Drug and Alcohol Abuse pp 231-253 | Cite as
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs and Some Prescription Drugs
Chapter
Abstract
Almost any substance has the potential for misuse (if we define this as the voluntary intake to the point of causing physical or psychological harm). As discussed in chapter 1, this potential is especially true if the drug alters an individual’s perception of his environment. In that context, this chapter presents data on the misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and some prescription drugs, including the antiparkinsonian medications, diuretics, and antipsychotics.
Keywords
Anxiety Disorder Prescription Drug Antipsychotic Drug Major Depressive Disorder Motion Sickness
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Covington, T. R., Lawson, L. C., & Young, L. L. (Eds.). Handbook of nonprescription drugs (10th ed.). Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1993.Google Scholar
- 2.Inciardi, J. A. Over-the-counter drugs: Epidemiology, adverse reactions, overdose deaths, and mass media promotion. Addictive Diseases: An International Journal 3:253–272, 1977.Google Scholar
- 3.Boatman, D. W., & Gagnon, J. P. The pharmacist as an information source for non-prescription drugs. Journal of Drug Issues 7:183–193, 1977.Google Scholar
- 4.Schuckit, M. A. Educating yourself about alcohol and drugs. New York: Plenum Publishing Co., 1998.Google Scholar
- 5.Kalish, S. C., Bohn, R. L., & Avorn, J. Policy analysis of the conversion of histamine2 antagonists to over-the-counter use. Medical Care 35:32–48, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Blenkinsopp, A., & Bradley, C. Patients, society, and the increase in self medication. British Medical Journal 312:629–632, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. Antihistamines. In H. I. Kaplan & G. J. Saddock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.Google Scholar
- 8.Lam, L. D. W., Lee, D. T. S., Shum, P. P. S., & Chen, D. N. Cough mixture misuse in Hong Kong—An emerging psychiatric problem? Addiction 91:1375–1378, 1996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Rickeis, K. Use of antianxiety agents in anxious outpatients. Psychopharmacology 58:1–17, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Austin, K. F. Disease of immediate type hypersensitivity. In A. S. Fauci, E. Braunwald, K. J. Iselbacher, et al. (Eds.), Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp. 1860–1869.Google Scholar
- 11.Mattoo, S. K., Basu, D., Sharma, A., Balaji, M., & Malhotra, A. Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: A report from India. Addiction 92:1787–1793, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Babe, K. S., & Serafin, W. E. Histamine, bradykinen, and their antagonists. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 581–600.Google Scholar
- 13.Bassett, K. E., Schunk, J. E., & Crouch, B. I. Cyclizine abuse by teenagers in Utah. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14:472–474, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Hill, S. J. Histamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Neurotransmissions 8(1):1–5, 1992.Google Scholar
- 15.Lijinsky, W. Liver tumor induced in rats by oral administration of an antihistamine. Science 209:817–818, 1980.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Bryant, B. G., & Lombardi, T. P. Cold and allergy products. In American Pharmaceutical Association Project Staff (Eds.), Handbook of nonprescription drugs (9th ed.). Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1990, pp. 133–205.Google Scholar
- 17.Hoffman, B. B., & Lefkowitz, R. J. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 199–248.Google Scholar
- 18.Gauvin, D. V., Vanecek, S. A., Baird, T. J., et al. The stimulus properties of two common over-the-counter drug mixtures: dextromethorphan + ephedrine and dextromethorphan + diphenhydramine. Journal of Psychopharmacology 12:84–92, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Roberge, R. J., Hirani, K. H., Rowland, P. L., III, et al. Dextromethorphan-and pseudophedrine-induced agitated psychosis and ataxia: case report. Journal of Emergency Medicine 17:285–288, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Serofin, W. E. Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 659–683.Google Scholar
- 21.Tempesta, E., Janiri, L., Mannelli, P., et al. Clinical reports on recent abuse of an antitussive. British Journal of Addiction 85:815–816, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Bisaga, A., Gianelli, P., & Popik, P. Opiate withdrawal with dextromethorphan. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:584, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Insel, P. A. Analgesic-antipyretic and antiflammatory agents and drugs employed in the treatment of gout. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 617–657.Google Scholar
