Xanthochromic Compounds in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Quantitative Spectrophotometry and Electromigration
  • Karl G. Kjellin
Chapter

Abstract

The presence of erythrocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a leukocyte pleocytosis, increased CSF protein concentration, and xanthochromia of centrifuged CSF are important findings in the detection of vascular neurological disorders (see Vol. 1, Chapter 20, by Laurent15). However, the diagnostic information from these findings is often insufficient despite the addition of other clinical data. The introduction of cranial computed tomography (CT) represents an extremely valuable improvement in the detection of intracranial vascular lesions including hemorrhage and infarction. Unfortunately, such needed equipment is rather complicated and expensive and, for the present, is available only in major medical centers. Furthermore, surface bleeding near boney structures such as subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) may escape diagnosis, and the hemorrhagic component in cerebral infarctions may be difficult to detect by CT.

Keywords

Lumbar Puncture Scale Expansion Intracerebral Hematoma Hemorrhagic Infarction Bleeding Pattern 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Antoni, N.: Om lumbal punktion. Sven. Laekartidn. 20: 529, 1923.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Barrows, L. J., Hunter, F. T., Banker, B. Q.: The nature and clinical significance of pigments in the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain78: 59–80, 1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Hellström, B., Kjellin, K. G.: The diagnostic value of spectrophotometry of the CSF in the newborn period. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 13(6): 789–797, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Kjellin, K. G.: The CSF iron in patients with neurological diseases. Acta Neurol. Scand. 43: 299–313, 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Kjellin, K. G.: The binding of xanthochromic compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurol Sci. 9: 597–601, 1969.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Kjellin, K. G.: Bilirubin compounds in the CSF. J. Neurol. Sci. 13: 161–173, 1971.Google Scholar
  7. 6a.
    Kjellin, K. G.: Xantokroma protein-Foreningar i Likvor. In Proceedings of the Annual General Meeting of the Swedish Society of Medical Sciences Stockholm, 1971, p. 412.Google Scholar
  8. 6b.
    Kjellin, K. G.: Isoelectric focusing of protein compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid. In Tsukada, Y. (ed.): Proceedings of the Fourth International Meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry, Vol. 4., Tokyo, 1973, p. 462.Google Scholar
  9. 6c.
    Kjellin, K. G., Hallander, L.: Isotachophoresis of xanthochromic compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid. In Everaerts, F. M. (ed.), Analytical Isotachophoresis, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1981.Google Scholar
  10. 7.
    Kjellin, K. G., Mettinger, K. L., Sidén, Å., Söderström, C. E.: A study of stroke before age 55. In Carlson, L. A., Paoletti, R., Sirtori, C. R., Weber, G. (eds.): International Conference on Atherosclerosis. New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp. 227–238.Google Scholar
  11. 7a.
    Kjellin, K. G., Siden, A.: Cerebrospinal fluid proteins in infectious Neurological Diseases and Guil-lain-Barré syndrome. In Wood, J. H. (ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2. Plenum Press, New York, 1983, Chapter 20.Google Scholar
  12. 8.
    Kjellin, K. G., Steiner, L.: Spectrophotometry of cerebrospinal fluid in subacute and chronic subdural haematomas. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry37: 1121–1127, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 9.
    Kjellin, K. G., Söderström, C.E.: Diagnostic significance of CSF spectrophotometry in cerebrovascular diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 23: 359–369, 1974.Google Scholar
  14. 10.
    Kjellin, K. G., Söderström, C. E.: Cerebral haemorrhages with atypical clinical patterns: A study of cerebral haematomas using CSF spectrophotometry and computerized transverse axial tomography (“EMI scanning”). J. Neurol. Sci. 25: 211–226, 1975.Google Scholar
  15. 11.
    Kjellin, K. G., Söderström, C.E., Cronqvist, S.: Cerebrospinal fluid spectrophotometry and computerized transverse axial tomography (EMI scanning) in cerebrovascular diseases. Eur. Neurol. 13: 315–331, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 12.
