Structure and Function of Plant Genomes pp 155-166 | Cite as
Organization and Expression of the Chloroplast Genome of Euglena gracilis
Abstract
We have been involved in a characterization of the chloroplast (ct) genes of the unicellular photosynthetic eucaryote Euglena gracitis. Previous work from several different laboratories on physical mapping and cloning of this DNA, and on the characterization of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons has been recently reviewed.1 In the present article we describe our recent studies on the organization and expression of transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Nucleotide sequence data is now available for 18 different species. We also describe a new Euglena chloroplast extract that catalyzes DNA-dependent, selective in vitro transcription of Euglena ct tRNA genes.
Keywords
Chloroplast Genome Code Locus Euglena Gracilis Protein Code Locus Chloroplast ExtractPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.R. B. Hallick, Chloroplast DNA, in “The Biology of Euglena, Vol. IV,” D. E. Buetow, ed., Academic Press, New York, in press.Google Scholar
- 2.E. M. Southern Detection of Specific Sequences Among DNA Fragments Separated by Gel Electrophoresis, J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503 (1975).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.R. B. Hallick, K. E. Rushlow, E. M. Orozco, Jr., G. L. Stiegler, and P. W. Gray Chloroplast DNA of Euglena gracilis Gene Mapping and Selective in vitro Transcription of the Ribosomal RNA Region, ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 127 (1979).Google Scholar
- 4.E. M. Orozco Jr., and R. B. Hallick, Euglena gracilis Chloroplast Transfer RNA Transcription Units. I. Physical Map of the Transfer RNA Gene Loci, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3258 (1982).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.M. R. El-Gewely, M. I. Lomax, E. T. Lau, R. B. Helling, W. Farmerie, and W. E. Barnett, A Map of Specific Cleavage Sites and tRNA Genes in the Chloroplast Genome of Euglena gracilis bacillaris, Mol. Gen. Genet 181:296 (1981).Google Scholar
- 6.E. M. Orozco Jr., K. E. Rushlow, J. R. Dodd, and R. B. Hallick, Euglena gracilis Chloroplast Ribosomal RNA Transcription Units II. Nucleotide Sequence Homology Between the 16 S-23 S Ribosomal RNA Spacer and the 16 S Ribosomal RNA Leader Regions, J. Biol. Chem. 255: 10997 (1980).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.L. Graf, H. Kossel, and E. Stutz Sequencing of 16 S-23 S Spacer in a Ribosomal RNA Operon of Euglena gracilis Chloroplast DNA Reveals Two tRNA Genes, Nature 286: 908 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.E. M. Orozco Jr., and R. B. Hallick, Euglena gracilis Chloroplast Transfer RNA Transcription Units. II Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of a tRNAVal-tRNAAsn-tRNAArg-tRNALeu Gene Cluster, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3265 (1982).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.M. J. Hollingsworth, and R. B. Hallick, Euglena gracilis Chloroplast Transfer RNA Transcription Units. Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of a tRNATyr-tRNAHis-tRNAMet-tRNATrp-tRNAGlu-tRNAGIy Gene Cluster, J. Biol. Chem. in press (1982).Google Scholar
- 10.G. D. Karabin and R. B. Hallick, Euglena gvaoilis Chloroplast Transfer RNA Transcription Units. Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of a tRNAThr-tRNAGly-tRNAMet-tRNASer-tRNAGln Gene Cluster, submitted for publication.Google Scholar
- 11.S. H. Chang, C. K. Brum, M. Silberklang, U. L. RajBhandary, L. I. Hecker, and W. E. Barnett The First Nucleotide Sequence of an Organelle Transfer RNA:Chioroplastic tRNAPhe, Cell 9: 717 (1976).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.J. A. Nickoloff and R. B. Hallick, Synthetic Deoxyoligonucleotides as General Probes for Transfer RNA Genes, submitted for publication.Google Scholar
