Environmental Comprehension and Evaluation

  • Joachim F. Wohlwill
  • Gerald D. Weisman
Chapter

Abstract

This section includes material frequently designated under the rubric of “environmental perception” (especially by those outside of the field of psychology), a term used in reference to very diverse problems, processes and phenomena.

Keywords

Multidimensional Scaling Psychological Process Spatial Cognition Environmental Cognition Mobile Home 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Environmental Perception

  1. 107.
    Bartley, S. H. PERCEPTION IN EVERY-DAY LIFE. New York: Harper and Row, 1972. 325 pp.Google Scholar
  2. 108.
    Birren, F. LIGHT, COLOR AND ENVIRONMENT. New York: Van Nostrand & Reinhold, 1969. 131 pp.Google Scholar
  3. 109.
    Brunswik, E. PERCEPTION AND THE REPRESENTATIVE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1956. 154 pp.Google Scholar
  4. 110.
    Gibson, J.J. THE PERCEPTION OF THE VISUAL WORLD. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1950. xii, 240 pp.Google Scholar
  5. 111.
    Gibson, J. J. THE ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO VISUAL PERCEPTION. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1979. xiv, 332 pp.Google Scholar
  6. 112.
    Hayward, D. G. The psychology and physiology of light and color as an issue in the planning and managing of environments: A selected bibliography. Monticello, 111.: Council of Planning Librarians, 1972. (Exchange Bibliographies No. 288 ). 14 pp.Google Scholar
  7. 113.
    Kennedy, J. M. A PSYCHOLOGY OF PICTURE PERCEPTION. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974. xiii, 174 pp.Google Scholar
  8. 114.
    Perception and environment. Urban Ecology, 1979, 4, 95–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 115.
    Ross, H. E. BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTION IN STRANGE ENVIRONMENTS. London: Allen & Unwin, 1974. 171 pp.Google Scholar
  10. 116.
    Battro, A. M., & Ellis, E. J. L’estimation subjective de l’espace urbain. Annee Psychologique, 1972, 72, 9–52.Google Scholar
  11. 117.
    Battro, A. M., Mazzotti, T. B., & Cabrai, R. J. G. Vers une psycho-physique a l’echelle urbaine. Annee Psychologique 1975, 75, 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 118.
    Carr, S., & Schissler, D. Perceptual selection and memory in the view from the road. Environment and Behavior, 1969, 1, 7–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 119.
    Garling, T. Studies in visual perception of architectural spaces and rooms: I. Judgment scales of open and closed space. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1969,.10, 250–256. I.. Judgments of open and closed space by category rating and magnitude estimation. Ibid., 1969, 10, 257–268. III. A relation between judged depth and judged size of space. Ibid., 1970, 11, 124–131. IV. The relation of judged depth to judged size of space. Ibid., 11, 133-145. V. Aesthetic preferences. Ibid., 1972, 13, 222–227.Google Scholar
  14. 120.
    Hayward, S. C., & Franklin, S. S. Perceived openness-enclosure of architectural space. Environment and Behavior, 1974, 6 37–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 121.
    Ittelson, W. H. Perception of the large-scale environment. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, (Series 2 ), 1970, 32, 807–815.Google Scholar
  16. 122.
    Ittelson, W. H. Environmental perception and contemporary perceptual theory. In #134 (Ittelson), pp. 1–19.Google Scholar
  17. 123.
    Mackworth, N. H., & Morandi, A. J. The gaze selects informative details within pictures. Perception and Psychophysics, 1967, 2, 547–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 124.
    Pyron, B. Form and space diversity in human habitats: Perceptual responses. Environment and Behavior, 1971, 3, 382–411Google Scholar
  19. 125.
    Sadalla, E. K., & Burroughs, J. Mobile homes in hyper-space: Recognition memory for architectural form. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1978, 2, 195–205.Google Scholar
  20. 126.
