Role of Lipids in Energy Metabolism

  • A. M. T. Beenakkers
  • D. J. Van der Horst
  • W. J. A. Van Marrewijk
Chapter

Abstract

Most reviews of lipid metabolism in insects have covered all classes of lipid compounds. Since lipids are generally defined as substances poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, the authors had to deal with compounds with divergent physiological functions, e.g., phospholipids and pheromones. The subject of this chapter limits the lipoidal substances to be discussed to those that provide a direct source of metabolic energy, though we recognize that other important lipid classes, for example those contributing to (sub)cellular components, are also essential for metabolism.

Keywords

Juvenile Hormone Flight Muscle Flight Activity Flight Speed Flight Performance 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Agrell, I.P.S., and Lundquist, A.M., 1973, Physiological and biochemical changes during insect development, in: The Physiology of Insecta, Volume I ( M. Rockstein, ed.), pp. 159–247, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  2. Allais, J.P., Bergerard, J., Etienne, J., and Polonovski, J., 1964, Nature et evolution des lipides au cours de l’embryogenese de Locusta migratoria migratorioides L., J. Insect Physiol. 10:753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Ashhurst, D.E., 1967, The fibrillar flight muscles of giant water-bugs: An electronmicroscope study, J. Cell Sci. 2:435.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Babcock, K.L., and Rutschky, C.W., 1961, Lipids in insect eggs: A review with new evidence from the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae),A««. Entomol. Soc. Am. 54:156.Google Scholar
  5. Bailey, E., 1975, Biochemistry of insect flight. 2. Fuel supply, in: Insect Biochemistry and Function ( D.J. Candy and B.A. Kilby, eds), pp. 89–176, Chapman and Hall, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Barlow, J.S., 1965, Composition of the fats in pupae of Agria affinis (Fallen) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Can. J. Zool. 43:291.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Beall, G., 1948, The fat content of a butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linn., as affected by migration, Ecology 29:80.Google Scholar
  8. Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1963, Enzyme der Fettsaure-Oxydation in den Flugmuskeln von Locusta migratoria wahrend ihrer Entwicklung, Biochem. Z. 337:436.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1965, Transport of fatty acids in Locusta migratoria during sustained flight, J. Insect Physiol. 11:879.Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1966, The influence of carnitine on fatty acid oxidation in insect muscles, Arch. Neerl. Zool. 16:535.Google Scholar
  10. Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1969a, Carbohydrate and fat as a fuel for insect flight. A comparative study, J. Insect Physiol. 15:353.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1969b, The influence of corpus allatum and corpus cardiacum on lipid metabolism in Locusta migratoria, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 13:492.Google Scholar
  12. Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1973, Influence of flight on lipid metabolism in Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 3:303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Beenakkers, A.M.T., and Gilbert, L.I., 1968, The fatty acid composition of fat body and haemolymph lipids in Hyalophora cecropia and its relation to lipid release, J. Insect Physiol. 14:481.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Beenakkers, A.M.T., and Henderson, P.T., 1967, The localization and function of carnitine acetyltransferase in the flight muscles of the locust, Eur. J. Biochem. 1:187.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Beenakkers, A.M.T., and Klingenberg, M., 1964, Carnitine-coenzyme A transacetylase in mitochondria from various organs, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 84:205.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Beenakkers, A.M.T., and Van den Broek, A.T.M., 1974, Influence of juvenile hormone on growth and digestion in fifth instar larvae and adults of Locusta migratoria, J. Insect Physiol. 20:1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Beenakkers, A.M.T., Dewaide, J.H., Henderson, P.T., and Lutgerhorst, A., 1967, Fatty acid oxidation and some participating enzymes in animal organs, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 22:675.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Beenakkers, A.M.T., Van den Broek, A.T.M., and De Ronde, T.J.A., 1975, Development of catabolic pathways in insect flight muscles. A comparative study, J. Insect Physiol. 21:849.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Beenakkers, A.M.T., Van der Horst, D.J., and Van Marrewijk, W.J.A., 1978, Regulation of release and metabolic function of the adipokinetic hormone in insects, in: Comparative Endocrinology ( P.J. Gaillard and H.H. Boer eds.), pp. 445–448, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
  20. Beutler, R., 1936, Ober den Blutzucker der Bienen, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 24:71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Bienz-Isler, G., 1968, Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen liber die Entwicklung der dorsolongitudinalen Flugmuskeln von Antheraea pernyi Guer. (Lepidoptera), Acta Anat. 70:524.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Bode, C., and Klingenberg, M., 1964, Carnitine and fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria of various organs, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 84:93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Bodenstein, D., 1953, Studies on the humoral mechanism in growth and metamorphosis of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, J. Exp. Zool. 124:105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Boell, E.J., 1935, Respiratory quotients during embryonic development (Orthoptera), J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 6:369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Brockerhoff, H., and Jensen, R.G., 1974, Lipolytic Enzymes, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  26. Brockerhoff, H., Hoyle, R.J., and Wolmark, N., 1966, Positional distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides of animal depots fats, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 116:67.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Broomfield, C.E., and Hardy, P.M., 1977, The synthesis of locust adipokinetic hormone, Tetrahedron Lett. 25:2201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Brosemer, R.W., Vogell, W., and Bucher, T., 1963, Morphologische und enzymatische Muster bei der Entwicklung indirekter Flugmuskeln von Locusta migratoria, Biochem. Z. 338:854.Google Scholar