- 13.R. P. Singhal and P. A. M. Fallis, Structure Function, and Evolution of Transfer RNAs (with Appendix Giving Complete sequences of 178 tRNAs), Prog. Nucl. Acids Res, and Molec. Biol. 23: 227 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.K. E. Rushlow, E. M. Orozco, Jr., C. Lipper, and R. B. Hallick Selective in Vitro Transcription of Euglena Chloroplast Ribosomal RNA Genes by a Transcriptionally Active Chromosome, J. Biol. Chem. 255: 3786 (1980).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.W. Gruissem, D. M. Prescott, B. M. Greenberg, and R. B. Hallick Transcription of E. coli and Euglena Chloroplast tRNA Gene Clusters and Processing of the Polycistronic Transcripts in a HeLa Cell Free System, Cell 30: 81 (1982).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.M. R. El-Gewely, R. B. Helling, W. Farmerie, and W. E. Barnett Location of a Phenylalanine tRNA Gene on the Physical Map of the Euglena gracilis Chloroplast Genome, Gene 17: 337 (1982).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.G. L. Stiegler, H. M. Matthews, S. E. Bingham, and R. B. Hallick, The Gene for the Large Subunit of Ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase in Euglena gracilis Chloroplast DNA: Location, Polarity Cloning, and Evidence for an Intervening Sequence, Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 3427 (1982).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.A. J. Driesel, J. Speirs, and H. J. Bohnert, Spinach Chloroplast mRNA for a 32000 Dalton Polypeptide Size and Localization on the Physical Map of the Chloroplast DNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 610: 297 (1980).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.G. Zurawski, personal communication.Google Scholar
- 20.P. Westhoff, N. Nelson, H. Bünemann, and R. G. Herrmann Localization of Genes for Coupling Factor Subunits on the Spinach Plastid Chromosome, Curr. Genetics 4: 109 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.J. C Watson and S. J. Surzycki Extensive Sequence Homology in the DNA Coding for Elongation Factor Tu from Esoherichia coli and the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chloroplast, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 79: 2264 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.G. An and J. D. Friesen The Nucleotide Sequence of tufB and Four Nearby tRNA Structural Genes of Escherichia coli, Gene 12: 33 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.B. K. Chelm and R. B. Hallick Changes in the Expression of the Chloroplast Genome of Euglena gracilis during Chloroplast Development, Biochemistry 15: 593 (1976).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.H. Lehrach, D. Diamond, J. M. Wozney, and H. Boedtker, RNA Molecular Weight Determinations by Gel Electrophoresis under Denaturing Conditions, a Critical Reexamination, Biochemistry 16:4743 (1977).Google Scholar
- 25.P. S. Thomas Hybridization of Denatured RNA and Small DNA Fragments Transferred to Nitrocellulose, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 77: 5201 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.B. K. Chelm, R. B. Hallick, and P. W. Gray Transcription Program of the Chloroplast Genome of Euglena gracilis during Chloroplast Development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 76: 2258 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.J. R. Y. Rawson, C L. Boerma, W. H. Andrews, and C G. Wilkerson Complexity and Abundance of Ribonucleic Acid Transcribed from Restriction Endonuclease Fragments of Euglena Chloroplast Deoxyribonucleic Acid during Chloroplast Development, Biochemistry 20:2639 (1981).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.T. Yokota, H. Sugisaki, M. Takanami, and Y. Kaziro The Nucleotide Sequence of the Cloned tufA Gene of Escherichia coli, Gene 12: 25 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.L. McIntosh, C. Poulsen, and L. Bogorad Chloroplast Gene Sequence for the Large Subunit of Ribulose Bisphosphatecar-boxylase of Maize, Nature 288: 556 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.G. Zurawski, B. Perrot, W. Bottomley, and P. R. Whitfeld The Structure of the Gene for the Large Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase from Spinach Chloroplast DNA, Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 3251 (1981).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.M. Dron and J.-D. Rochaix, personal communication.Google Scholar