- 24.Stewart, W. F., Kawas, C., Corrada, M., & Metter, E. J. Risk of Alzheimer’s disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology 48:626–632, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Fourrier, A., Letenneur, L., Bégaud, D., & Dartigues, J. F. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and cognitive function in the elderly: Inconclusive results from a population-based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49:1201, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Dubach, U. C., Rosner, B., & Pfister, E. Epidemiologic study of abuse of analgesics containing phenacetin. New England Journal of Medicine 308:357–362, 1983.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Bach, P. H., Berndt, W O., Delzell, E., et al. A safety assessment of fixed combinations of acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid, coformulated with caffeine. Renal Failure 20:749–762, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Pommer, W., Bronder, E., Offerman, G., et al. Analgesic consumption and analgesic-associated nephropathy: Extent, prevalence, and costs: Data from the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 128:220–223, 1986.Google Scholar
- 29.Browning, C. H. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and severe psychiatric side effects. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 26:25–34, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Zimmerman, J. J., & Maddrey, W. C. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: Analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 22:767–773, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Brunton, L. L. Agents for control of gastric acidity and treatment of peptic ulcers. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 901–915.Google Scholar
- 32.Bulik, C. M., Epstein, L. H., & Kaye, W. Treatment of laxative abuse in a female with bulimia nervosa using an operant extinction paradigm. Journal of Substance Abuse 2:381–388, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Curry, C. E., & Tatum-Butler, D. Laxative products. In T. R. Covington, L. C. Lawson, & L. L. Young (Eds.), Handbook of nonprescription drugs (10th ed.). Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1993, pp. 219–236.Google Scholar
- 34.Bulik, C. M. Abuse of drugs associated with eating disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse 4:69–90, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Greden, J. F., & Pomerleau, O. Caffeine-related disorders and nicotine-related disorders. In H. I. Kaplan & D. J. Saddock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.Google Scholar
- 36.Crismon, M. L., & Jermain, D. M. Stimulant products. In T. R. Covington, L. C. Lawson, & L. L. Young (Eds.), Handbook of nonprescription drugs (10th ed.). Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1993, pp. 141–146.Google Scholar
- 37.Hobbs, D., & Chawkins, S. Natural causes ruled out in death of Fillmore girl. Los Angeles Times pg. A-21, April 18, 1998.Google Scholar
- 38.Griffeths, P., & Gossap, M. A transcellular pattern of drug use: Khat. British Journal of Psychiatry 170:281–284, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Stevenson, M., Fitzgerald, J., & Banwell, C. Chewing as a social act: Cultural displacement and ‘khat’ consumption in the East African communities of Melbourne. Drug and Alcohol Review 15:73–82, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Lake, C. R. Manic psychosis after coffee and phenylpropanolamine. Biological Psychiatry 30:401–404, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Whitehouse, A. Ephedrine psychosis rediscovered. British Journal of Psychiatry 150:258–261, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Ryu, S. J., & Lin, S. K. Cerebral arteritis associated with oral use of phenylpropanolamine: report of a case. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 94:53–55, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 43.Reeves, R. R., Carter, O. S., Pinkofsky, H. B., et al. Carisoprodol (soma): abuse potential and physician un-awareness. Journal of Addictive Diseases 18:51–56, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Boyd, A. Bromocriptine and psychosis: a literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly 66:87–95, 1995PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Ross, R. G., & Ward, N. G. Bromocriptine abuse. Biological Psychiatry 31:404–406, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Goodwin, D. W., & Guze, S. B. Psychiatric diagnosis (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
- 47.American Psychiatric Association. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994.Google Scholar
- 48.Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., et al. The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholic and controls. Addiction 92:1289–1304, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Schuckit, M. A. Alcohol, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Alcohol Health & Research World 20:81–85, 1996.Google Scholar
- 50.Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Bergman, M., et al. Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:948–957, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.Schuckit, M. A. Clinical aspects of the use of antidepressant medications in persons with developmental disabilities. Developmental Disabilities: Clinical Insights 4, San Diego Regional Center for the Developmentally Disabled, 1998.Google Scholar
- 52.Raimo, E. B., & Schuckit, M. A. Alcohol dependence and mood disorders. Addictive Behaviors 23:933–946, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Baumbacher, G., & Hansen, M. S. Abuse of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. American Journal of Alcohol Abuse 18:399–406, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.Schuckit, M. A. Clinical aspects of the use of antipsychotic medication in persons with developmental disabilities. Developmental Disabilities: Clinical Insights 3, San Diego Regional Center for the Developmentally Disabled, 1998.Google Scholar