  29. Brosnan, J.T., Kopec, B., and Fritz, I.B., 1973, The localization of carnitine palmitoyltransferase on the inner membrane of bovine liver mitochondria, J. Biol. Chem. 248:4075.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Brown, J.J., and Chippendale, G.M., 1974, Migration of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus: Energy sources, J. Insect Physiol. 20:1117.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Bursell, E., 1977, Synthesis of proline by fat body of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans): Metabolic pathways, Insect Biochem. 7:427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Candy, D.J., 1978, The regulation of locust flight muscle metabolism by octopamine and other compounds, Insect Biochem. 8:117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Candy, D.J., Hall, L.J., and Spencer, J.M., 1976, The metabolism of glycerol in the locust Schistocerca gregaria during flight, J. Insect Physiol. 22:583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Carlsen, J., Herman, W.S., Christensen, M., and Josefsson, L., 1979, Characterization of a second peptide with adipokinetic and red pigment-concentrating activity from the locust corpora cardiaca, Insect Biochem. 9:497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Cenedella, R.J., 1971, The lipids of the female monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, during fall migration, Insect Biochem. 1:244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Chadwick, L.E., 1947. The respiratory quotient of Drosophila in flight, Biol. Bull., Woods Hole, Mass. 93:229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Chang, F., 1977, The presence of lipoprotein lipase activity and its relationship to lipid transport in the oleander hawkmoth, Deilephila nerii, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57B: 209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Chang, F., and Friedman, S., 1971, A developmental analysis of the uptake and release of lipids by the fat-body of the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta, Insect Biochem. 1:63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Cheeseman, P., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1979, The release of adipokinetic hormone during flight and starvation in Locusta, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 37:35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Cheeseman, P., Jutsum, A.R., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1976, Quantitative studies on the release of locust adipokinetic hormone, Physiol. Entomol. 1:115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Chen, P.S., 1971, Biochemical Aspects of Insect Development, S. Karger, Basel.Google Scholar
  42. Childress, C.C., Sacktor, B., and Traynor, D.R., 1967, Function of carnitine in the fatty acid oxidase-deficient insect flight muscle, J. Biol. Chem. 242:754.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Chino, H., and Gilbert, L.I., 1964, Diglyceride release from insect fat body, Science 143:359.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Chino, H., and Gilbert, L.I., 1965, Lipid release and transport in insects, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 98:94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Chino, H., Sudo, A., and Harashima, K., 1967, Isolation of diglyceride-bound lipoprotein from insect hemolymph, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 144:117.Google Scholar
  46. Chino, H., Murakami, S., and Harashima, K., 1969, Diglyceride-carrying lipoproteins in insect hemolymph. Isolation, purification and properties, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 176:1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Chino, H., Yamagata, M., and Takahashi, K., 1976, Isolation and characterization of insect vitellogenin. Its identity with hemolymph lipoprotein II, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 441:349.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Chino, H., Yamagata, M., and Sato, S., 1977a, Further characterization of lepidopteran vitellogenin from haemolymph and mature eggs, Insect Biochem. 7:125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Chino, H., Downer, R.G.H., and Takahashi, K., 1977b, The role of diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein I in lipid transport during insect vitellogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 487:508.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Clegg, J.S., and Evans, D.R., 1961, The physiology of blood trehalose and its function during flight in the blowfly, J. Exp. Biol. 38:771.Google Scholar
  51. Cockbain, A.J., 1961, Fuel utilization and duration of tethered flight in Aphis fabcie Scop., J. Exp. Biol. 38:163.Google Scholar