    Southworth, M. The sonic environment of cities. Environment and Behavior, 1969 1, 49–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Environmental Cognition

  1. 127.
    Boice, L. P. Encountering a city: The spatial learning process of urban newcomers. Monticello, 111.: Council of Planning Librarians, 1977. (Exchange Bibliographies No. 1264 ). 47 pp.Google Scholar
  2. 128.
    Canter, D. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PLACE. New York: St. Martin’s, 1977. x, 198 pp.Google Scholar
  3. 129.
    Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. (Eds.) IMAGE AND ENVIRONMENT: COGNITIVE MAPPING AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR. Chicago: Aldine, 1973. xi, 439 pp.Google Scholar
  4. 130.
    Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. MAPS IN MINDS: REFLECTIONS ON COGNITIVE MAPPING. New York: Harper and Row, 1977. 284 pp.Google Scholar
  5. 131.
    Golledge, R. G. & Rushton, G. (Eds.) SPATIAL CHOICE AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR: GEOGRAPHIC ESSAYS ON THE ANALYSIS OF PREFERENCE AND PERCEPTIONS. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1976. xiii, 321 pp.Google Scholar
  6. 132.
    Gould, P. R., & White, R. R. MENTAL MAPS. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1974. 204 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 133.
    Hart, R. CHILDREN’S EXPERIENCE OF PLACE: A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY. New York: Irvington, 1979. xxv, 518 pp.Google Scholar
  8. 134.
    Ittelson, W. H. (Ed.). ENVIRONMENT AND COGNITION. New York: Seminar Press, 1973. 187 pp.Google Scholar
  9. 135.
    Liben, L. S., Patterson, A. H., & Newcomb, N. (Eds.) SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND BEHAVIOR: DEVELOPMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACHES. New York: Academic Press (in press).Google Scholar
  10. 135a.
    Lynch, K. THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960. 194 pp.Google Scholar
  11. 136.
    Moore, G. T., & Golledge, R. G. (Eds.) ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWING: THEORIES, RESEARCH AND METHODS. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 1976. xxii, 441 pp.Google Scholar
  12. 137.
    O’Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. THE HIPPOCAMPUS AS A COGNITIVE MAP. New York: Clarendon, 1978. xvi, 570 pp.Google Scholar
  13. 138.
    Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. THE CHILD’S CONCEPTION OF SPACE. New York: Humanities Press, 1956. xii, 490 pp.Google Scholar
  14. 139.
    Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., & Szeminska, A. THE CHILD’S CONCEPTION OF GEOMETRY. New York: Basic Books, 1960. 411 pp.Google Scholar
  15. 140.
    Pocock, D., & Hudson, R. IMAGES OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. x, 181 pp.Google Scholar
  16. 141.
    Acredolo, L. P., Pick, H. L., & Olsen, M. G. Environmental differentiation and familiarity as determinants of children’s memory for spatial location. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 495–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 142.
    Allen, G. L., Kirasic, K. C., Siegel, A. W., & Herman, J. F. Developmental issues in cognitive mapping: The selection and utilization of environmental landmarks. Child Development, 1979, 50, 1062–1070.Google Scholar
  18. 143.
    Allen, G. L., Siegel, A. W., & Rosinski, R. R. The role of perceptual context in structuring spatial knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1978, 4 617–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 144.
    Andrews, H. F. Home range and urban knowledge of school-age children. Environment and Behavior, 1973, 5, 73–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 145.
    Appleyard, D. Styles and methods of structuring a city. Environment and Behavior, 1970, _2, 100–117.Google Scholar
  21. 146.
    Banerjee, T., & Lynch, K. On people and places: A comparative study of the spatial environment of adolescence. Town Planning Review, 1977, 48, 105–115.Google Scholar
  22. 147.
    Beck, R. J., & Wood, D. Cognitive transformation of information from urban geographic fields to mental maps. Environment and Behavior, 1976, 8, 199–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 148.
