Y, Hernandez, A. M., Shibata, D., and Cortopassi, G. A., 1994, BCL2 translocation frequency rises with age in humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:89810–8914.Google Scholar
- Linnane, A. W, Zhang, C., Baumer, A., and Nagley, P., 1992, Mitochondrial DNA mutation and the ageing process: bioenergy and pharmacological intervention, Mutat. Res. 275:195–208.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lippa, C. R., Smith, R. W., Smith, J. M., Swearer, D. A., Drachman, B., Ghetti, L., Nee, D., Pulaski-salo, D., Dickson, D., Robitaille, Y., Bergeron, C., Crain, B., Benson, M. D., Farlow, M., Hyman, B. T., St. George-Hyslop, P., Roses, A. D., and Pollen, D. A., 1996, Familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: Neuropathology cannot exclude a final common pathway, Neurology 46:406–412.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Loeffler, D. A., Connor, J. R., Juneaue, P. L., Snyder, B. S., Kanaley, L., DeMaggio, A. J., Nguyen, H., Brickman, C. M., and LeWitt, P. A., 1995, Transferrin and iron in normal, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease brain regions, J. Neurochem. 65:710–716.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Loo, D. R., Copani, A. G., Pike, C. J., Whittemore, E. R., Walencewicz, A. J., and Cotman, C. W., 1993, Apoptosis is induced by beta-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7951–7955.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lovell, M. A., Ehmann, W. E., and Markesbery, W. R., 1993, Laser microprobe analysis of brain aluminum in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 33:36–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lovell, M. A., Ehmann, W. D., Butler, S. M., and Markesbery, W. R., 1995, Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 45:1594–1601.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lowe, S. L., Francis, P. T., Procter, A. W., Palmer, A. M., Davison, A. N., and Bowen, D. M., 1988, Gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in brain tissue at two stages of Alzheimer’s disease, Brain 111:785–799.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lui, E., Fisman, M., Wong, C., and Diaz, F., 1990, Metals and the liver in Alzheimer’s disease, an investigation of hepatic zinc, copper, cadmium, and metallothionein, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 38:633–639.Google Scholar
- Maggio, J. E., Esler, W. P., Stimson, E. R., Jennings, J. M., Ghilari, J. R., and Mantyh, P. W., 1995, Zinc and Alzheimer’s disease, Science 268:1920–1921.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mantyh, P. W., Ghilardi, J. R., Rogers, S., DeMaster, E., Allen, C. J., Stimson, E. R., and Maggio, J. E., 1993, Aluminum, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of β-amyloid peptide, J. Neurochem. 61:1171–1174.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Markesbery, W. R., and Ehmann, W. D., 1993, Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease, Clin. Neuroscience 1:212–218.Google Scholar
- Markesbery, W. R., and Ehmann, W. D., 1994, Brain trace elements in Alzheimer disease, in: Alzheimer Disease (R. D. Terry, R. Katzman, and K. L. Bick, eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 353–367.Google Scholar
- Marklund, S. L., Adolfsson, R., Gottfries, C. G., And Winglad, B., 1985, Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in normal brains and in brains from patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, J. Neurol. Sci. 67:319–325.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martins, R. N., Harper, C. G., Stokes, G. B., and Masters, C. L., 1986, Increased cerebral glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Alzheimer’s disease may reflect oxidative stress, J. Neurochem. 46:1042–1045.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Masoro, E. J., ed., 1981, CRC Handbook of Physiology in Aging, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Mastrogiacomo, F., Bergeron, C., and Kish, S. J., 1993, Brain a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity in Alzheimer’s disease in Alzheimer’s brain, Mol. Cell Neurosci. 3:461–470.Google Scholar