  52. Cook, B.J., and Eddington, L.C., 1967, The release of triglycerides and free fatty acids from the fat body of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, J. Insect Physiol. 13:1361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Crabtree, B., and Newsholme, E.A., 1972, The activities of lipases and carnitine palmitoyltransferase in muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates, Biochem. J. 130:697.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Crabtree, B., and Newsholme, E.A., 1975, Comparative aspects of fuel utilization and metabolism by muscle, in: Insect Muscle ( P.N.R. Usherwood, ed.), pp. 405–500, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  55. D’Costa, M.A., and Birt, L.M., 1966, Changes in the lipid content during the metamorphosis of the blowfly, Lucilia, J. Insect Physiol. 12:1377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. D’Costa, M.A., and Birt, L.M., 1969, Mitochondrial oxidations of fatty acids in the blowfly, Lucilia, J. Insect Physiol. 15:1959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Demyanovski, S.Y., and Zubova, V.A., 1957, Fats in the organs of the oak silkworm, Biokhimiya 21:698.Google Scholar
  58. Domroese, K.A., and Gilbert, L.I., 1964, The role of lipid in adult development and flight muscle metabolism in Hyalophora cecropia, J. Exp. Biol. 41:573.Google Scholar
  59. Downer, R.G.H., 1972, Interspecificity of lipid-regulating factors from insect corpus cardiacum, Can. J. Zool. 50:63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Downer, R.G.H., 1978, Functional role of lipids in insects, in: Biochemistry of Insects ( M. Rockstein, ed.), pp. 57–92, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  61. Downer, R.G.H., and Matthews, J.R., 1976, Patterns of lipid distribution and utilisation in insects, Am. Zool. 16:733.Google Scholar
  62. Downer, R.G.H., and Steele, J.E., 1973, Haemolymph lipase activity in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, J. Insect Physiol. 19:523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Edwards, G.E., and Ruska, H., 1955, The function and metabolism of certain insect muscles in relation to their structure, Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 96:151.Google Scholar
  64. Edwards, Y.H., Chase, J.F.A., Edwards, M.R., and Tubbs, P.K., 1974, Carnitine acetyltransferase: The question of multiple forms, Eur. J. Biochem. 46:209.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Engelmann, F., 1970, The Physiology of Insect Reproduction, Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
  66. Engelmann, F., 1979, Insect vitellogenin: Identification, biosynthesis, and role in vitellogenesis, Adv. Insect Physiol. 14:49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Fast, P.G., 1964, Insect lipids: A review, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 37:1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Fast, P.G., 1970, Insect lipids, in: Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids, Volume XI (R.T. Holman, ed.), Part 2, pp. 181–242, Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
  69. Ford, W.C.L., and Candy, D.J., 1972, The regulation of glycolysis in perfused locust flight muscle, Biochem. J, 130:1101.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Fritz, I.B., 1955, Effects of muscle extracts on the oxidation of palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates, Acta Physiol. Scand. 34:367.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Fritz, I.B., and Marquis, N.R., 1965, The role of acylcarnitine esters and carnitine palmityltransferase in the transport of fatty acyl groups across mitochondrial membranes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 54:1226.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Fukuda, S., and Takeuchi, S., 1967, Studies on the diapause factor-producing cells in the suboesophageal ganglion of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, Embiyologia 9:333.Google Scholar
  73. Fulton, R.A., and Romney, V.E., 1940, The chloroform soluble components of beet leafhoppers as an indication of the distance they move in the spring, J. Agric. Res. (Washington, D.C.) 161:737.Google Scholar
  74. Gade, G., and Holwerda, D.A., 1976, Involvement of adenosine-3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate in lipid mobilization in Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 6:535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Gellissen, G., and Emmerich, H., 1977, Juvenilhormon-und Diglyceridbindende Proteine in der Hamolymphe von Locusta migratoria, Verh. Dtsch Zool. Ges. 71:321.Google Scholar
  76. Gellissen, G., and Emmerich, H., 1980, Purification and properties of a diglyceride-binding lipoprotein (LP I) of the hemolymph of adult male Locusta migratoria, J. Comp. Physiol. 136:1.Google Scholar
  77. George, J.C., and Talesara, C.L., 1961, The succinic dehydrogenase levels of the pectoral muscles of a few representative types of birds and a bat in relation to the fibre diameter, muscle weight and body weight, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 3:267.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Gewecke, M., 1972, Antennen und Stirn-Scheitelhaare von Locusta migratoria L. als Luftstromungs-Sinnesorgane bei der Flugsteuerung, J. Comp. Physiol. 80:57.Google Scholar
  79. Gewecke, M., 1975, The influence of the air-current sense organs on the flight behaviour of Locusta migratoria, J. Comp. Physiol. 103:79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Gilbert, L.I., 1967a, Lipid metabolism and function in insects, Adv. Insect Physiol. 4:69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Gilbert, L.I., 1967b, Changes in lipid content during the reproductive cycle of Leucophaea maderae and effects of the juvenile hormone on lipid metabolism in vitro, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21:237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Gilbert, L.I., and Chino, H., 1974, Transport of lipids in insects, J. Lipid Res. 15:439.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Gilbert, L.I., and King, D.S., 1973, Physiology of growth and development: Endocrine aspects, in: The Physiology of Insecta, Volume 1 ( M. Rockstein, ed.), pp. 249–370, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  84. Gilbert, L.I., and Schneiderman, H.A., 1961a, The content of juvenile hormone and lipid in Lepidoptera: Sexual differences and developmental changes, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1:453.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Gilbert, L.I., and Schneiderman, H.A., 1961b, Some biochemical aspects of insect metamorphosis, Am. Zool. 1:11.Google Scholar
