Solvent Adsorption and Double-Layer Potential Drop at Electrodes

  • Sergio Trasatti
Chapter

Abstract

Although the primary importance of the solvent dipole contribution [gs(dip)] to the inner-layer potential drop (∆ø) was recognized long ago,1 the problem appears to be still unsettled quantitatively. This is because gs(dip) is not amenable to experimental measurement2 and thus it can only be derived indirectly through assumptions involving a model. There has recently been a strong revival of interest in the topic and a number of attempts3–15 have been made to quantify \({{g}^{{{H}_{2}}O}}\) (dip) for Hg and other metals. However, results often are in quantitative disagreement with each other and qualitative differences may be found especially in the starting models.

Keywords

Potential Drop Capacity Curve Zero Charge Hydration Free Energy Nonaqueous Solvent 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    A. Frumkin, Z. Phys. 35 (1926) 792.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    R. Parsons, in Modern Aspecs of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworths, London, 1954, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 33 (1971) 351.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    B. B. Damaskin and A. N. Frumkin, Electrochim. Acta 19 (1974) 173.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    B. E. Conway and H. P. Dhar, Croat. Chem. Acta 45 (1973) 109.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 59 (1975) 229.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    A. De Battisti and S. Trasatti, Croat. Chem. Acta 48 (1976) 607.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    B. B. Damaskin, U. V. Palm, and M. A. Salve, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 232.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    B. B. Damaskin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 75 (1977) 359.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    S. Trasatti, J. Chim. Phys. 72 (1975) 561.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    J O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, Electrochim. Acta 22 (1977) 41.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 64 (1975) 128.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    S. Trasatti, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 70 (1974) 1752.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    S. Trasatti, Gazz. Chim. Ital. 106 (1976) 219.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    S. Trasatti, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by H. Gerischer and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1977, Vol. 10.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    R. Payne, in Progress in Surface and Membrane Science, Ed. by J. F. Danielli, M. D. Rosemberg, and D. A. Cadenhead, Academic Press, New York, 1973, Vol. 6; previous reviews are also quoted in this paper.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    a) R. M. Reeves, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Plenum Press, New York, 1974, Vol. 9Google Scholar
  18. (b).
    B. E. Conway, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 8 (1977) 91.Google Scholar
  19. 18.
    W. Lorenz and G. Saliè, Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 218 (1961) 259.Google Scholar
  20. 19.
    R. Parsons, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1970, Vol. 7.Google Scholar
  21. 20.
    J. W. Schultze and K. J. Vetter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 44 (1973) 63.Google Scholar
  22. 21.
    A. Frumkin, B. Damaskin, and O. Petrii, J. Electroanal. Chem. 53 (1974) 63.Google Scholar
  23. 22.
    A. N. Frumkin, B. B. Damaskin, and O. A. Petrii, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 3.Google Scholar
  24. 23.
    A. N. Frumkin and O. A. Petrii, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 391.Google Scholar
  25. 24.
    A. N. Frumkin and O. A. Petrii, Electrochim. Acta 20 (1975) 347.Google Scholar
  26. 25.
    J. O’M. Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan, and K. Müller, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 274 (1963) 55.Google Scholar
  27. 26.
    D. M. Mohilner, in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Ed. by A. J. Bard, Dekker, New York, 1966, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  28. 27.
    M. J. Spaarnay, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1 (1967) 277.Google Scholar
  29. 28.
    J. O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 473.Google Scholar
  30. 29.
    J. A. Harrison, J. E. B. Randles, and D. J. Schiffrin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 48 (1973) 359.Google Scholar
  31. 30.
    A. Frumkin, Ergeb. Exakt. Naturwiss. 7 (1928) 235.Google Scholar
  32. 31.
    G. Gouy, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 7 (1917) 176.Google Scholar
  33. 32.
    A. N. Frumkin, Electrocapillary Phenomena and Electrode Potentials, Odessa, 1919.Google Scholar
  34. 33.
    A. N. Frumkin, Philos. Mag. 40 (1920) 363.Google Scholar
  35. 34.
    A. Frumkin and A. Gorodetzkaya, Z. Phys. Chem. 136 (1928) 451.Google Scholar
  36. 35.
    A. Frumkin, N. Polianovskaya, N. Grigoryev, and I. Bagotskaya, Electrochim. Acta 10 (1965) 793.Google Scholar
  37. 36.