    Beck, R., & Wood, D. Comparative developmental analysis of individual and aggregated cognitive maps of London. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 173–184.Google Scholar
  24. 149.
    Best, G. A. Direction-finding in large buildings. In #46 (Canter), pp. 72–75.Google Scholar
  25. 150.
    Birnbaum, M. H., & Meilers, B. A. Measurement and the mental map. Perception and Psychophysics, 1978, 23, 403–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 151.
    Blaut, J. M., McCleary, G. F., & Blaut, A. S. Environmental mapping in young children. Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 335–349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 152.
    Blaut, J. M., & Stea, D. Mapping at the age of three. Journal of Geography, 1974, 73 (7), 5–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 153.
    Briggs, R. Methodologies for the measurement of cognitive distance. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 325–334.Google Scholar
  29. 154.
    Cadwallader, M. T. Cognitive distance in intra-urban space. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 316–324.Google Scholar
  30. 155.
    Canter, D., & Tagg, S. K. Distance estimation in cities. Environment and Behavior, 1975, 7, 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 156.
    Conklin, H. C. Ethnographic semantic analysis of Ifugao landform categories. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 235–246.Google Scholar
  32. 157.
    Cox, K. R., & Zannaras, G. Designative perceptions of macro-spaces: Concepts, a methodology, and applications. In #130 (Downs and Stea), pp. 162–181.Google Scholar
  33. 158.
    DeJonge, D. Images of urban areas: Their structure and psychological foundations. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1962, 2J3, 266–276.Google Scholar
  34. 159.
    Devlin, A. S. The “small town” cognitive map: Adjusting to a new environment. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 58–70.Google Scholar
  35. 160.
    Downs, R. M., & Stea D. Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: Process and products. In #130 (Downs and Stea), pp. 8–26.Google Scholar
  36. 161.
    Francescato, D. & Mebane, W. How citizens view two great cities: Milan and Rome. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 131–147.Google Scholar
  37. 162.
    Fuller G., & Chapman, M. On the role of mental maps in migration research. International Migration Review, 1974, 8, 491–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 163.
    Golledge, R. G. Methods and methodological issues in environmental cognition research. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 300–313.Google Scholar
  39. 164.
    Golledge, R. G., Rivizzigno, V. L., & Spector, A. Learning about a city: Analysis by multidimensional scaling. In #131 (Golledge & Rushton), pp. 95–118. Pp. 95–118.Google Scholar
  40. 165.
    Golledge, R. G., & Spector, A. N. Comprehending the urban environment: Theory and practice. Geographical Analysis, 1978, 10, 403–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 166.
    Gould, P. R. The black boxes of Jonkoping: Spatial information and preference. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 235–245.Google Scholar
  42. 167.
    Gould, P. R. On mental maps. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 182–220Google Scholar
  43. 168.
    Gulick, J. Images of an Arab city. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1963, 29, 179–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 169.
    Hardwick, D. A., Mclntyre, C. W., & Pick, H. L. The content and manipulation of cognitive maps in children and adults. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1976, 41 (3, Whole No. 166).Google Scholar
  45. 170.
    Hart, R. A., & Moore, G. T. The development of spatial cognition. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 246–288.Google Scholar
  46. 171.
    Hazen, N. L., Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L. Development of children’s representations of large-scale environments. Child Development, 1978, 49, 623–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 172.
    Heft, H. The role of environmental features in route- learning: Two exploratory studies of way–finding. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1979, 3, 172–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 173.
    Herman, J. F., Kail, R. V., & Siegel, A. W. Cognitive maps of a college campus: A new look at freshman orientation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1979, 13, 183–186.Google Scholar
  49. 174.
    Herman, J. F., & Siegel, A. W. The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale environment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1978, 26, 389–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 175.
    Holahan, C. J., & Dobrowolny, M. B. Cognitive and behavioral correlates of the spatial environment: An interactional analysis. Environment and Behavior, 1978, H), 317–333.Google Scholar
  51. 176.