- Mattson, M. P., Cheng, B., Davis, D., Bryant, K., Leiberburg, I., and Rydd, R. E., 1992, β-amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity, J. Neurosci. 12:376–389.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- McLachlan, D. R. C., Bergeron, C., Smith, J. E., Boome, D., and Rifat, S. L., 1996, Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential histories, Neurology 46:401–405.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mecocci, P., MacGarvey, U., Kaufman, A. E., Koontz, D., Shoffner, J. M., Wallace, D. C., and Beal, M. F, 1993, Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain, Ann. Neurol. 34:609–616.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mecocci, P., MacGarvey, U., and Beal, M. F., 1994, Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 36:747–751.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Miller, B. L., Moats, R. A., Shonk, T, Ernst, T., Woolley, S., and Ross, B. D., 1993, Alzheimer disease: Depiction of increased cerebral myo-inositol with proton MR spectroscopy, Radiology 187:433–437.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Miller, S. W, Herrnstadt, C., Parker, W. D., Jr., and Davis, R. E., 1995, Creation of mitochondrial DNA deficient neuroblastoma cell lines: Rescue of aerobic phenotype by human mitochondrial transfer, Soc. Neuroscience 21:21.Google Scholar
- Miquel, J., 1992, An update on the mitochondrial-DNA mutation hypothesis of cell aging, Mutat. Res. 275:209–216.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Montine, T. J., Amarnath, V., Martin, M. E., Strittmatter, W. J., and Graham, D. G., 1996a, E-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is cytotoxic and cross-links cytoskeletal proteins in P19 neuroglial cultures, Am. J. Pathol. 148:89–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Montine, T. J., Huang, D. Y., Valentine, W. M., Amarnath, V., Saunders, A., Weisgraber, K. H., Graham, D. G., and Strittmatter, W. J., 1996b, Crosslinking of apolipoprotein E by products of lipid peroxidation, J. Neuropathol Exp. Neurol. 55:202–210.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mooradian, A. D., and Wong, N., 1991, Molecular biology of aging Part II: a synopsis of current research, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 39:717–723.Google Scholar
- Motter, R., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Kholodenko, D., Barbour, R., Johnson-Wood, K., Galasko, D., Chang, L., Miller, B., Clark, C., Green, R., Olson, D., Southwick, P., Wolfen, R., Munrœ, B., Lieberburg, I., Seubert, P., and Schenk, D., 1995, Reduction of β-amyloid peptide 42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 38:643–648.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Muller, D. P. R., Metcalf, R., and Baren, D. M., 1986, Vitamin E in brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome, Lancet i: 1093–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Muller-Hocker, J., 1990, Cytochrome c oxidase deficient fibres in the limb muscle and diaphragm of man without muscular disease: an age-related alteration, J. Neurol. Sci. 100:14–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Multhaup, G., Bush, A., Pollwein, P., and Masters, C. L., 1994, Interaction between the zinc(II) and the heparin binding site of the Alzheimer’s disease βA4 amyloid precursor protein (APP), FEBS Letters 355:151–154.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Multhaup, G., Schlicksupp, A., Hesse, L., Beher, D., Ruppert, T., Masters, C. L., and Beyreuther, K., 1996, The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer’s disease in the reduction of copper (II) to copper (I), Science 271:1406–1409.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Munro, H. N., 1969, Evolution of protein metabolism in mammals, in: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Volume3 (H. N. Munro and J. B. Allison, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 133–182.Google Scholar
- Munscher, C., Muller-Hocker, J., and Kadenback, B., 1993, Human aging is associated with various point mutations in tRNA genes of mitochondrial DNA, Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374:1099–2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 312.Murray, A. M., W F. Marshall, J. R. Hurtig, H. L Gottleib, G. L. and Joyce, J. N., 1995, Damage to dopamine systems differs between Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease with Parkinsonism, Ann. Neurol. 37:300–.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mutisya, E. M., Bowling, A. C., and Beal, M. F., 1994, Cortical cytochrome oxidase activity is reduced in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurochem. 63:2179–2184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nikaido, T., Austin, J., Trueb, L., and Rinehart, T. R., 1972, Studies in ageing of the brain. II. Microchemical analyses of the nervous system in Alzheimer patients, Arch. Neurol. 27:549–554.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Orr, W. C., and Sohal, R. S., 1994, Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster, Science 263:1128–1130.