    A. N. Frumkin, N. B. Grigoryev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 157 (1964) 957.Google Scholar
  38. 37.
    N. B. Grigoryev, V. A. Bulavka, and Yu. M. Loshkarev, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1404.Google Scholar
  39. 38.
    A. N. Frumkin, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 15 (1967) 61.Google Scholar
  40. 39.
    S. Trasatti, Chim. Ind. Milan 53 (1971) 559.Google Scholar
  41. 40.
    A. Frumkin and A. Gorodetzkaya, Z. Phys. Chem. 136 (1928) 215.Google Scholar
  42. 41.
    A. Murtazajew and A. Gorodetzkaya, Acta Physicochim. URSS 4 (1936) 75.Google Scholar
  43. 42.
    D. Grahame, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Electrochemistry, Consultants Bureau, New York, 1961, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  44. 43.
    D. C. Grahame, Anal. Chem. 30 (1958) 1736.Google Scholar
  45. 44.
    D. I. Leikis and E. S. Sevastyanov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 144 (1962) 1320.Google Scholar
  46. 45.
    A. N. Frumkin, N. S. Polyanovskaya, and N. B. Grigoryev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 157 (1964) 1455.Google Scholar
  47. 46.
    I. A. Bagotskaya, A. M. Morozov, and N. B. Grigoryev, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 873.Google Scholar
  48. 47.
    J. N. Butler and M. L. Meehan, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 3582.Google Scholar
  49. 48.
    J. R. Macdonald, J. Chem. Phys. 22 (1954) 1857.Google Scholar
  50. 49.
    R. J. Watts-Tobin, Philos. Mag. 6 (1961) 133.Google Scholar
  51. 50.
    N. F. Mott and R. J. Watts-Tobin, Electrochim. Acta 4 (1961) 79.Google Scholar
  52. 51.
    B. B. Damaskin, N. V. Nikolaeva-Fedorovich, and A. N. Frumkin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 121 (1958) 129.Google Scholar
  53. 52.
    C. A. Barlow, in Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise, Ed. by H. Eyring, Academic Press, New York, 1970, Vol. 9A.Google Scholar
  54. 53.
    A. Frumkin, B. Damaskin, N. Grigoryev, and I. Bagotskaya, Electrochim. Acta 19 (1974) 69.Google Scholar
  55. 54.
    A. Frumkin, I. Bagotskaya, and N. Grigoryev, Denki Kagaku 43 (1975) 2.Google Scholar
  56. 55.
    S. Levine, G. M. Bell, and A. L. Smith, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3534.Google Scholar
  57. 56.
    A. N. Frumkin, Svensk Kern. Tidskr. 77 (1965) 300.Google Scholar
  58. 57.
    B. Jakuszewski, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Chico. 9 (1961) 11.Google Scholar
  59. 58.
    V. Novakovsky, E. Ukshe, and A. Levin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 29 (1955) 1847.Google Scholar
  60. 59.
    L. I. Antropov, Ukr. Khim. Zh. 29 (1963) 555.Google Scholar
  61. 60.
    R. Vasenin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 27 (1953) 878; 28 (1954) 1672.Google Scholar
  62. 61.
    A. Frumkin, B. Damaskin, I. Bagotskaya, and N. Grigoryev, Electrochim. Acta 19 (1974) 75.Google Scholar
  63. 62.
    B. Jakuszewski and Z. Kozlowski, Rocz. Chem. 36 (1962) 1873.Google Scholar
  64. 63.
    J. R. Macdonald and C. A. Barlow, J. Chem. Phys. 36 (1962) 3062.Google Scholar
  65. 64.
    D. C. Grahame, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (1954) 4819.Google Scholar
  66. 65.
    D. C. Grahame, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 2093.Google Scholar
  67. 66.
    D. C. Grahame, Chem. Rev. 41 (1947) 441.Google Scholar
  68. 67.
    A. N. Frumkin, Z. A. lofa, and M. A. Gerovich, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 30 (1956) 1455.Google Scholar
  69. 68.
    A. Frumkin, Electrochim. Acta 2 (1960) 351.Google Scholar
  70. 69.
    J O’M. Bockris, M. Green, and D. A. J. Swinkels, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 743.Google Scholar
  71. 70.
    R. Parsons and F. G. R. Zobel, J. Electroanal. Chem. 9 (1965) 333.Google Scholar
  72. 71.