  86. Gilbert, L.I., Chino, H., and Domroese, K.A., 1965, Lipolytic activity of insect tissues and its significance in lipid transport, J. Insect Physiol. 11:1057.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Goldsworthy, G.J., 1969, Hyperglycaemic factors from the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria, J. Insect Physiol. 15:2131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Goldsworthy, G.J., 1976, Hormones and flight in the locust, in: Perspectives in Experimental Biology, Volume I ( P.S. Davis, ed.), pp. 167–177, Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
  89. Goldsworthy, G.J., and Coupland, A.J., 1974, The influence of the corpora cardiaca and substrate availability on flight speed and wing beat frequency in Locusta, J. Comp. Physiol. 89:359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Goldsworthy, G.J., and Mordue, W., 1974, Neurosecretory hormones in insects, J. Endocrinol. 60:529.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Goldsworthy, G.J., Mordue, W., and Guthkelch, J., 1972a, Studies on insect adipokinetic hormones, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 18:545.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Goldsworthy, G.J., Johnson, R.A., and Mordue, W., 1972b, In vivo studies on the release of hormones from the corpora cardiaca of locusts, J. Comp. Physiol. 79:85.Google Scholar
  93. Goldsworthy, G.J., Jutsum, A.R.. and Robinson, N.L., 1979, Substrate utilization and flight speed during tethered flight in the locust, J. Insect Physiol. 25:183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Hansford, R.G., 1975, The control of tricarboxylate-cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The oxidized and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide content of flight muscle and isolated mitochondria, the adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate content of mitochondria, and the energy status of the mitochondria during controlled respiration, Biochem. J. 146:537.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Hansford, R.G., and Johnson, R.N., 1976, Some aspects of the oxidation of pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine by moth (Manduca sexta) flight muscle mitochondria, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55B: 543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Hill, L., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1968, Growth, feeding activity, and the utilization of reserves in larvae of Locusta, J. Insect Physiol. 14:1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Hill, L., and Izatt, M.E.G., 1974, The relationships between corpora allata and fat body and haemolymph lipids in the adult female desert locust, J. Insect Physiol. 20:2143.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Hochachka, P.W., Neely, J.R., and Driedzic, W.R., 1977, Integration of lipid utilization with Krebs cycle activity in muscle, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36:2009.Google Scholar
  99. Hoffman, A.G.D., and Downer, R.G.H., 1977, Diacylglycerols as major end products of triacylglycerol hydrolysis by tissue lipases of the cockroach. Am. Zool. 17:943.Google Scholar
  100. Hoffman, A.G.D., and Downer, R.G.H., 1979, End product specificity of triacylglycerol lipases from intestine, fat body, muscle and haemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L., Lipids 14:893.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Holmes, E.A., and Keeley, L.L., 1975, Mitochondrial development in the flight muscles of the moth, Heliothis virescens, Insect Biochem. 5:15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Holwerda, D.A., Van Doom, J., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1977, Characterization of the adipokinetic and hyperglycaemic substances from the locust corpus cardiacum, Insect Biochem. 7:151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Houben, N.M.D., 1976, Regulatie van substraattransport tijdens vlucht in de sprinkhaan, Locusta migratoria, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht.Google Scholar
  104. Johnson, C.G., 1963, Physiological factors in insect migration by flight, Nature (London) 198:423.Google Scholar
  105. Johnson, C.G., 1969, Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight, Methuen, London.Google Scholar
  106. Johnson, R.N., and Hansford, R.G., 1975, The control of tricarboxylate-cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of citrate, isocitrate, oxoglutarate and malate in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria, Biochem. J. 146:527.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Jongbloed, J., and Wiersma, C.A.G., 1934, Der Stoffwechsel der Honigbiene wahrend des Fluges, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 21:519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Jutsum, A.R., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1976, Fuels for flight in Locusta, J. Insect Physiol. 22:243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. Kallapur, V.L., and George, C.J., 1973, Fatty acid oxidation by the flight muscles of the dragonfly, Pantala flavescens, J. Insect Physiol. 19:1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Karuhize, G.R., 1972, Utilization of fat reserve substances by Homorocotyphus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) during flight, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 43:563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. Kinsella, J.E., and Smyth, T., 1966, Lipid metabolism of Periplaneta americana L. during embryogenesis, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 17:237.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Kleinow, W., Sebald, W., Neupert, W., and Bucher, T., 1970, Formation of mitochondria of Locusta migratoria flight muscles, in: Autonomy and Biogenesis of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts ( N.K. Boardman, A.W. Linnane, and R.M. Smillie, eds.), pp. 140–151, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.Google Scholar
