Black Holes and the Unification of Asymmetries

  • Benjamin Gal-Or
Chapter

Abstract

Of all the conceptions of cosmology and astrophysics, perhaps the most intriguing is the black hole (or “frozen star,” as it is sometimes called): a hole in space with a definite edge, over which anything can fall in — but nothing can escape, because of a gravitational field so strong that even radiation is irreversibly trapped and held by it; a thermodynamic sink which drastically curves space and twists time.

Keywords

Black Hole Neutron Star Gravitational Field Event Horizon Gravitational Collapse 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References (To Part III)

  1. 1.
    Gal-Or, B., Found. Phys., 6, 407 (1976);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 1a.
    Gal-Or, B., Found. Phys., 6, 623 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 2.
    Gal-Or, B., ed., Modem Developments in Thermodynamics, Wiley, N.Y. (1974).Google Scholar
  4. 2a.
    Stuart, E. B., Gal-Or, B., and Brainard, A. J., eds., A Critical Review of Thermodynamics, Mono Book, Baltimore (1970) (Proceedings of International Symposium, sponsored by NSF, “A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics,” at Pittsburgh, Pa., April 7–9 (1969).Google Scholar
  5. 3.
    Gold, T., in Recent Developments in General Relativity, Pergamon Press, N.Y. (1962), p. 225;Google Scholar
  6. 3.
    Gold, T., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. (1967), pp. 1, 128, 229; in Ref. 1, pp. 63.Google Scholar
  7. 4.
    Narlikar, J. V., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. (1967), pp. 25, 28, 62;Google Scholar
  8. 4a.
    Narlikar, J. V., Pure and Appl. Chem. 22, 449, 543 (1970);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 4a1.
    with Hoyle, F., Nature 222, 1040 (1969);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 4a2.
    Hoyle, F., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 277, 1 (1963);Google Scholar
  11. 4a2.
    Hoyle, F., Ann. Phys. 54, 207 (1969),MathSciNetMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 4a2.
    Hoyle, F., Ann. Phys. 62, 44 (1971).MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 5.
    Gal-Or, B., Science 176, 11–17 (1972);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 5a.
    Gal-Or, B., Nature 230, (1971);Google Scholar
  15. 5b.
    Gal-Or, B., Nature 234, 217 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 6.
    Gal-Or, B., “Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility,” Annals, N.Y. Acad. Sci. 196 (A6), pp. 305–325, October 4 (1972) [N.Y. A.S. Award Paper (1971)].Google Scholar
  17. 7.
    Gal-Or, B., “The New Philosophy of Thermodynamics,” in Entropy and Information in Science and Philosophy (Zeman, J., ed.), Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Elsevier (1974). Space Sci. Review, In press.Google Scholar
  18. 8.
    Ellis, H. G., Found. Phys., 4, 311 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 9.
    Rosenfeld, L., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. (1967), pp. 135, 187, 191, 194, 227, 230, 242.Google Scholar
  20. 10.
    Bergmann, P. G., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. (1967), pp.40, 185, 189, 233, 241.Google Scholar
  21. 11.
    Beauregard, O. Costa de, in Ref. 2, pp. 75.Google Scholar
  22. 12.
    Aharony, A. (with Ne’eman, Y.), Int. Jour. Theoret. Phys. 3, 437 (1970);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 12a.
    Aharony, A. (with Ne’eman, Y.), Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, Serie I, 4, 862 (1970) in Ref. 1, pp. 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 13.
    Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E. M., Statistical Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Pa. pp. 13, 29 (1969).Google Scholar
  25. 14.
    Prigogine, I., in A Critical Review of Thermodynamics (Stuart, Gal-Or and Brainard, eds.), Mono Book, Baltimore, p. 461 (1967).Google Scholar
  26. 15.
    Tolman, R. C., Relativity Thermodynamics and Cosmology, Oxford Press (1933), pp. 221, 301, 323, 328, 395, 421, 440.Google Scholar
  27. 16.
    Narlikar, J. V., in Ref. 1, pp. 53.Google Scholar
  28. 17.
    There are authors who, unaware of the fundamental problem, hopelessly seek (cf. also [39]) the origin of irreversibility in the Hamiltonian and the interaction terms in it [cf., e.g., Hove, L. van, Physica 21, 517 (1955);MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
  29. 17a.