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oteiza, P. I., Oline, K. L., Fraga, C. G., and Keen, C. L., 1995, Zinc deficiency causes oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in rat testes, J. Nutr. 125:823–829.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ozawa, T., Tanaka, M., Sugiyama, S., Hattori, K., Ito, T., Ohno, K., Takahashi, A., Sato, W, Takada, G., Mayumi, B., Yamamoto, K., Adachi, K., Koga, Y, and Toshima, H., 1990, Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions exist in cardiomyocytes of patients with hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170:830–836.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Palmer, A. M., and Burns, M., 1990, Selective increase in lipid perioxidation in the inferior temporal cortex in Alzheimer’s disease, Brain Res. 645:338–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Palmiter, R. D., Findley, S. D., Whitmore, T. E., and Durnam, D. M., MT-III, a brain-specific member of the metallothionein gene family, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6333–6337.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pappolla, M. A., Omar, R. A., Kim, K. S., and Robakis, N. K., 1992, Immunohistochemical evidence of antioxidant stress in Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 140:621–628.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Parker, W. D. Jr., Filley, C. M., and Parks, J. K., 1990, Cytochrome oxidase deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 40:1302–1303.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Parker, W. D., Parks, J., and Filley, C. M., 1994, Electron transport chain defects in Alzheimer’s disease brain, Neurology 44:1090–1096.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Partridge, R. S., Monroe, S. M., Parks, J. K., Johnson, K., Parker, W. D. Jr., Eaton, G. R., and Eaton, S. S., 1994, Spin trapping of azidyl and hydroxyl radicals in azide-inhibited rat brain submitochondrial particles, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 310:210–217.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perez-Clausell, J., and Danscher, G., 1985, Intravesicular localization of zinc in rat telencephalic boutons: a histochemical study, Brain Res. 337:91–98.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perl, D. P., and Pendlebury, W. W., 1986, Aluminum neurotoxicity: potential role in the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary tangle formation, Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 13:441–445.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perry, G., and Smith, M. A., 1993, Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles: What role do they play in Alzheimer’s disease? Clin. Neurosci. 1:199–203.Google Scholar
- Perry, T. L., Yong, V. W., Bergeron, C., Hansen, S., and Jones, K., 1987, Amino acids, glutathione, and glutathione transferase activity in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 21:331–336.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pettigrew, J. W., Klunk, W. E., Panchalingam, K., Kanfer, J. N., and Mclure, R. J., 1995, Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 16:1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pike, C. J., and Cotman, C. W., 1993, Cultured GABA-immunoreactive neurons are resistant to toxicity induced by β-amyloid, Neuroscience 56:269–274.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Polvikoski, T., Sulvaka, R., Haltia, M., Kainulainen, K., Vuorio, A., Verkkoniemi, Niinisto, L., Halonen, P., and Kontula, K., 1995, Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of β-amyloid protein, New Engl. J. Med. 333:1242–1247.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Poirier, J., 1994, Apolipoprotein E in animal models of CNS injury and in Alzheimer’s disease, Trends Neurosci. 17:525–530.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Poulton, J., and Holtz, I. J., 1995, Mitochondrial DNA: Does more lead to less?, Nature Genet. 8:313–315.Google Scholar
- Pountney, D. L., Fundel, S. M., Faller, P., Birchler, N. E., Hunziker, P., and Vasak, M., 1994, Isolation, primary structures and metal binding properties of neuronal growth inhibitory factor (GIF) from bovine and equine brain, FEBS Lett. 345:193–197.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Prohaska, J. R., 1987, Functions of trace elements in brain metabolism, Physiol. Rev. 67:858–901.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pullen, R. G. L., Candy, J. M., Morris, C. M., Taylor, G., Keith, A. B., and Edwardson, J. A., 1990, Gallium-67 as a potential marker for aluminum transport in rat brain: implications for Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurochem. 55:251–259.