Acquired Immunity to Intestinal Nematodes and to Ticks

  • William Trager
Chapter

Abstract

In 1947 Norman R. Stoll, in “This Wormy World,” estimated that, out of the then world population of 2000 million people, 1700 million were parasitized by nematodes. Although the world population has increased, this proportion has not changed. Especially prevalent and associated with poor sanitation are the intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. There are indications that the immune system serves to limit the worm burden, but little direct information is available regarding acquired immunity to these human parasites. A great deal has been learned, however, about acquired immunity to related nematode parasites of domestic animals and about another type of nematode parasite of humans, the ubiquitous Trichinella spiralis.

Keywords

Worm Burden Infective Larva Tick Infestation Hookworm Infection Muscle Larva 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  1. Adams, D. B., and Beh, K. J., 1981, Immunity acquired by sheep from an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus, Int. J. Parasitol. 11:381–386.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Askenase, P. W., 1983, Effector and regulatory functions of cells in the immune response to parasites, Fed. Proc. 42:1740–1743.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Brown, S. J., and Askenase, P. W., 1983, Immune rejection of ectoparasites (ticks) by T cell and IgG1 antibody recruitment of basophils and eosinophils, Fed. Proc. 42:1744–1749.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Brown, S. J., and Knapp, F. W., 1981, Response of hypersensitized guinea pigs to the feeding of Amblyomma americanum ticks, Parasitology 83:213–223.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Callow, L. L., and Stewart, N. P., 1978, Immunosuppression by Babesia bovis against its tick vector, Boophilus microplus, Nature 272:818–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Campbell, W. C. (ed.), 1983, Trichinella and Trichinosis, Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
  7. Carroll, S. M., and Grove, D. I., 1984, Parasitological, hematologic, and immunologic responses in acute and chronic infections of dogs with Ancylostoma ceylanicum: A model of human hookworm infection, J. Infect. Dis. 150:284–294.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Clegg, J. A., and Smith, M. A., 1978, Prospects for the development of dead vaccines against helminths., Adv. Parasitol. 16:165–218.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Despommier, D. D., 1981, Partial purification and characterization of protection-inducing antigens from the muscle larva of Trichinella spiralis by molecular sizing chromatography and preparative flatbed isoelectric focusing, Parasite Immunol. 3:261–272.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Despommier, D. D., 1983, Biology, in: Trichinella and Trichinosis (W. C. Campbell, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 75–151.Google Scholar
  11. Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W. McIntyre, W. I. M., Mulligan, W., and Urquhart, G. M., 1960, Immunological studies on Dictyocaulus viviparus infection: Immunity produced by the administration of irradiated larvae, Immunology 3:145–151.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Johnston, T. H., and Bancroft, H. J., 1918, A tick-resistant condition in cattle, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. 30:219–317.Google Scholar
  13. Koudstaal, D., Kemp, D. H., and Kerr, J. D., 1978, Boophilus microplus: Rejection of larvae from British breed cattle, Parasitology 76:379–386.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Larsh, J. E., and Race, G. J,, 1975, Allergic inflammation as a hypothesis for the expulsion of worms from tissues: A review, Exp. Parasitol. 37:251–266.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Larsh, J. E., Jr., and Weatherly, A. F., 1975, Cell-mediated immunity against certain parasitic worms, Adv. Parasitol. 13:183–222.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Lloyd, S., 1981, Progress in immunization against parasitic helminths, Parasitology 83:225–242.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Love, R. J., Ogilvie, B. M., and McLaren, D. J., 1976, The immune mechanism which expels the intestinal stage of Trichinella spiralis from rats, Immunology 30:7–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. McGowan, M. J., and Barker, R. W., 1980, A selected bibliography of tick-host resistance and immunological relationships, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 26:17–25.Google Scholar
  19. McLaren, D., Worms, M. J., and Askenase, P. W., 1983, Cutaneous basophil associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). III. Electron microscopy of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus larval feeding sites in actively sensitized guinea pigs and recipients of immune serum, J. Pathol. 139:291–308.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Miller, T. A., 1978, Industrial development and field use of the canine hookworm vaccine, Adv. Parasitol. 16:333–342.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Miller, T. A., 1979, Hookworm infections in man, Adv. Parasitol. 17:315–384.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Nelson, W. A., Bell, J. F., Clifford, C. M., and Keirans, J. E., 1977, Review article: Interaction of ectoparasites and their hosts, J. Med. Entomol. 13:389–428.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Ogilvie, B. M., and de Savigney, D., 1982, Immune response to nematodes, in: Immunology of Parasitic Infections (S. Cohen and K. S. Warren, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 715–757.Google Scholar