    [cf., e.g., Hove, L. van, Physica 25, 269 (1969)];Google Scholar
  30. 17b .
    or in the coarse graining of phase space, which is required to take account of the fact that all measurements are macroscopic [cf., e.g., Landsberg, P. T., Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations, Interscience (1961);MATHGoogle Scholar
  31. 17c.
    Landsberg, P. T., Proc. Roy. Soc. A262, 100 (1961);MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  32. 17c.
    or in passage to the limit of an infinite number of degrees of freedom [cf., e.g., Balescu, R. in [2] p. 473; Physica 36, 433 (1967);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 17c.
    Balescu, R. Phys. Lett. 27A, 249 (1967)]; or in interpretations of the Liouville equation [cf., e.g., Prigogine, I., in [2], p. 1;Google Scholar
  34. 17d.
    or in the impossibility of completely isolating a system from the rest of the universe [cf., e.g., Blatt, J. M., Prog. Theoret. Phys. 22, 745 (1959)].MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 18.
    Misner, C. W., Phys. Rev. 186, 1328 (1969).MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 19.
    Beauregard, O. Costa de, Le Second Principe de la Science du Temps, Editions du Seuil, Paris (1963);Google Scholar
  37. 19.
    Beauregard, O. Costa de, Pure and Appl. Chem. 22, 540 (1970).Google Scholar
  38. 20.
    Adams, E. N., Phys. Rev. 120, 675 (1960).MathSciNetMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 21.
    Beauregard, O. Costa de, in Proceedings of the International Congress for Logic, Methodology and the Philosophy of Science (Bar-Hillel, Y., ed.), North Holland, 313 (1964).Google Scholar
  40. 22.
    Gal-Or, B., Science 178, 1119 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 23.
    Feigl, H. and Maxwell, G., eds., Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science, Holt, Rinehart and Minneapolis (1962).Google Scholar
  42. 24.
    Grunbaum, A., Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, Knopf, N.Y. (1963); (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y., p. 149 (1967).Google Scholar
  43. 25.
    Hogarth, J. E. in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y., p. 7 (1967).Google Scholar
  44. 26.
    Layzer, D., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. (1967).Google Scholar
  45. 27.
    Mehlberg, H., in Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science (Feigl and Maxwell, eds.), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, N.Y., p. 105 (1961).Google Scholar
  46. 28.
    Ne’eman, Y. in Ref. 1, pp. 91.Google Scholar
  47. 29.
    Penrose, O. and Percival, I. C, Proc. Phys. Soc. 79, Part 3, No. 509, p. 605 (1962).MathSciNetMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 30.
    Prigogine, I., in [2], pp. 3, 203, 461, 505.Google Scholar
  49. 31.
    Reichenbach, H., The Direction of Time, University of California Press, Berkeley (1956);Google Scholar
  50. 31a.
    Reichenbach, H., The Philosophy of Space and Time, Dover, N.Y. (1958).MATHGoogle Scholar
  51. 32.
    Tisza, L., in [2], pp. 107, 206, 510.Google Scholar
  52. 33.
    Watanabe, S., in The Voices of Time (Fraser, J. T., ed.), George Braziller, N.Y. 1966, p. 543; Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto) Suppl., Extra No., p. 135 (1965).Google Scholar
  53. 34.
    Wheeler, J. A., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. 1967, pp. 90, 233, 235.Google Scholar
  54. 35.
    Whitrow, G. J., The Natural Philosophy of Time, Nelson, London, 1961.MATHGoogle Scholar
  55. 36.
    Loschmidt, J., Wiener Ber. 73, 139 (1876);Google Scholar
  56. 36a.
    Loschmidt, J., Wiener Ber. 75, 67 (1877).Google Scholar
  57. 37.
    Zermelo, E., Ann. Phys. 57, (1896);Google Scholar
  58. 37.
    Zermelo, E., Ann. Phys. 59; 793 (1896).MATHGoogle Scholar
  59. 38.
    Zel’dovich, Y. B., JETP Lett. 12, 307 (1970).Google Scholar
  60. 39.
    Penrose, O., Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, Pergamon, Oxford 1970.MATHGoogle Scholar
  61. 40.
    Phipps, T. E., Jr., Found. Phys. 3, 435 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 41.
    Kovetz, A. and Shaviv, G., Astrophysics and Space Science 6, 396 (1970);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 41.