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Randerath, K., Putnam, K. L., Osterburg, H. H., Johnson, S. A., Morgan, D. G., and Finch, C. E., 1992, Age-dependent increases of DNA adducts (I-compounds) in human and rat brain DNA, Mutât. Res. 295:11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reichman, H., Florke, S., Hebenstreit, G., Schrubar, H., and Riederer, P., 1993, Analyses of energy metabolism and mitochondrial genome in post-mortem brain from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurol. 240:377–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Richardson, J. S., Subbarao, K. V., and Ang, L. C., 1992, On the possible role of iron-induced free radical peroxidation in neural degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 648:326–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Richter, C., 1992, Reactive oxygen and DNA damage in mitochondria, Mutat. Res. 275:249–255.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Richter, C., Park, J. W., and Ames, B. N., 1988, Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6465–6467.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roder, H. M., Eden, P. A., and Ingram, V. M., 1993, Brain protein kinase PK40erk converts Tau into a PHF-like form as found in Alzheimer’s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 193:639–647.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roses, A., 1995, Apolipoprotein E genotyping in the differential diagnosis, not prediction of Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 38:6–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ross, M., 1995, Many questions but no clear answers on link between aluminum, Alzheimer’s disease, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 150:68–69.Google Scholar
- Rothstein, J. D., Bristol, L. A., Hosier, B., Brown, R. H. Jr., and Kuncl, R. W., 1994, Chronic inhibition of superoxide dismutase produces apoptotic death of spinal neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4155–4159.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roy, N., Mahadevan, M. S., McLean, M., Shutler, G., Yaraghi, A., Farahani, R., Baird, S., Besner-Johnston, A., Lefebvre, C., Kang, X., Salih, M., Aubry, H., Tamai, K., Guan, X., Ioannou, P., Crawford, T. O., de Jong, P. J., Surh, L., Ikeda, J.-E., Korneluk, R. G., and MacKenzie, A., 1995, The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy, Cell 80:167–178.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rumble, B., Retallack, R., Hilbich, D., Simms, G., Multhaup, G., Marins, R., Hockey, A., Montogomery, P., Beyreuther, K., and Masters, C. L., 1989, Amyloid ß4 protein and its precursor in Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, New Engl. J. Med. 320:1446–1452.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Saraiva, A. A., Borges, M. M., Madeira, M. D., Tavares, M. A., and Paula-Barbosa, M. M., 1985, Mitochondrial abnormalities in cortical dendrites from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 17:459–464.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sato, M., and Bremner, I., 1993, Oxygen free radicals and metallothionein, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14:325–337.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schapira, A. H. V., and Cooper, J. M., 1992, Mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration and ageing, Mutat. Res. 275:133–143.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schipper, H. M., Cisse, S., and Stopa, E. G., 1995, Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the sensecent and Alzheimer-diseased brain, Ann. Neurol. 37:758–768.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schubert, D., Behl, C., Lesley, R., Brack, A., Dargusch, R., Sagara, Y., and Kimura, H., 1995, Amyloid peptides are toxic via a common oxidative mechanism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1989–1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schwartz, B. L., Hashtroudi, S., Herting, R. L., Schwartz, P., and Deutsch, S. I., 1996, d-Cycloserine enhances implicit memory in Alzheimer patients, Neurology 46:420–424.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schweers, O., Mandelkow, E.-M., Biernat, J., and Mandelkow, E., 1995, Oxidation of cysteine-322 in the repeat domain of microtubule-associated protein t controls the in vitro assembly of paired helical filaments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8463–8467.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Selkoe, D. J., 1994, Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 10:373–403.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Serra, J. A., Famulari, A. L., Kohan, S., Marschoff, E. R., Dominguez, R. O., and de Lustig, E. S., 1994, Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells in probable Alzheimer’s patients and their first-degree relatives, J. Neurol. Sci. 122:179–188.