  113. Klingenberg, M., and Bucher, T., 1960, Biological oxidations, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 29:669.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Kozhantshikov, I.W., 1938, Carbohydrate and fat metabolism in adult Lepidoptera, Bull. Entomdl. Res. 29:103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Krogh, A., and Weis-Fogh, T., 1951, The respiratory exchange of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) before, during and after flight, J. Exp. Biol. 28:344.Google Scholar
  116. Krogh, I.M., and Normann, I.C., 1977, The corpus cardiacum neurosecretory cells of Schistocerca gregaria. Electron microscopy of resting and secreting cells, Acta Zool. (Stockholm) 58:69.Google Scholar
  117. Kutsch, W., and Gewecke, M., 1979, Development of flight behaviour in maturing adults of Locusta migratoria. II. Aerodynamic parameters, J. Insect Physiol. 25:299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. Lambremont, E.N., and Graves, J.B., 1969, Incorporation of acetate-l-,4C into neutral lipids and phospholipids during late developmental stages of Heliothis zea, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30:347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Lambremont, E.N., Blum, M.S., and Schrader, R.M., 1964, Storage and fatty acid composition of triglycerides during adult diapause of the boll weevil, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57:526.Google Scholar
  120. Lee, S.S., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1975, Allatectomy and flight performance in male Locusta migratoria, J. Comp. Physiol. 100:351.Google Scholar
  121. Lee, S.S., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1976, The effect of allatectomy and ovariectomy on flight performance in female Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R&F), Acrida 5:169.Google Scholar
  122. Levenbook, L., and Williams, C.M., 1956, Mitochondria in the flight muscles of insects. III. Mitochondrial cytochrome c in relation to aging and wing-beat frequency of flies, J. Gen. Physiol. 39:497.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Levinson, Z.H., and Silverman, P.H., 1954, Studies on the lipids of Musca vicina (Macq.) during growth and metamorphosis, Biochem. J. 58:294.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Lipsitz, E.Y., and McFarlane, J.E., 1970, Total lipid and phospholipid during the life cycle of the house criquet, Acheta domesticus (L.), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 34:699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. Lipsitz, E.Y., and McFarlane, J.E., 1971, Analysis of lipid during the life cycle of the house criquet, Acheta domesticus, Insect Biochem. 1:446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. Lok, C.M., and Van der Horst, D.J., 1980, Chiral 1,2-diacylglycerols in the haemolymph of the locust, Locusta migratoria, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 618:80.Google Scholar
  127. Ludwig, D., and Ramazzotto, L.J., 1965, Energy sources during embryogenesis of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58:543.Google Scholar
  128. Ludwig, D., Crowe, P.A., and Hassemer, M.M., 1964, Free fat and glycogen during the metamorphosis of Musca domestica L., J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 72:23.Google Scholar
  129. Madariaga, M.A., Municio, A.M., and Ribera, A., 1970a, Biochemistry of the development of the insect Dacus oleae: Evolution of fatty acid composition of different lipid classes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 35:57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Madariaga, M.A., Municio, A.M., and Ribera, A., 1970b, Biochemistry of the development of the insect Ceratitis capitata: Evolution of fatty acid composition of different lipid classes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 36:271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Martin, J.S., 1969, Lipid composition of fat body and its contribution to the maturing oocytes in Pyrrhocoris apterus, J. Insect Physiol. 15:1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Mauldin, J.K., Lambremont, E.N., and Graves, J.B., 1971, Principal lipid classes and fatty acids synthesized during growth and development of the beetle Lyctus planicollis, Insect Biochem. 1:316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. Mayer, R.J., and Candy, D.J., 1967, Changes in haemolymph lipoproteins during locust flight, Nature (London) 215:987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. Mayer, R.J., and Candy, D.J., 1969a, Changes in energy reserves during flight of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31:409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Mayer, R.J., and Candy, D.J., 1969b, Control of haemolymph lipid concentration during locust flight: An adipokinetic hormone from the corpora cardiaca, J. Insect Physiol. 15:611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. Meyer, H., Preiss, B., and Bauer, S., 1960, The oxidation of fatty acids by a particulate fraction from desert-locust (Schistocerca gregaria) thorax tissues, Biochem. J. 76:27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Mwangi, R.W., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1977, Diglyceride-transporting lipoproteins in Locusta, J. Comp. Physiol. 114:177.Google Scholar
  138. Nelson, D.R., Terranova, A.C., and Sukkestad, D.R., 1967, Fatty acid composition of the glyceride and free fatty acid fractions of the fat body and hemolymph of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 20:907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Newsholme, E.A., and Randle, P.J., 1964, Effects of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate, and of alloxan-diabetes, starvation, hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy, on the concentration of hexose phosphates, nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in perfused rat heart, Biochem. J. 93:641.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Newsholme, E.A., and Taylor, K., 1969, Glycerol kinase activities in muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates, Biochem. J. 112:465.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Newsholme, E.A., Randle, P.J., and Manchester, K.L., 1962, Effects of long chain FFA on glucose uptake, Nature (London) 193:270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Niemierko, S., Wlodawer, P., and Wojtczak, A.F., 1956, Lipid and phosphorus metabolism during growth of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), Acta Biol. Exp. (Warsaw) 17:255.Google Scholar