    Kovetz, A. and Shaviv, G., Astrophysics and Space Science 7, 416 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 42.
    Dicke, R. H., Phys. Today 20, 55 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 43.
    Cox, A. N., “Stellar Absorption Coefficients and Opacities, in Stars and Stellar Systems (Kuiper, G. P., ed.), Vol. VIII, University of Chicago Press, 1965, pp. 195–263.Google Scholar
  66. 44.
    Reeves, H., “Stellar Energy Sources,” Ibid. pp. 113–193.Google Scholar
  67. 45.
    Sciama, D. W., “The Recent Renaissance of Observational Cosmology,” in Relativity and Gravitation (Kuper, C. G. and Peres, A., eds.), Gordon and Breach, N.Y. 1971, p. 283.Google Scholar
  68. 46.
    Einstein, A., in Albert Einstein, Philosopher-Scientist (Paul Arthur Shilpp, ed.), Harper Torchbooks, N.Y. 1959, Vol. II, p. 687.Google Scholar
  69. 47.
    Sandage, A., Quart. J. Radio-Astr. Soc. 13, 282 (1972).Google Scholar
  70. 48.
    Weinberg, S., Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, Wiley, N.Y. 1972, pp. 597.Google Scholar
  71. 49.
    Ledoux, P., “Stellar Stability,” in Stars and Stellar Systems (Kuiper, G. P. ed.), Vol. VIII, University of Chicago Press, 1965, pp. 499–574.Google Scholar
  72. 50.
    Truesdell, C, Rational Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1969, pp. 30, 57, 106, 193.Google Scholar
  73. 51.
    Gringorten, I. I. and Kantor, A. J., in Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments (Valley, S. L. ed.), McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1965.Google Scholar
  74. 52.
    Huang, S. S. and Struve, O., “Stellar Rotation and Atmospheric Turbulence,” in Stars and Stellar Systems (Kuiper, G. P. ed.), Vol. VI, University of Chicago Press, 1960, pp. 321–369.Google Scholar
  75. 53.
    Bondi, H., in The Nature of Time (Gold, T., ed.), Cornell University Press, N.Y. 1967;Google Scholar
  76. 53.
    Bondi, H., Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, 1961.MATHGoogle Scholar
  77. 54.
    Heelan, P., Quantum Mechanics and Objectivity, Nijhoff, The Hague 1965, 7, 95 (1970).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  78. 55.
    Popper, K., in Quantum Theory and Reality (Bunge, M., ed.), Springer, N.Y. 1967, p. 7.Google Scholar
  79. 56.
    Bunge, M., Ibid, p. 107.Google Scholar
  80. 57.
    Motz, L., Ap. J. 112, 362 (1952);Google Scholar
  81. 57a.
    Motz, L., Astrophysics and Stellar Structure, Waltham, Mass. 1970.Google Scholar
  82. 58.
    Katz, A., Principles of Statistical Mechanics, Freeman, San Francisco 1967.Google Scholar
  83. 59.
    Cocke, W. J., Phys. Rev. 160 (5), 1165 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 60.
    Conant, D. R., in A Critical Review of Thermodynamics (Stuart, E. B., Gal-Or, B. eds.), Mono Book, Baltimore (1970), p. 507.Google Scholar
  85. 61.
    De Groot, S. R. and Mazur, P., Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, North Holland 1962.Google Scholar
  86. 62.
    Sciama, D. W., Modern Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, N.Y. 1971.Google Scholar
  87. 63.
    Peebles, P. J. E., Physical Cosmology, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1971.Google Scholar
  88. 64.
    Sachs, R. G., Science 176, 587 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 65.
    Christenson, J. H., Cronin, J. W., Fitch, V. L., and Turlay, R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 65a.
    Christenson, J. H., Cronin, J. W., Fitch, V. L., and Turlay, R., Phys. Rev. B. 140, 14(1965).Google Scholar
  91. 66.
    Lee, T. D. and Yang, C. N., Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 66a.
    Wu, C. S., Amber, E., Hayward, R. W., Hoppes, D. D., and Hudson, R. P., Phys. Rev. 105, 1413 (1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 67.
    Dass, G. V., Prepring TH. 1373-CERN (1971).Google Scholar
  94. 68.