    Howard, R. B., Chase, S. D., & Rothman, M. An analysis of four measures of cognitive maps. In #37 (EDRA 4, Vol. I), pp. 254–264.Google Scholar
  52. 177.
    Jones, M. M. Urban path-choosing behavior: A studym of environmental clues. In #36 (EDRA 3, Vol. I), Sec. 11.4, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
  53. 178.
    Kaplan, R. Way-finding in the natural environment. In #136 ( Moore & Go Hedge ), pp. 46–57.Google Scholar
  54. 179.
    Kaplan, S. Adaptation, structure, and knowledge. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 32–45.Google Scholar
  55. 180.
    Kaplan, S. Cognitive maps in perception and thought. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 63–78.Google Scholar
  56. 181.
    Kaplan, S. Cognitive maps, human needs, and the designed environment. In #37 (EDRA 4, Vol. I), pp. 275–283.Google Scholar
  57. 182.
    Kosslyn, S. M., Pick, H. L., & Fariello, G. R. Cognitive maps in children and men. Child Development, 1974, 45, 707–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 183.
    Ladd, F. C. Black youths view their environment: Neighborhood maps. Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 74–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 184.
    Lee, T. R. Urban neighborhood as a social-spatial schema. Human Relations, 1968, 21, 241–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 185.
    Lee, T. R. Perceived distance as a function of direction in the city. Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 40–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 186.
    Lee, T. R. Psychology and living space. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 87 - 114.Google Scholar
  62. 187.
    Lord, F. A study of spatial orientation in children. Journal of Educational Reseach, 1941, 34, 481–505.Google Scholar
  63. 188.
    Lowenthal, D. Geography, experience and imagination: Towards a geographical epistemology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1961, 51, 241–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 189.
    Lowenthal, D. Research in environmental perception and behavior: Perspectives on current problems. Environment and Behavior, 1972, 4, 333–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 190.
    Lowrey, R. A. Distance concepts of urban residents. Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 52–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 191.
    Lueck, V. M. Cognitive and affective components of residential preferences for cities: A pilot study. In #131 ( Rushton & Golledge ), pp. 273–302.Google Scholar
  67. 192.
    Milgram, S., & Jodelet, D. Psychological maps of Paris. In #30 (Proshansky, 1976 ), pp. 104–124.Google Scholar
  68. 193.
    Moore, G. T. Theory and research in the development of environmental knowing. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 138–164.Google Scholar
  69. 194.
    Moore, G. T. Knowing about environmental knowledge: The current state of theory and research on environmental cognition. Environment and Behavior, 1979, 33–70.Google Scholar
  70. 195.
    Moore, G. T., & Golledge, R. G. Environmental knowing: Concepts and theories. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 3–24.Google Scholar
  71. 196.
    Nagy, J. N. & Baird, J. C. Children as environmental planners. In #10 (Altman & Wohlwill, 3), pp. 259–294.Google Scholar
  72. 197.
    Nahemow, L. Research in a novel environment. Environment and Behavior, 1971, 3, 81–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 198.
    Olshavsky, R. W., MacKay, D. B., & Sent ell, G. Perceptual maps of supermarket locations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975, 60, 80–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 199.
    Orleans, P. Differential cognition of urban residents: Effects of social scale on mapping. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 115–130.Google Scholar
  75. 200.
    Pailhous, J. Elaboration d’images spatiales et deregies de displacement. Travail Humain, 1971, 34, 299–324.Google Scholar
  76. 201.
    Pearce, P. L. Mental souvenirs: A study of tourists and their city maps. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1977, 29, 203–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 202.
    Rand, G. Some Copernican views of the city. Architectural Forum, 1969, 13 (2), 76–81.Google Scholar
  78. 203.
    Rapoport, A. Environmental cognition in cross-cultural perspective. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 220–234.Google Scholar
  79. 204.