  143. Nwanze, K.F., Maskarinee, J.K., and Hopkins, T.L., 1976, Lipid composition of the normal and flight forms of adult cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus, J. Insect Physiol. 22:897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Odhiambo, T.R., 1966a, The metabolic effects of the corpus allatum hormone in the male desert locust. 1. Lipid metabolism, J. Exp. Biol. 45:45.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Odhiambo, T.R., 1966b, The metabolic effects of the corpus allatum hormone in the male desert locust. II. Spontaneous locomotor activity, J. Exp. Biol. 45:51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. Pan, M.L., and Wallace, R.A., 1974, Cecropia vitellogenin: Isolation and characterization, Am. Zool. 14:1239.Google Scholar
  147. Pearincott, J.V., 1960, Changes in the lipid content during growth and metamorphosis of the housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 55:167.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. Peled, Y., and Tietz, A., 1975, Isolation and properties of a lipoprotein from the haemolymph of the locust, Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 5:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Pette, D., 1965, Plan and Muster im zellularen Stoffwechsel, Naturwissenschaften 52:597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Pette, D., 1966, Mitochondrial enzyme activities, in: Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria, Volume 7 ( J.M. Tager, S. Papa, E. Quagliriello, and E.C. Slater, eds.), pp. 28–50, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
  151. Pettit, F.H., Pelley, J.W., and Reed, L.J., 1975, Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD ratios, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 65:575.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Pfeiffer, I.W., 1945, Effect of the corpora allata on the metabolism of adult female grasshopper, J. Exp. Zool. 99:183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Pitts, C.W., and Hopkins, T.L., 1965, Lipid composition of hibernating face flies, Proc. North Cent. Branch Entomol. Soc. Am. 20:72.Google Scholar
  154. Poels, C.L.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1969, The effect of corpus allatum implantation on the development of flight muscles and fat body in Locusta migratoria, Entomol. Exp. Appl. 12:312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Rademakers, L.H.P.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1977, Changes in the secretory activity of the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria induced by flight, Cell Tissue Res. 180:155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. Ramsay, R.R., and Tubbs, P.K., 1975, The mechanism of fatty acid uptake by heart mitochondria: An acylcarnitine-carnitine exchange, FEBS Lett. 54:21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Rankin, M.A., 1974, The hormonal control of flight in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, in: Experimental Analysis of Insect Behaviour ( L. Barton Browne, ed.), pp. 317–328, Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
  158. Rees, K.R., 1954, Aerobic metabolism of the muscle of Locusta migratoria, Biochem. J. 58:196.Google Scholar
  159. Robinson, N.L., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1974, The effects of locust adipokinetic hormone on flight muscle metabolism in vivo and in vitro, J. Comp. Physiol. 89:369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. Robinson, N.L., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1976, Adipokinetic hormone and flight metabolism in the locust, J. Insect Physiol. 22:1559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Robinson, N.L., and Goldsworthy, G.J., 1977, A possible site of action for adipokinetic hormone on the flight muscle of locusts, J. Insect Physiol. 23:153.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Rothstein, F., 1952, Biochemical changes during the embryonic development of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), Physiol. Zool. 25:171.Google Scholar
  163. Rudolfs, W., 1926, Studies on chemical changes during the life cycle of the tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Fab.). I. Moisture and fat, J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 34:249.Google Scholar
  164. Sacktor, B., 1965, Energetics and respiratory metabolism of muscular contraction, in: The Physiology of Insecta, Volume 2 ( M. Rockstein, ed.), pp. 483–580, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
  165. Sacktor, B., 1970, Regulation of intermediary metabolism, with special reference to the control mechanisms in insect flight muscle, Adv. Insect Physiol. 7:267.Google Scholar
  166. Sacktor, B., 1975, Utilization of fuels by muscle, in: Insect Biochemistry and Function ( D.J. Candy and B.A. Kilby, eds.), pp. 1–81, Chapman and Hall, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. Siakotos, A.N., 1960, The conjugated plasma proteins of the American cockroach. I. The normal state, J. Gen. Physiol. 43:999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. Smith, L.C., Pownall, H.J., and Gotto, A.M., Jr., 1978, The plasma lipoproteins: Structure and metabolism, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:751.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  169. Spencer, I.M., and Candy, D.J., 1976, Hormonal control of diacyl glycerol mobilization from fat body of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Insect Biochem. 6:289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  170. Staudte, H.W., and Pette, D., 1972, Correlations between enzymes of energy-supplying metabolism as a basic pattern of organization in muscle, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 41B: 533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  171. Steele, J.E., 1976, Hormonal control of metabolism in insects, Adv. Insect Physiol. 