    Olbers, H. W. M., Bodes Jahrbuch, 110 (1826).Google Scholar
  95. 69.
    Halley, Edmund, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 31 (1720).Google Scholar
  96. 70.
    Fowler, W. A. and Hoyle, F. Ap. J. Suppl. 9, 201 (1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 71.
    Colgate, S. A. and White, R. H., Ap. J. 143, 626 (1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 72.
    Arnett, W. D., Canad. J. Phys. 44, 2553 (1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 73.
    Schwartz, R. A., Ann. Phys. 43, 42 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 74.
    Rakavy, G., Shaviv, G. and Zinamon, Z., Ap. J. 150, 131 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 75.
    Clayton, D. D., Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1968.Google Scholar
  102. 76.
    Gal-Or, B. et al., Intern. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 14, 727 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 77.
    Wheeler, J. A. and Feynman, R. P., Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 157 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 78.
    Feynman, R. P., Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 367 (1948).MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 79.
    Feynman, R. P. and Hibbs, A. R., Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1965.MATHGoogle Scholar
  106. 80.
    Lemaitre, G., Ann. Soc. Sci. (Bruxelles) 47A, 49 (1927).Google Scholar
  107. 81.
    Friedmann, A., Zeitsf. Physik 10, 377 (1922).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 82.
    Dudley, H. C, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 5(3), 231 (1972); Phys. Lett., in press (1972);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 82a.
    Dudley, H. C, Nuovo Cimento 4B, 68(1971).Google Scholar
  110. 83.
    Arnold, V. I. and Avez, A., Problèmes Ergodiques de la Mechanics, Benjamin, N.Y. 1968.Google Scholar
  111. 84.
    Farquhar, I., Ergodic Theory in Statistical Mechanics, Wiley, N.Y. 1964.Google Scholar
  112. 85.
    Sinai, Y. G., “On the Foundations of the Ergodic Hypothesis for a Dynamical System in Statistical Gechanics,” Soviet Mathematics 4, 1818 (1963).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  113. 86.
    Ungarish, M., Internal Report, Technion-Israel Inst, of Tech., Aug. 1972.Google Scholar
  114. 87.
    Eringen, A. C, in A Critical Review of Thermodynamics, Mono Book (Stuart, E. B., Gal-Or, B., eds.), Baltimore (1970) p. 483.Google Scholar
  115. 88.
    Kestin, J. and Rice, J. R., ibid. p. 282.Google Scholar
  116. 89.
    Bohm, D., Phys. Rev. 85, 166, 180 (1952).MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 90.
    de Broglie, L., Founvations of Physics, Vol. 1, p. 1, 1970.Google Scholar
  118. 91.
    Finzi, A., “Is Dissipation of the Energy of Orbital Motion the Source of the Radiant Energy of Novae?,” Technion Prepring Series No. MT-89, Sept. 1971.Google Scholar
  119. 92.
    Cohen, J. M. and Cameron, A. G. W., Nature 224, 566 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 93.
    Ostriker, J. P. and Gunn, J. E., Ap. J. 157, 1395 (1969);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. 93a.
    Ostriker, J. P. and Gunn, J. E., Ap. J. 160, 979 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 94.
    Finzi, A. and Wolf, R. A., Ap. J. (Letters) 155, 107 (1969);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 94a.
    Finzi, A. and Wolf, R. A., Ap. J. 150, 115 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 95.
    Kulsrud, R. M., Ap. J. 163, 567 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 96.
    Pacini, F., Nature 219, 145 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. 97.
    Goldreich, P. and Julian, W. H., Ap. J. 157, 869 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 98.
    Zel’dovich, Y. B., in Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 3, Academic Press, N.Y. 1965, pp.241–375.Google Scholar
  128. 99.
    Janossy, L., Theory of Relativity Based on Physical Reality, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1971, pp. 17, 49.Google Scholar
  129. 100.
    Einstein, A., Verh. d. Schweizer, Nat. Ges. 105, Teil II, pp. 85–93.Google Scholar
  130. 101.
    Margenau, H., Philosophy of Science 30, 1 (1963);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. 101a.
    Margenau, H., Philosophy of Science 30, 138 (1963);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. 101b.
    Margenau, H., Phys. Today 7, 6 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 102.
    Heisenberg, W., Physical Principles of Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, 1931.Google Scholar
  134. 103.