    Ritchie, J. E. Cognition of place: The island mind. Ethos, 1977, 5, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 205.
    Saarinen, T. F. Student views of the world. In #130 ( Downs & Stea ), pp. 148–161.Google Scholar
  81. 206.
    Saarinen, T. F. Environmental perception. In I. R. Manners & M. W. Mikeseil (Eds.), PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENT. Washington, D. C.: Association of American Geographers, 1974. Pp. 252–289. (Publication No. 13.)Google Scholar
  82. 207.
    Sherman, R. C., Croxton, J., & Giovanatto, J. Investigating cognitive representations of spatial relationships. Environment and Behavior, 1979, U9 209–226.Google Scholar
  83. 208.
    Siegel, A. W., Kirasic, K. C., & Kail, R. V., Jr. Stalking the elusive cognitive map: The development of children’s representations of geographic space. In #10 (Altman & Wohlwill, 3), pp. 223–258.Google Scholar
  84. 209.
    Siegel, A. W., & Schadler, M. The development of young children’s spatial representations of their classrooms. Child Development, 1977, 48, 388–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 210.
    Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H. The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. In H. W. Reese (Ed.) ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR (Vol. 10 ). New York: Academic Press, 1975. Pp. 9–55.Google Scholar
  86. 211.
    Stea, D. Program notes on a spatial fugue. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 106–120.Google Scholar
  87. 211a.
    Stevens, A., & Coupe, P. Distortions in judged spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology, 1978, 10, 422–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 212.
    Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 1948, 55, 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 213.
    Trowbridge, C. C. On fundamental methods of orientation and “imaginary” maps. Science, 1913, 88, 888–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 214.
    Tuan, Y. F. Images and mental maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1975, 65, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 215.
    Wofsey, E., Rierdan, J., & Wapner, S. Planning to move: Representing the currently inhabited environment. Environment and Behavior, 1979, 11, 3–32.Google Scholar
  92. 216.
    Zannaras, G. The relation between cognitive structure and urban form. In #136 ( Moore & Golledge ), pp. 336–350.Google Scholar
  93. 217.
    Baum D. R. Cognitive maps: The mental representation of geographic distance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, 38–B, 5606–5607.Google Scholar
  94. 218.
    Gellman, L. H. A chronometric analysis of landmark features in the cognitive map. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38-B, 2397–2398.Google Scholar
  95. 219.
    Hansvick, C. L. Comparing urban images: a multivariate approach. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, 38-B, 5093.Google Scholar

Environmental Meaning: Subjective Dimensions of Environmental Stimuli

  1. 220.
    Calvin, J. S., Dearinger, J. A., & Curtin, M. E. An attempt at assessing preferences for natural landscapes. Environment and Behavior, 1972, 4, 447–470.Google Scholar
  2. 220a.
    Canter, D. An intergroup comparison of connotative dimensions in architecture. Environment and Behavior, 1969, 1, 37–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 221.
    Downs, R. M. The cognitive structure of an urban shopping center. Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 13–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 222.
    Garling, T. The structural analysis of environmental perception and cognition: A multidimensional scaling approach. Environment and Behavior, 1976, 8, 385–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 223.
    Hall, R., Purcell, A. T., Thorne, R., & Metcalfe, J. Multidimensional scaling analysis of interior, designed spaces. Environment and Behavior, 1976 8, 595–610.Google Scholar
  6. 224.
    Harman, E. J., & Betak, J. F. Behavioral geography, multidimensional scaling, and the mind. In #131 ( Golledge & Rushton ), pp. 3–20.Google Scholar
  7. 225.
    Harrison, J., & Sarre, P. Personal construct theory in the measurement of environmental images: Problems and methods. Environment and Behavior, 1971, 3, 351–374.Google Scholar
  8. 226.
    Harrison, J., & Sarre, P. Personal construct theory in the measurement of environmental images. Environment and Behavior, 1975, _7, 3–58.Google Scholar
  9. 227.