12:239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  172. Stephen, W.F., and Gilbert, L.I., 1970, Alterations in fatty acid composition during the metamorphosis of Hyalophora cecropia: Correlations with juvenile hormone titre, J. Insect Physiol. 16:851.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  173. Stevenson, E., 1966, Rapid oxidation of palmitate with concomitant phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-diphosphate by moth flight-muscle mitochondria, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 128:29.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Stevenson, E., 1968, The carnitine-independent oxidation of palmitate plus malate by moth flight-muscle mitochondria, Biochem. J. 110:105.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. Stevenson, E., 1969, Monoglyceride lipase in moth flight muscle, J. Insect Physiol. 15:1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  176. Stevenson, E., 1972, Haemolymph lipids and fat body lipases of the southern armyworm moth, J. Insect Physiol. 18:1751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. Stone, J.V., and Mordue, W., 1979, Isolation of granules containing adipokinetic hormone from locust corpora cardiaca by differential centrifugation, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 39:543.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. Stone, J.V., Mordue, W., Batley, K.E., and Morris, H.R., 1976, Structure of locust adipokinetic hormone, a neurohormone that regulates lipid utilisation during flight, Nature (London) 263:207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  179. Strong, F.E., 1964, Lipid composition of the egg from an aphid, Nature (London) 202:622.Google Scholar
  180. Strong, L., 1968a, The effect of enforced locomotor activity on lipid content of allatectomized males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, J. Exp. Biol. 48:625.Google Scholar
  181. Strong, L., 1968b, Locomotor activity, sexual behaviour, and corpus allatum hormone in males of Locusta, J. Insect Physiol. 14:1685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. Thomas, K.K., and Gilbert, L.I., 1968, Isolation and characterization of the hemolymph lipoproteins of the American silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 127:512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  183. Thomas, K.K., and Gilbert, L.I., 1969, The hemolymph lipoproteins of the silkmoth Hyalophora gloved: Studies on lipid composition, origin and function, Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1:293.Google Scholar
  184. Thomsen, E., 1952, Functional significance of the neurosecretory brain cells and the corpus cardiacum in the female blowfly, Calliphora eiythrocephala Meig., J. Exp. Biol. 29:137.Google Scholar
  185. Tietz, A., 1962, Fat transport in the locust, J. Lipid Res. 3:421.Google Scholar
  186. Tietz, A., 1967, Fat transport in the locust: The role of diglycerides, Eur, J. Biochem. 2:236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  187. Tietz, A., and Weintraub, H., 1978, Hydrolysis of glycerides by lipases of the fat body of the locust, Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 8:11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. Tietz, A., and Weintraub, H., 1980, The stereospecific structure of haemolymph and fat-body 1,2-diacylglycerol from Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 10:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. Tietz, A., Weintraub, H., and Peled, Y., 1975, Utilization of 2-acyl-s/7-glycerol by locust fat body microsomes. Specificity of the acyltransferase system, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 388:165.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. Valder, S.M., Hopkins, T.L., and Valder, S.A., 1969, Diapause induction and changes in lipid composition in diapausing and reproducing faceflies, Musca autumnalis, J. Insect Physiol. 15:1199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. Van den Hondel-Franken, M.A.M., and Flight, W.F.G., 1980, Tracheolization and the effects of implantation of corpora allata on the invagination of tracheoblasts into the developing flight muscle fibers of Locusta migratoria, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, (in press).Google Scholar
  192. Van den Hondel-Franken, M.A.M., Van den Broek, A.T.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980, Flight muscle development in Locusta migratoria: Effects of implantation of corpora allata on the attainment of metabolic enzyme activities, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 41:477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  193. Van der Horst, D.J., Baljet, A.M.C., Beenakkers, A.M.T., and Van Handel, E., 1978a, Turnover of locust haemolymph diglycerides during flight and rest, Insect Biochem. 8:369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  194. Van der Horst, D.J., Van Doom, J.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1978b, Dynamics in the haemolymph trehalose pool during flight of the locust, Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 8:413.Google Scholar
  195. Van der Horst, D.J., Van Doom, J.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1979, Effects of the adipokinetic hormone on the release and turnover of haemolymph diglycerides and on the formation of the diglyceride-transporting lipoprotein system during flight. Insect Biochem. 9:627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  196. Van der Horst, D.J., Houben, N.M.D., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980, Dynamics of energy substrates in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria during flight, J. Insect Physiol. 26:441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  197. Van Handel, E., 1974, Lipid utilization during sustained flight of moths, J. Insect Physiol. 20:2329.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  198. Van Handel, E., and Nayar, J.K., 1972, Turnover of diglycerides during flight and rest in the moth Spodoptera frugiperda, Insect Biochem. 2:8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  199. Van Marrewijk, W.J.A., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1979, Regulation of substrate mobilization of flight in locusts, J. Endocrinol. 80:67 P.Google Scholar