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sewell, A. K., Jensen, L. T., Erickson, J. C., Palmiter, R. D., and Winge, D. R., 1995, Bioactivity of metallothionein-3 correlates with its novel beta domain sequence rather than metal binding properties, Biochem. 34:4740–4747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sheu, K. F., Cooper, A. J., Koike, K., Koike, M., Lindsay, J. G., and Blass, J. P., 1994, Abnormality of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in fibroblasts from familial Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 35:312–318.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sheu, S.-S., and Jou, M.-J., 1994, Mitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration in living cells, J. Bioenerget. Biomem. 26:487–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shigenaga, M. K., and Ames, B., 1994, Oxidants and mitochondrial decay in aging, in: Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease (B. Frei, ed), Academic Press, New York, pp. 63–106.Google Scholar
- Shigenaga, M. K., Parks, J.-W., Cundy, K. C., Gimeno, C. J., and Ames, B. N., 1990, In vivo oxidative DNA damage: Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in DNA and urine by High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Methods in Enzymology 186:521–530.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shoffner, J. M., Brown, M. D., Torroni, A., Lott, M. T., Cabell, P. Mirra, S. S. Beal, M. F. Yang, C.-C Gearing, M. Salvo, R. Watts, R. L. Juncos, J. L. Hanson, L. A. Crain, B. J. Fayad, M., and Wallace, D. C., 1993, Mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, Genomics 17:171–184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shore, D., and Wyatt, R. J., 1983, Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Nerv. Mental Dis. 171:553–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simonetti, S., Chen, X., DiMauro, S., and Schon, E. A., 1992, Accumulation of deletions in human mitochondrial DNA during normal aging: analysis by quantitative PCR, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1180:113— 122.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simonian, N. A., and Hyman, B. T., 1993, Functional alterations in Alzheimer’s disease: Diminution of cytochrome oxidase in hippocampal formation, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52:580–585.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sims, N. R., Finegan, M. M., Blass, J. P., Bowe, D. M., and Neray, D., 1987, Mitochondrial function in brain tissue in primary degenerative dementia, Brain Res. 436:30–38.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sisodia, S. S., and Price, D. L., 1993, Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease, Cllin. Neuroscience 1:176–183.Google Scholar
- Smith, C. D., Carney, J. M., Starke-Reed, P. E., Oliver, C. N., Stadtman, E. R., Floyd, R. A., and Markesbery, W R., 1991, Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10540–10543.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, C. D., Carney, J. M., Tatsumo, T., Stadtman, E. R., Floyd, R. A., and Markesbery, W. R., 1992, Protein oxidation in aging brain, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 663:110–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, C. D., Pettigrew, L. C., Avison, M. L., Kirsch, J. E., Tinkhtman, A. J., Schmitt, F. A., Wemerling, D. P., Wekstein, D. R., and Markesbery, W. R., 1995, Frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism and neuropsychological function in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 38:194–201.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, M. A., Kutty, K., Richey, P. L., Yan, S.-D., Stern, D., Chader, G. J., Wiggert, B., Petersen, R. B., and Perry, G., 1994a, Heme oxygenase-1 is associated with the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, Am. J. Pathol. 145:42–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smith, M. A., Taneda, S., Richey, P. L., Miyata, S., Yan, S.-D., Stern, D., Sayre, L. M., Monnier, V. M., and Perry, G., 1994b, Advanced maillard reaction end products are associated with Alzheimer disease pathology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5710–5714.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, M. A., Richey, P. L., Kutty, R. K., Wiggert, B., and Perry, G., 1995a, Ultrastructural localization of heme oxygenase-1 to the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer disease, Mol. Chem. Neuro. 