    Kjellin, K. G., Söderström, C. E.: Modern diag-nostik av cerebrovaskulära sjukdomar. Forsk. Prakt. 9: 1–8, 1977.Google Scholar
  17. 13.
    Kjellin, K. G., Vesterberg, O.: Isoelectric focusing of CSF proteins in neurological diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 23: 199–213, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 14.
    Kronholm, V., Lintrup, J.: Spectrophotometric investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid in the near-ultravioletregion. ActaPsychiat. Neurol. Scand. 35: 314–329, 1960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 15.
    Laurent, J. P.: Subarachnoid hemorrhage. In Wood, J. H. (ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 1. New York, Plenum Press, 1980, pp. 279–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 16.
    Lous, P., Plum, C. M., Schou, M.: Kolorimetrisk bestemmelse af totalprotein og globulin i spinal-vaeske—Afprøvning af Lowry-metoden. Nord. Med. 55: 693–701, 1956.Google Scholar
  21. 17.
    Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, R. J.: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 93: 265–275, 1951.Google Scholar
  22. 18.
    Nasralla, M., Gawouska, E., Hsia, D. Y.-Y.: Studies on the relation between serum and spinal fluid bilirubin during early infancy. J. Clin. Invest. 37: 1403–1412, 1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 19.
    Norrving, B., Olsson, J.-E.: The diagnostic value of spectrophotometric analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hematomas. J. Neurol. Sci. 44: 105–114, 1979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 20.
    Söderström, C.E.: Diagnostic significance of CSF spectrophotometry and computer tomography in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke8: 606–612, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 21.
    Söderström, C. E., Kjellin, K. G., Cronqvist, S.: Computer tomography compared with spectrophotometry of cerebrospinal fluid in cerebrovascular diseases. Acta Radiol. Diagn. (Suppl.)346: 130–142, 1975.Google Scholar
  26. 22.
    Sörnäs, R., Östlund, H., Müller, R.: Cerebrospinal fluid cytology after stroke. Arch. Neurol. (Chicago)26: 489–501, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 23.
    Stempfel, R., Zetterström, R.: Concentration of bilirubin in cerebrospinal fluid in hemolytic disease of the newborn. Pediatrics16: 184–195, 1955.Google Scholar
  28. 24.
    Šuta, M.: Cytologic and spectrophotometric patterns of haemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid. In den Hartog Jager, W. A., Bruyn, G. W., Heijstee, A. P. J. (eds.): The 11th World Congress of Neurology: Int. Congr. Ser., No. 427. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1977, pp. 135–136.Google Scholar
  29. 25.
    Tichý, J.: Cerebrospinal fluid spectrophotometry. In den Hartog Jager, W. A., Bruyn, G. W., Heijstee, A. P. J. (eds.): The 11th World Congress of Neurology, Int. Congr. Ser., No. 427. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1977, p. 179.Google Scholar
  30. 26.
    Tourtelotte, W. W., Metz, L. N., Bryan, E. R., Dejong, R. N.: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage—Factors affecting the rate of clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurology (Minneapolis)14: 302–306, 1964.Google Scholar
  31. 27.
    Vander Meulen, J. P.: Cerebrospinal fluid xanthochromia: An objective index. Neurology (Minneapolis)16: 170–178, 1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 28.
    Wahlgren, N. G., Kjelun, K. G., Söderström, C. E.: Spectrophotometry of the CSF (CSF-SPE) and computer tomography (CT) in traumatic head injuries. J. Neurol. Sci. 37: 215–225, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 29.
    Walsh, M. J., Tourtellotte, W. W., Potvin, A. R.: Central nervous system immunoglobulin synthesis in neurological disease: Quantitation, specificity, and regulation. In Wood, J. H. (ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2. New York, Plenum Press, 1983, Chapter 19.Google Scholar
  34. 30.
    With, T. K.: Bile Pigments: Chemical, Biological, and Clinical Aspects. New York, Academic Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1983

Authors and Affiliations

  • Karl G. Kjellin
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of NeurologyKarolinska HospitalStockholm 60Sweden

Personalised recommendations