    J. E. B. Randles, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52 (1956) 1573.Google Scholar
  73. 72.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 257.Google Scholar
  74. 73.
    G. J. Hills and R. Payne, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61 (1965) 326.Google Scholar
  75. 74.
    B. E. Conway and L. G. M. Gordon, J. Phys. Chem 73 (1969) 3609.Google Scholar
  76. 75.
    G. J. Hills and S. Hsieh, J. Electroanal. Chem. 54 (1974) 289.Google Scholar
  77. 76.
    N. H. Cuong, C. V. D’Alkaine, A. Jenard, and H. D. Hurwitz, J. Electroanal. Chem. 51 (1974) 377.Google Scholar
  78. 77.
    P. Vanel, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 282 (1976) 287.Google Scholar
  79. 78.
    R. Parsons, Electrochim. Acta 21 (1976) 681.Google Scholar
  80. 79.
    J. O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 24Google Scholar
  81. 80.
    E. Lange and K. Mischenko, Z. Phys. Chem. 149 (1930) 1.Google Scholar
  82. 81.
    H. Gerischer, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1961, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  83. 82.
    D. L. Begley, D. A. Bryan, R. W. Alexander, R. J. Bell, and C. A. Goben, Surface Sci. 60 (1976) 99.Google Scholar
  84. 83.
    C. P. Smyth, Dielectric Behaviour and Structure, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955.Google Scholar
  85. 84.
    J. B. Hasted, Aqueous Dielectrics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1973.Google Scholar
  86. 85.
    J. B. Hasted, in Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, Ed. by W. A. P. Luck, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1974, p. 377.Google Scholar
  87. 86.
    P. Schuster, in Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, Ed. by W. A. P. Luck, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1974, p. 115.Google Scholar
  88. 87.
    F. H. Stillinger, in Advances in Chemical Physics, Ed. by I. Prigogine and S. Rice, Wiley, New York, 1975, Vol. 31.Google Scholar
  89. 88.
    L. Antropov, Kinetics of Electrode Processes and Null Points of Metals, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1960.Google Scholar
  90. 89.
    N. B. Grigoryev, V. P. Kuprin, and Yu. M. Loshkarev, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1842.Google Scholar
  91. 90.
    V. Ya. Bartenev, E. S. Sevastyanov, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 745.Google Scholar
  92. 91.
    K. V. Rybalka and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 3 (1967) 383.Google Scholar
  93. 92.
    N. B. Grigoryev, I. A. Gedvillo, and N. G. Bardina, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 409.Google Scholar
  94. 93.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 52 (1974) 313.Google Scholar
  95. 94.
    A. De Battisti and S. Trasatti, J. Chim. Phys. 74 (1977) 60.Google Scholar
  96. 95.
    B. Ershler, Usp. Khim. 21 (1952) 237.Google Scholar
  97. 96.
    A. Frumkin, Usp. Khim. 15 (1946) 385.Google Scholar
  98. 97.
    J. O’M. Bockris and S. D. Argade, J. Chem. Phys. 49 (1968) 5133.Google Scholar
  99. 98.
    A. N. Frumkin, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 394.Google Scholar
  100. 99.
    N. B. Grigoryev, S. A. Fateev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 1525.Google Scholar
  101. 100.
    N. B. Grigoryev, S. A. Fateev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 1633.Google Scholar
  102. 101.
    I. A. Bagotskaya, S. A. Fateev, N. B. Grigoryev, and A. N. Frumkin, Elektokhimiya 9 (1973) 1676.Google Scholar
  103. 102.
    A. M. Kalyuzhnaya, N. B. Grigoryev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 10 (1974) 1717.Google Scholar
  104. 103.
    S. D. Argade and E. Gileadi, in Electrosorption, Ed. by E. Gileadi, Plenum Press, New York, 1967.Google Scholar
  105. 104.
    V. A. Kiryanov, V. S. Krylov, and N. B. Grigoryev, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 408.Google Scholar
  106. 105.
    L. E. Rybalka and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1619.Google Scholar
  107. 106.
    M. Rosen, D. R. Flinn, and S. Schuldiner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1112.Google Scholar
  108. 107.
    T. N. Andersen, J. L. Anderson, D. D. Bodè, and H. Eyring, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 16 (1968) 449.Google Scholar
  109. 108.
    A. Frumkin, N. Balashova, and V. Kazarinov, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 1011.Google Scholar
  110. 109.