24:227–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, M. A., Rudnicka-Nawrot, M., Richey, P. L., Praprotnik, D., Mulvihill, P., Miller, C. A., Sayre, L. M., and Perry, G., 1995b, Carbonyl-related postranslational modification of neurofilament protein in the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer disease, J. Neurochem. 64:1–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, M. A., Sayre, L. M., Monnier, V. M., and Perry, G., 1995c, Radical ageing in Alzheimer’s disease, Trends Neurosci. 18:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sohal, R., 1993, Aging, cytochrome oxidase activity, and hydrogen peroxide release by mitochondria, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14:583–588.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sohal, R. S., and Sohal, B. H., 1991, Hydrogen peroxide release by mitochondria increases during aging, Mech. Ageing Dev. 57:187–202.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sohal, R. S., and Brunk, U. T., 1992, Mitochondrial production of pro-oxidants and cellular senescence, Mutat. Res. 275:295–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sohal, R. S., and Dubey, A., 1994, Mitochondrial oxidative damage, hydrogen peroxide release, and aging, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 16:621–626.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Soumalainen, A., Kaukonen, J., Amati, P., Timonen, R., Haltia, M., Weissenback, J., Zeriani, M., Somer, H., and Pettonen, L., 1995, An autosomal locus predisposing to deletions of mitochondrial DNA, Nature Genet. 9:146–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Soong, N. W., Hinton, D. R., Cortopassi, G., and Arnheim, N., 1992, Mosaicism for a specific somatic mitochondrial DNA mutation in adult human brain, Nature Genet. 2:318–323.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sorbi, S., Bird, E. D., and Blass, J. P., 1983, Decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in Huntington and Alzheimer brain, Ann. Neurol. 13:72–78.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sparks, D. L., Huaichen, L., Scheff, S. W., Coyne, C. M., and Hunsaker, J. C., 1993, Temporal sequence of plaque formation in the cerebral cortex of non-demented individuals, J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol. 52:135–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stadtman, E. R., 1992, Protein oxidation and aging, Science 257:1220–1224.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stadtman, E. R., 1995, Role of oxidized amino acids in protein breakdown and stability, Methods in Enzymology 258:379–393.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stohs, S. J., and Bagchi, D., 1995, Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 18:321–336.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Strittmatter, W. J., Weisgraber, K. H., Huang, D. Y, Dong, L. M., Salvesen, G. S., Pericak-Vance, M., Schemechel, D., Saunders, A. M., Godgaber, D., and Roses, A. D., 1993, Binding of human apolipoprotien E to synthetic amyloid b peptide: isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8098–8102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Subbarao, D. V., Richardson, J. S., and Ang, L. C., 1990, Autopsy samples of Alzheimer’s cortex show increased peroxidation in vitro, J. Neurochem. 55:342–345.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sugiyama, S., Hattori, K., Hayakawa, M., and Ozawa, T., 1991, Quantitative analysis of age-associated accumulation of mitochondrial DNA with deletion in human hearts, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 180:894–899.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sulkova, R., Nordberg, U.-R., Erkinjuntti, T., and Westermarck, T., 1986, Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Acta. Neurol. Scand. 73:487–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Szerdahelyi, P., and Kasa, P., 1984, Histochemistry of zinc and copper, Int. Rev. of Cytology 89:1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tappel, A. L., 1973, Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components, Fed. Proc. 32:1870–1874.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Terry, R. D., and Davies, P., 1980, Dementia of the Alzheimer type, Ann. Rev. Neuroscience 3:77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thompson, C. B., 1995, Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease, Science 267:1456–1462.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thorsness, P. E., 1992, Structural dynamics of the mitochondrial compartment, Mutat. Res. 275:237–241.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tokutake, S., Nagase, H., Morisaki, S., and Oyanagi, S., 1995, Aluminium detected in senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is contained in lipofusin granules with silicon, probably as aluminosilicate, Neuroscience Lett. 185:99–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Trojanowski, J. Q., Schmidt, M. L., Shin, R.-W., Bramble«, G. T., Goedert, M., and Lee, V. M.-Y, 1993, PHFt(A68): From pathological marker to potential mediator of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, Clin. Neuroscience 1:184–191.Google Scholar