  24. Ogilvie, B. M., and James, V. E., 1971, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: A review of immunity and the host/parasite relationship in the rat, Exp. Parasitol. 29:138–177.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Ortega-Pierres, G., Mackenzie, C. D., and Parkhouse, R. M. E., 1984, Protection against Trichinella spiralis induced by a monoclonal antibody that promotes killing of newborn larvae by granulocytes, Parasite Immunol. 6:275–284.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Paine, S. H., Kemp, D. H., and Allen, J. R., 1983, In vitro feeding of Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles): Effects of histamine and other mediators, Parasitology 86:419–428.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Randolph, S. E., 1979, Population regulation in ticks: The role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts, Parasitology 79:141–156.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Ribeiro, J. M. C., Makoul, G. T., Levine J., Robinson, D. R., and Spielman, A., 1985, Antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick, Ixodes dammini, J. Exp. Med. 161:332–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Roberts, J. A., 1968, Acquisition by the host of resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), J. Parasitol. 54:657–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Roberts, J. A., 1968, Resistance of cattle to the tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). II. Stages of the life cycle of the parasite against which resistance is manifest, J. Parasitol. 54:667–673.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Rogers, W. P., 1982, Enzymes in the exsheathing fluid of nematodes and their biological significance, Int. J. Parasitol. 12:495–502.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Rothwell, T. L. W., and Merritt, G. C., 1975, Vaccination against the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. IL Attempts to protect guinea pigs with worm acetylcholinesterase, Int. J. Parasitol. 5:453–160.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Silberstein, D. S., and Despommier, D. D., 1984, Antigens from Trichinella spiralis that induce a protective response in the mouse, J. Immunol. 132:898–904.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Silberstein, D. S., and Despommier, D. D., 1985a, Effects on Trichinella spiralis of host responses to purified antigens, Science 227:948–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Silberstein, D. S., and Despommier, D. D., 1985b, Immunization with purified antigens protects mice from lethal infection with Trichinella spiralis, J. Parasitol. 71:516–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Soulsby, E. J. L., 1966, The mechanisms of immunity to gastro-intestinal nematodes, in: Biology of Parasites (E. J. Soulsby, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 255–276.Google Scholar
  37. Stoll, N. R., 1947, This wormy world, J. Parasitol. 33:1–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Stoll, N. R., 1961, The worms: Can we vaccinate against them?, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10:293–303.Google Scholar
  39. Trager, W., 1939, Acquired immunity to ticks, J. Parasitol. 25:57–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Utech, K. B. W., Seifert, G. W., and Wharton, R. H., 1978, Breeding Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle for resistance to Boophilus microplus. I. Factors affecting resistance, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29:411–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Wagland, B. M., 1975, Host-resistance to the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to farm infestations with 20,000 larvae, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 26:1073–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Wakelin, D., and Denham, D. A., 1983, The immune response, in: Trichinella and Trichinosis (W. C. Campbell, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 265–308.Google Scholar
  43. Wikel, S. K., 1980, Host resistance to tick-borne pathogens by virtue of resistance to tick infestation, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 74:103–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Wikel, S. K., and Osburn, R. L., 1982, Immune responsiveness of the bovine host to repeated low-level infestations with Dermacentor andersoni, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 76:405–414.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Wikel, S. K., Graham, J. E., and Allen, J. R., 1978, Acquired resistance to hcks. IV. Skin reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to salivary gland antigen, Immunology 34:257–263.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Willadsen, P., and Williams, P. G., 1976, Isolation and partial characterization of an antigen from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, Immunochemistry 13:591–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1986

Authors and Affiliations

  • William Trager
    • 1
  1. 1.The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA

Personalised recommendations