    Schulman, L., Phys. Rev., in press; in Modern Developments in Thermodynamics, Wiley, N.Y., p. 81 (1974).Google Scholar
  135. 104.
    Witten, L., ed., Gravitation, Wiley, N.Y. 1962.MATHGoogle Scholar
  136. 105.
    Sperber, G., Found. Phys. 4, p. 163 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 106.
    Kyrala, A., Ibid, p. 31.Google Scholar
  138. 107.
    Rothstein, J., Ibid, p. 83.Google Scholar
  139. 108.
    Nordtvedt, K. L., Science 178, 1157 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. 109.
    Oboukhov, A. M. and Golitsyn, G. S., Space Research XI, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1971, p. 121.Google Scholar
  141. 110.
    Zel’dovich, Y. B. and Novikov, I. D., Relativistic Astrophysics-I, University of Chicago Press, 1971.Google Scholar
  142. 111.
    Kantor, W., Found. Phys. 4, 105 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. 112.
    Novotny, E., Introduction to Stellar Atmospheres and Interiors, Oxford University Press 1973.Google Scholar
  144. 113.
    Paczynsky, B. E., Acta Astron. 20, 47 (1970);Google Scholar
  145. 113.
    Paczynsky, B. E., Astrophys. Lett. 11, 53 (1972).Google Scholar
  146. 114.
    Barkat, Z., Ap. J. 163, 433 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. 115.
    Barkat, Z., Wheeler, J. C, and Buchler, J. R., Ap. J. 171, 651 (1972);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. 115.
    Barkat, Z., Wheeler, J. C, and Buchler, J. R., Astrophys. Lett. 8, 21 (1971).Google Scholar
  149. 116.
    Arnett, W. D., Ap. and Space Sci. 5, 180 (1969);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. 116.
    Arnett, W. D., Ap. J. 53, 341 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. 117.
    Wilson, J. R., Ap. J. 163, 209 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. 118.
    Tsuruta, S. and Cameron, A. G. W., Ap. and Space Sci. 7, 374 (1970);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. 118a.
    Tsuruta, S. and Cameron, A. G. W., Ap. and Space Sci. 14, 79 (1971).Google Scholar
  154. 119.
    Arnett, W. D., Truran, J. W., and Woolsey, S. E., Ap. J. 76587 (1971).Google Scholar
  155. 120.
    Hawking, S. W. in 6th Texas Symp. on Relativistic Astrophysics, Annals, New York Academy of Sciences, 224, 268 (1973).Google Scholar
  156. 121.
    Davies, P. C. W., The Physics of Time Asymmetry, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1974.Google Scholar
  157. 122.
    Jackiw, Rev. Mod. Phys. 49, 681 (1977);MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. 122a.
    with C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. Let. 36, 1116 (1976);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. 122b.
    with C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. Let. 37, 122 (1976);Google Scholar
  160. 122c.
    with C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. D 13, 3398 (1976);MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. 123.
    ‘tHooft, G. Phys. Rev. Let. 37, 8 (1976);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. 123.
    ‘tHooft, G. Phys. Rev. Let. 37, 8 (1976); Nuclear Phys. B79, 276 (1974);Google Scholar
  163. 124.
    Narlikar, J. V., General Relativity and Cosmology, MacMillan, London, 1979.Google Scholar
  164. 125.
    Hawking, S. W. and W. Israel, eds., General Relativity, Cambridge, 1979.MATHGoogle Scholar
  165. 126.
    M. Rowan-Robinson, Cosmology, 2nd ed. Oxford, 1981.Google Scholar
  166. 127.
    G. Bath, ed. The State of the Universe, Oxford, 1980.Google Scholar
  167. 128.
    P. T. Landsberg and D. A. Evans, Mathematical Cosmology: An Introduction, Oxford, 1979.Google Scholar
  168. 129.
    G. Burbidge and A. Hewitt, eds. Telescopes for the 1980s, Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, 1981.Google Scholar
  169. 130.
    J. Vervier and R.V.F. Janssens, Spinor Symmetry and super symmetry, Phys. Lett., 108B: 1, 1982.Google Scholar
  170. 131.
    L.W. Alvarez, et al., Science, 208, 1095, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Benjamin Gal-Or 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • Benjamin Gal-Or
    • 1
  1. 1.The Jet Propulsion LaboratoryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael

Personalised recommendations