    Hendrick, C., Martyniuk, O., Spencer, T. J., & Flynn, J. E. Procedures for investigating the effect of light on impression: Simulation of a real space by slides. Environment and Behavior, 1977, 9, 491–510.Google Scholar
  10. 228.
    Horayangkura, V. Semantic dimensional structures: A methodological approach. Environment and Behavior, 1978, 10, 555–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 229.
    Hudson, R. Images of the retailing environment: An example of the use of the repertory grid methodology. Environment and Behavior, 1974, 6, 470–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 230.
    Lowenthal, D., & Riel, M. The nature of perceived and imagined environments. Environment and Behavior, 1972, 4, 189–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 231.
    Pedersen, D. M. Dimensions of environmental perception. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 1978, 3, 209–218.Google Scholar
  14. 232.
    Sonnenfeld, J. Multidimensional measurement of environmental personality. In #131 ( Golledge & Rushton ), pp. 51–68.Google Scholar
  15. 233.
    Stringer, P. Repertory grids in the study of environmental perception. In P. Slater (Ed.), THE MEASUREMENT OF INTRAPERSONAL SPACE BY GRID TECHNIQUE, Vol. 1: EXPLORATIONS OF INTRAPERSONAL SPACE. New York: Wiley, 1976. Pp. 183–208.Google Scholar
  16. 234.
    Ullrich, J. R., & Ullrich, M. F. A multidimensional scaling analysis of perceived similarities of rivers in Western Montana. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 575–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 235.
    Ward, L. M. Multidimensional scaling of the molar physical environment. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1977, L2, 23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 236.
    Berlyne, D. E. AESTHETICS AND PSYCHOBIOLOGY. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1971. xiv, 336 pp.Google Scholar
  19. 237.
    Coomber, N. H., & Biswas, A. K. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTANGIBLES. Bronxville, N. Y.: Geneva Press, 1973. 77 pp.Google Scholar
  20. 238.
    Craik, K. H., & Zube, E. H. (Eds.) PERCEIVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. New York: Plenum, 1976. 310 pp.Google Scholar
  21. 239.
    Tuan Y. F. TOPOHILIA: A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION, ATTITUDES AND VALUES. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1974. 260 pp.Google Scholar
  22. 240.
    U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. AESTHETICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973. (EPA-600/5-73-009)Google Scholar
  23. 241.
    U. S. Forest Service. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON METROPOLITAN PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, SYRACUSE, 1975. Upper Darby, Pa.: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1977. 447 pp. (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-25.)Google Scholar
  24. 242.
    Acking, C. A., & Sorte, G. J. How do we verbalize what we see? Landscape Architecture, 1973, 64, 470–475.Google Scholar
  25. 243.
    Basch, D. The uses of aesthetics in planning: A critical review. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 1972, 6, 39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 244.
    Brebner, J., Rump, E. E., & Delin, P. A cross-cultural replication of attitudes to the physical environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 1976, U, 111–120.Google Scholar
  27. 245.
    Ertel, S. Exploratory choice and verbal judgment. In D. E. Berlyne and K. B. Madsen (Eds.), PLEASURE, REWARD, PREFERENCE. New York: Academic Press, 1973. Pp. 115–132.Google Scholar
  28. 246.
    Estvan, F. J., & Estvan, E. W. THE CHILD’S WORLD: HIS SOCIAL PERCEPTION. New York: Putnam’s, 1959. xiii, 302 pp.Google Scholar
  29. 247.
    Howard, R. B., Mlynarski, F. C., & Sauer, C. G., Jr. A comparative analysis of affective responses to real and represented environments. In #36 (EDRA-3, Pt. 1), sec. 6–6, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
  30. 248.
    Kaplan, R. Some methods and strategies in the prediction of preference. In #638 (Zube), pp. 118–129.Google Scholar
  31. 249.
    Kaplan, S. An informal model for the prediction of preference. In #638 (Zube), pp. 92–101.Google Scholar
  32. 250.