- 55.Schuckit, M. A. The diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in persons with developmental disabilities. Developmental Disabilities: Clinical Insights 5, San Diego Regional Center for the Developmentally Disabled, 1998.Google Scholar
- 56.Gao, Z. G., Liu, B. Y., Cui, W. Y., et al. Anti-nicotinic properties of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 50:1299–1305, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.Standaert, D. G., & Young, A. B. Treatment of central nervous system degenerative disorders. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 503–519.Google Scholar
- 58.Zemishlany, Z., Aizenberg, D., Weiner, Z., & Weizman, A. Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) abuse in schizophrenic patients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 11:199–202, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.König, P., Chwatal, K., Havelec, L., et al. Amantadine versus biperiden: a double-blind study of treatment efficacy in neuroleptic extrapyramidal movement disorders. Neuropsychobiology 33:80–84, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.Pullen, G. P., Best, N. R., & Maguire, J. Anticholingeric drug abuse: A common problem? British Medical Journal 289:612–613, 1984.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 61.Sennhauser, F. H., & Schwarz, H. P. Toxic psychosis from transdermal scopolamine in a child. Lancet 2:1033, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.Brown, J. H., & Taylor, P. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 141–160.Google Scholar
- 63.Galloway, G. P. Anabolic-androgenic steroids. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman, J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.Google Scholar
- 64.Beel, A., Maycock, B., & McLean, N. Current perspectives on anabolic steroids. Drug and Alcohol Review 17:87–103, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.Pope, H. G., & Katz, D. L. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A controlled study of 160 athletes. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:375–382, 1994.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.Wilson, J. D. Androgens. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, et al. (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 1441–1457.Google Scholar
- 67.Bardin, D. W The anabolic action of testosterone. New England Journal of Medicine 335:52–53, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T. J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., & Casaburi, R. The effects of supraphysiologic dose of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine 335:1–7, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.Kindlundh, A. M. S., Isacson, D. G. L., Berglund, L., & Nyberg, F. Factors associated with adolescent use of doping agents: anabolic-androgenic streoids. Addiction 94:543–553, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1997, Vol. I, Secondary School Students. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1998.Google Scholar
- 71.Meilman, P. W., Crace, R. K., Presley, C. A., & Lyerla, R. Beyond performance enhancement: Polypharmacy among collegiate users of steroids. Journal of American College Health 44:98–104, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.Brower, K. J., Eliopulos, G. A., Blow, F. C., et al. Evidence for physical and psychological dependence on anabolic-androgenic steroids in eight weight lifters. American Journal of Psychiatry 147:510–512, 1990.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 73.Lukas, S. E. The pharmacology of steroids. In A. W. Graham, T. K. Schultz, & B. B. Wilford (Eds.). Principles of addiction medicine (2nd ed.). Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1998, pp. 173–186.Google Scholar
- 74.Yates, W. R., Perry, P., & Murray, S. Aggression and hostility in anabolic steroid users. Biological Psychiatry 31:1232–1234, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.Choi, P. Y. L., & Pope, H. G., Jr. Violence toward women and illicit androgenic-anabolic steroid use. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 6:21–25, 1994.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 76.Ellingrod, V. L., Perry, P. J., Yates, W. R., MacIndoe, J. H., Watson, G., Arndt, S., & Holman, T. L. The effects of anabolic steroids on driving performance as assessed by the Iowa driver simulator. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 23:623–636, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.Driessen, M., Muessigbrodt, H., Dilling, H., & Driessen, B., Child sexual abuse associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:1369, 1996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 78.Council on Scientific Affairs. Medical and nonmedial use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Journal of the American Medical Association 264:2923–2927, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.Perry, P. J., Yates, W. R., & Anderson, K. H. Psychiatric symptoms associated with anabolic steroids: A controlled, retrospective study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2:11–17, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 80.Yates, W. R., Perry, P. J. Maclndoe, J., et al. Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. Biological Psychiatry 45:254–260, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2000