- Troncoso, J. C., Costello, A., Watson, A. L. Jr., and Johnson, G. V. W., 1993, In vitro polymerization of oxidized tau into filament, Brain Res. 613:313–316.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Trounce, I., Byrne, E., and Marzuki, S., 1989, Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain function: Possible factor in ageing, Lancet 1:637–739.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tsuji, S., Kobayashi, H., Uchida, Y., Ihara, Y, and Miyatake, T, 1992, Molecular cloning of human growth inhibitory factor cDNA and its down-regulation in Alzheimer’s disease, EMBO J. 11:4843–4850.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Uchida, Y, Takio, K., Titani, K., Ihara, Y, and Tomonaga, M., 1991, The growth inhibitory factor that is deficient in the Alzheimer’s disease brain is a 68 amino acid metallothionein-like protein, Neuron 7:337–347.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ueda, K., Cole, G., Sundsmo, M., Katzman, R., and Saitoh, T., 1989, Decreased adhesiveness of Alzheimer’s disease fibroblasts: Is amyloid beta-protein precursor involved?, Ann. Neurol. 25:246–251.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Zuylen, A. J., Bosman, G. J., Ruitenbeek, W., Van Kalmthout, P. J., and DeGrip, W. J., 1992, No evidence for reduced thrombocyte oxidase activity in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 42:1246–1247.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vener, A. V, Aksenova, M., and Burbaeva, G. S., 1993, Drastic reduction of the zinc- and magnesium-stimulated protein tyrosine kinase activities in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus, FEBS Lett. 328:6–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vitek, M. P., Ghattacharya, K., Glendening, J. M., Stopa, E., Vlassara, H., Bucala, R., Maogue, K., and Cerami, A., 1994, Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4766–4770.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vblicer, L., and Crino, P. B., 1990, Involvement of free radicals in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a hypothesis, Neurobiol. Aging 11:567–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Walford, R. L., 1974, Immunologic theory of aging: current status, Fed. Proc. 33:2020–2027.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wallace, D. C., 1992, Mitochondrial genetics: A paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases?, Science 256:628–632.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wallace, D. C., Ye, J. H., Neckelmann, S. N., Singh, G., Webster, K. A., and Greenberg, B. D., 1987, Sequence analysis of cDNAs for the human and bovine ATP synthase beta subunit: Mitochondrial DNA genes sustain seventeen times more mutations, Curr. Genet. 12:81–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wallace, D. C., Shoffner, J. M., Trounce, I., Brown, M. D., Ballinger, S. W, Corral-Debrinksi, M., Horton, T., Jun, A. S., and Lott, M. T., 1995, Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human degenerative diseases and aging, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1271:141–151.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Warner, H. R., 1994, Superoxide dismutases, aging and degenerative disease, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 17:249–256.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watt, J., Pike, C. J., Walencewicz, A. J., and Cotman, C. W, 1994, Ultrastructural analysis of beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons, Brain Res. 661:147–156.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wei, Y.-H., 1992, Mitochondrial DNA alterations as ageing-associated molecular events, Mutat. Res. 275:145–155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wensink, J., Molnaar, A. J., Woroniecka, U. D., and Van den Hamer, D. J., 1988, Zinc uptake into synaptosomes, J. Neurochem. 50:782–789.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wenstrup, D., Ehmann, W. D., and Markesbery, W. R., 1990, Trace element imbalances in isolated subcellular fractions of Alzheimer’s disease brains, Brain Res. 533:125–131.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Westbrook, G. L. and Mayer, M. L., 1987, Micromolar concentrations of Zn2+ antagonize NMDA and GABA responses of hippocampal neurons, Nature 328:640–643.