    A. Frumkin, O. Petry, and R. Marvet, J. Electroanal. Chem. 12 (1966) 504.Google Scholar
  111. 110.
    A. N. Frumkin and B. B. Damaskin, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworths, London, 1964, Vol. 3.Google Scholar
  112. 111.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 53 (1974) 335.Google Scholar
  113. 112.
    K. Müller, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 14 (1966) 224.Google Scholar
  114. 113.
    R. Parsons, Rev. Pure Appl. Chem. 7 (1968) 91.Google Scholar
  115. 114.
    A. Frumkin and B. Damaskin, Pure Appl. Chem. 15 (1967) 263.Google Scholar
  116. 115.
    B. B. Damaskin and A. N. Frumkin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 34 (1972) 191.Google Scholar
  117. 116.
    A. N. Frumkin, B. B. Damaskin, and A. A. Survila, J. Electroanal. Chem. 16 (1968) 493.Google Scholar
  118. 117.
    E. Dutkiewicz, J. D. Garnish, and R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 16 (1968) 505.Google Scholar
  119. 11s.
    B. Damaskin, A. Frumkin, and A. Chizhov, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 93.Google Scholar
  120. 119.
    B. B. Damaskin, A. A. Survila, and L. E. Rybalka, Elektrokhimiya 3 (1967) 146.Google Scholar
  121. 120.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 91 (1978) 1.Google Scholar
  122. 121.
    B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 428.Google Scholar
  123. 122.
    F. Pulidori, G. Borghesani, R. Pedriali, A. De Battisti, and S. Trasatti, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 74 (1978) 79.Google Scholar
  124. 123.
    J. E. B. Randles, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1963, Vol. 3.Google Scholar
  125. 124.
    J. E. B. Randles, XVième Conseil International de Chemie, Solvay, June 1972.Google Scholar
  126. 125.
    J Llopis, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworths, London, 1971, Vol. 6.Google Scholar
  127. 126.
    B. Kamienski, Electrochim. Acta 1 (1959) 272.Google Scholar
  128. 127.
    B. Case and R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1224.Google Scholar
  129. 128.
    H. J. M. Nedermeijer-Denessen and C. L. De Ligny, J. Electroanal. Chem. 57 (1974) 265.Google Scholar
  130. 129.
    E. J. W. Verwey, Rec. Tray. Chim. 62 (1942) 127.Google Scholar
  131. 130.
    N. A. Izmailov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 149 (1963) 884.Google Scholar
  132. 131.
    M. F. Halliwell and S. C. Nyburg, Trans. Faraday Soc. 59 (1963) 1126.Google Scholar
  133. 132.
    I. Eliezer and P. Krindel, J. Chem. Phys. 57 (1972) 1884.Google Scholar
  134. 133.
    E. J. W. Vervey, Rec. Tray. Chim. 61 (1942) 564.Google Scholar
  135. 134.
    F. H. Stillinger and A. Ben-Naim, J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 4431.Google Scholar
  136. 135.
    N. H. Fletcher, Philos. Mag. 18 (1968) 1287.Google Scholar
  137. 136.
    J. E. B. Randles and D. J. Schiffrin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 10 (1965) 480.Google Scholar
  138. 137.
    D. J. Schiffrin, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970) 2464.Google Scholar
  139. 138.
    J. Mingens and B. A. Pethica, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 69 (1973) 500.Google Scholar
  140. 139.
    H. J. M. Nedermeijer-Denessen and C. L. De Ligny, J. Electroanal. Chem. 59 (1975) 1.Google Scholar
  141. 140.
    M Blank and R. H. Ottewill, J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 2206.Google Scholar
  142. 141.
    R. J. Demchak and T. Fort, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 46. (1974) 191.Google Scholar
  143. 142.
    R. I. Kaganovich and A. N. Frumkin, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1338.Google Scholar
  144. 143.
    N. L. Jarvis and M. A. Scheiman, J. Phys. Chem.. 72 (1968) 74.Google Scholar
  145. 144.
    N. N. Kochurova, B. A. Noskov, and A. I. Rusanov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 227 (1976) 1386.Google Scholar
  146. 145.
    A. Frumkin and B. Damaskin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 66 (1975) 150.Google Scholar
  147. 146.
    B. E. Conway, H. P. Dhar, and S. Gottesfeld, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 43 (1973) 303.Google Scholar
  148. 147.