    Kaplan, S., Kaplan, R., & Wendt, J. S. Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material. Perception and Psychophysics, 1972, 12, 354–356.Google Scholar
  33. 251.
    Kates, R. The pursuit of beauty in the environment. Landscape, 1966-67, 16(2), 21–24.Google Scholar
  34. 252.
    Kreimer, A. Environmental preferences: A critical analysis of some research methodologies. Journal of Leisure Research, 1977, 9, 88–97.Google Scholar
  35. 253.
    Laurie, I. C. Aesthetic factors in visual evaluation. In #638 (Zube), pp. 102–117.Google Scholar
  36. 254.
    Leff, H., Gordon, L., & Ferguson, J. Cognitive set and environmental awareness. Environment and Behavior, 1974, 6, 396–447.Google Scholar
  37. 255.
    Leopold, L. B., & Marchand, M. 0. On the quantitative inventory of the rivers cape. Water Resources Research, 1968, 4, 709–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 256.
    Lewin, K. L. Kriegslandschaft. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie, 1917, 12, 440–447.Google Scholar
  39. 257.
    Lowenthal, D. Not every prospect pleases: What is our criterion for scenic beauty? Landscape, 1962–63, 12(2), 19–23.Google Scholar
  40. 258.
    Lozano, E. Visual needs in the urban environment. Town Planning Review, 1974, 45, 351–374.Google Scholar
  41. 259.
    Maslow, A. H., & Mintz, N. L. Effects of esthetic surroundings: I. Initial short-term effects of three esthetic conditions upon perceiving “energy” and “well-being” in faces. Journal of Psychology, 1956, 41, 247–254.Google Scholar
  42. 260.
    Mintz, N. L. Effects of esthetic surroundings: II. Prolonged and repeated experience in a “beautiful” and an “ugly” room. Journal of Psychology, 1956, 41, 459–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 261.
    Pedersen, D. M. Relationship between environmental familiarity and environmental preference. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1978, 47, 739–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 261a.
    Pyron, B. Form and space of human habitats. Environment and Behavior, 1972, 4 87–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 262.
    Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. Approach-avoidance and affiliation as functions of the emotion- eliciting quality of an environment. Environment and Behavior, 1978, 10, 355–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 263.
    Schwarz, H., & Werbik, H. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung ueber den Einfluss der syntaktischen Information der Anordnung von Baukorpern entlang einer Strasse auf Stimmungen des Betrachters. Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 1971, 18, 499–511.Google Scholar
  47. 264.
    Sherrod, D. R. Environmental attention, affect, and altruism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1977, 7, 359–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 265.
    Sonnenfeld, J. Equivalence and distortion of the perceptual environment. Environment and Behavior, 1969, 1, 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 266.
    Winkel, G. H., Malek, R., & Thiel, P. The role of personality differences in judgments of roadside quality. Environment and Behavior, 1969, 1, 199–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 267.
    Wohlwill, J. F. Amount of stimulus exploration and preference as differential functions of stimulus complexity. Perception and Psychophysics, 1968, 4, 307–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 268.
    Wohlwill, J. F. Environmental aesthetics: The environment as a source of affect. In #8 (Altman & Wohlwill, 1), pp. 37–86.Google Scholar
  52. 269.
    Wohlwill, J. F., & Kohn, I. Dimensionalizing the environmental manifold. In #54 (Wapner), pp. 19–45.Google Scholar
  53. 270.
    Gifford, R. D. Personal and situational factors in judgments of typical architecture. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 37–B, 6303.Google Scholar
  54. 271.
    Locasso, R. M. The influence of a beautiful vs. an ugly interior on selected behavioral measures. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 37-B, 5859–5860.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1981

Authors and Affiliations

  • Joachim F. Wohlwill
    • 1
  • Gerald D. Weisman
    • 1
  1. 1.The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA

Personalised recommendations