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wisniewski, H. M., 1994, Aluminum, tau protein, and Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet 344:203–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wisniewski, H. M., Wegiel, J., Wang, K. C., Kujawa, M., and Lack, B., 1989, Ultrastructural studies of the cells forming amyloid fibers in classical plaques, Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 16:535–542.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wong-Riley, M. T. T., 1989, Cytochrome oxidase: an endogeneous metabolic marker for neuronal activity, Trends Neurosci. 12:94–101.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wragg, M. A., Talbot, C. J., Morris, J. C., Lendon, C. L., and Goate, A. M., 1995, No association found between Alzheimer’s disease and a mitochondrial tRNA glutamine gene variant, Neuroscience Lett. 201:107–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Xu, N., Majidi, V., Markesbery, W. R., and Ehmann, W. D., 1992, Brain aluminum in Alzheimer’s disease using an improved GFAAS method, Neurotoxicol. 13:735–744.Google Scholar
- Yan, S.-D., Chen, X., Schmidt, A.-M, Brett, J., Godman, G., Zou, Y.-S., Scott, C. W., Caputo, C., Frappier, T., Smith, M. A., Perry, G., Yen, S.-H., Stern, D., 1994a, Glycated tau protein in Alzheimer disease: a mechanism for induction of oxidant stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7787–7791.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yan, S.-D., Schmidt, A. M., Anderson, G. M., Shang, J., Brett, J., Zou, Y. S., Pinsky, D., and Stern, D., 1994b, Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptor binding proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 269:9889–9897.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yan, S.-D., Chen, X., Fu, J., Chen, M., Godman, G., Gern, D., and Schmidt, A.-M., 1996, RAGE: a receptor upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease on neurons, microglia, and cerebrovascular endothelium that binds amyloid-β-peptide and mediates induction of oxidant stress, Neurology 46A:A276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yen, T.-C, Chen, Y.-S., and King, K.-L., 1989, Liver mitochondrial respiratory functions decline with age, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 165:994–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yen, T.-C, Su, J. H., King, K. L., and Wei, Y. H., 1991, Ageing-associated 5kb deletion in human liver mitochondrial DNA, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:124–131.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yen, T.-C, King, K. L., Lee, H. C., Yeh, S. H., and Wei, Y H., 1994, Age-dependent increase of mitochondrial DNA deletions together with lipid peroxides and superoxide dismutase in human liver mitochondria, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 16:207–214.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Youdim, M. B., and Lavie, L., 1994, Selective MAO-A and B inhibitors, radical scavengers and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease, Life. Sci. 55:2077–2082.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Younkin, S. G., 1995, Evidence that Aß42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 37:287–288.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zaman, Z., Roche, S., Fielden, P., Frost, P. G., Niriella, D. C., and Cayley, A. C., 1992, Plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E and carotenoids in Alzheimer’s disease, Age Ageing 21:91–94.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zemlan, F. P., Thienhaus, O. J., and Bosmann, H. B., 1989, Superoxide dismutase activity in Alzheimer’s disease: Possible mechanism for paired helical filament formation, Brain Res. 476:160–162.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang, C., Baumer, A., Maxwell, R. J., Linnane, A. W., and Nagley, P., 1992, Multiple mitochondrial deletions in an elderly human individual, FEBS Letters 297:34–38.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang, C., Linnanne, A. W., and Nagley, P., 1993, Basic FGF, NGF, and IGFs protect hippocampal and cortical neurons against iron-induced degeneration, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:378–388.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zubenko, G. S., Fair, J., Stiffler, J. S., Hughes, H. B., and Kaplan, B. B., 1992, Clinically-silent mutation in the putative iron-responsive element in exon 17 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene, J. Neuropathol. Exper. Neurol 51:459–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1997