  200. Van Marrewijk, W.J.A., Van den Broek, A.T.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980a, Regulation of glycogenolysis in the locust fat body during flight, Insect Biochem., 10:675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  201. Van Marrewijk, W.J.A., Schrikker, A.E.M., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980b, Contents of nucleic and amino acids and rate of protein synthesis in developing flight muscles of Locusta migratoria, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 656:251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  202. Vogell, W., Bishai, F.R., Bucher, T., Klingenberg, M., Pette, D., and Zebe, E., 1959, Ober strukturelle und enzymatische Muster in Muskeln von Locusta migratoria, Biochem. Z. 332:81.Google Scholar
  203. Vogt, M., 1949, Fettkorper und Onocyten der Drosophila nach Extirpation der adulten Ringdriise, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 34:160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  204. Vroman, H.E., Kaplanis, J.N., and Robbins, W.E., 1965, Effect of allatectomy on lipid biosynthesis and turnover in the female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), J. Insect Physiol. 11:897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  205. Wajc, E., and Pener, M.P., 1971, The effect of the corpora allata on the flight activity of the male African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R&F), Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 17:327.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  206. Walker, P.R., and Bailey, E., 1969, A comparison of the properties of the phosphofructokinases of the fat body and flight muscles of the adult male desert locust, Biochem. J. 111:365.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  207. Walker, P.R., and Bailey, E., 1971, Effect of allatectomy on fat body lipogenic enzymes of the male desert locust during adult development, J. Insect Physiol. 17:1359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  208. Walker, P.R., Hill, L., and Bailey, E., 1970, Feeding activity, respiration, and lipid and carbohydrate content of the male desert locust during adult development, J. Insect Physiol. 16:1001.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  209. Weeda, E., Koopmanschap, A.B., de Kort, C.A.D., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980, Proline synthesis in fat body of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Insect Biochem. 10:631.Google Scholar
  210. Weis-Fogh, T., 1952, Fat combustion and metabolic rate of flying locusts, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 237:1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  211. Weis-Fogh, T., 1967, Metabolism and weight economy in migrating animals, particularly birds and insects, in: Insect Physiology ( J.W.L. Beament, and J.E. Treherne, eds.), pp. 143–159, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
  212. Wigglesworth, V.B., 1949, The utilization of reserve substances in Drosophila during flight, J. Exp. Biol. 26:150.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  213. Williams, C.B., 1958, Insect Migration, Collins, London.Google Scholar
  214. Wimer, L.T., and Lumb, R.H., 1967, Lipid composition of the developing larval fat body of Phormia regina, J. Insect Physiol. 13:889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  215. Wlodawer, P., and Lagwinska, E., 1967, Uptake and release of lipids by the isolated fat body of the wax moth larva, J. Insect Physiol. 13:319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  216. Wlodawer, P., Lagwinska, E., and Barariska, J., 1966, Esterification of fatty acids in the wax moth haemolymph and its possible role in lipid transport, J. Insect Physiol. 12:547.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  217. Wood, R., Harlow, R.D., and Lambremont, E.N., 1969, GLC analysis of Heliothis virescens triglycerides at various metamorphic stages, Lipids 4:159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  218. Worm, R.A.A., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980, Regulation of substrate utilization in the flight muscle of the locust, Locusta migratoria, during flight, Insect Biochem. 10:53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  219. Worm, R.A.A., Luytjes, W., and Beenakkers, A.M.T., 1980, Regulatory properties of changes in the contents of coenzyme A, carnitine and their derivatives in flight muscle metabolism of Locusta migratoria, Insect Biochem. 10:403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  220. Wyatt, G.R., and Pan, M.L., 1978, Insect plasma proteins, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:779.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  221. Yurkiewicz, W.J., and Oelsner, J., 1969, Neutral lipid metabolism during embryonic development of the Indian meal-moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28:955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  222. Zebe, E., 1953, Uber den respiratorischen Quotienten der Lepidopteren, Naturwissenschaften 40:298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  223. Zebe, E., 1954, Uber den Stoffwechsel der Lepidopteren, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 36:290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  224. Zebe, E., 1959, Die Verteilung von Enzymen des Fettstoffwechsels im Heuschreckenkorper, Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 31:309.Google Scholar
  225. Zebe, E., 1960, Condensing Enzyme und (3-keto-acyl thiolase in verschiedenen Muskeln, Biochem. Z. 332:328.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1981

Authors and Affiliations

  • A. M. T. Beenakkers
    • 1
  • D. J. Van der Horst
    • 1
  • W. J. A. Van Marrewijk
    • 1
  1. 1.Laboratory of Chemical Animal PhysiologyState University of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands

Personalised recommendations