    M. E. Nicholas, P. A. Joyner, B. M. Tessem, and M. D. Olson, J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 1373.Google Scholar
  149. 148.
    G. Gouy, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 6 (1916) 5.Google Scholar
  150. 149.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 815.Google Scholar
  151. 150.
    W V. Kayser, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 56 (1976) 622.Google Scholar
  152. 151.
    T. Yamanaka and K. Tanabe, J. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 1723.Google Scholar
  153. 152.
    A. C. Zettlemoyer, F. J. Micale, and K. Klier, in Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, Ed. by F. Franks, Plenum Press, New York, 1975, Vol. 5.Google Scholar
  154. 153.
    E. McCafferty, V. Pravdic, and A. C. Zettlemoyer, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970) 1720.Google Scholar
  155. 154.
    R. G. Gast, E. R. Landa, and G. W. Meyer, Clays Clay Miner. 22 (1974) 31.Google Scholar
  156. 155.
    A. V. Volkov, A. V. Kiselev, and V. I. Lygin, Kolloidn. Zh. 38 (1976) 330.Google Scholar
  157. 156.
    H. Jeziorowski, H. Knözinger, W. Meye, and H. D. Müller, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 69 (1973) 1744.Google Scholar
  158. 157.
    A. C. Zettlemoyer, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 28 (1968) 343.Google Scholar
  159. 158.
    F. S. Baker and K. S. W. Sing, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 55 (1976) 605.Google Scholar
  160. 159.
    Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ. No. 500 (1952).Google Scholar
  161. 160.
    A. I. Vitvitskii and I. Ya. Tyuryaev, Zh. Prikl. Khim 49 (1976) 322.Google Scholar
  162. 161.
    O. Exner, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 37 (1972) 1425; 38 (1973) 799.Google Scholar
  163. 162.
    A. J. Appleby, Catal. Rev. 4 (1970) 221.Google Scholar
  164. 163.
    B. E. Conway and H. P. Dhar, Colloid Polym. Sci. 253 (1975) 11.Google Scholar
  165. 164.
    T. N. Andersen and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim. Acta 9 (1964) 347.Google Scholar
  166. 165.
    S. Cerny and V. Ponec, Catal. Rev. 2 (1968) 249.Google Scholar
  167. 166.
    O. Johnson, J. Catal. 28 (1973) 503.Google Scholar
  168. 167.
    G. Blyholder and R. W. Sheets, J. Catal. 39 (1975) 152.Google Scholar
  169. 168.
    C. F. Melius, Chem. Phys. Lett. 39 (1976) 287.Google Scholar
  170. 169.
    J. L. Cavanau, Water and Solute-Water Interactions, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1964.Google Scholar
  171. 170.
    J. E. Desnoyers and C. Jolicoeur, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworths, London, 1969, Vol. 5.Google Scholar
  172. 171.
    D. W. James, R. F. Armishaw, and R. L. Frost, J. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 1346.Google Scholar
  173. 172.
    G. Ebert and Ch. Ebert, Colloid Polym. Sci. 254 (1976) 25.Google Scholar
  174. 173.
    W. Drost-Hansen, Ind. Engin. Chem. 61 (1969) 10.Google Scholar
  175. 174.
    B. V. Derjagin, J. Phys. Chem. 1 (1932) 29.Google Scholar
  176. 175.
    A. Hartkopf and B. L. Karger, Acc. Chem. Res. 6 (1973) 209.Google Scholar
  177. 176.
    M. Salve and U. Palm, Uch. Zap. Tartu. Gos. Univ. 332 (1974) 71Google Scholar
  178. 177.
    M Haga and V. Past, Uch. Zap. Tartu. Gos. Univ. 235 (1969) 47.Google Scholar
  179. 178.
    A. N. Frumkin, N. B. Grigoryev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 2 (1966) 329.Google Scholar
  180. 179.
    A. N. Frumkin and N. B. Grigoryev, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 533.Google Scholar
  181. 180.
    M. S. Metsik, V. D. Perevertaev, V. A. Liopo, G. T. Timoshtchenko, and A. B. Kiselev, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 43 (1973) 662.Google Scholar
  182. 181.
    K. Kaneko, M. Serizawa, T. Ishikawa, and K. Inouye, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 48 (1975) 1764.Google Scholar
  183. 182.
    E. McCafferty and A. C. Zettlemoyer, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970) 1732.Google Scholar
  184. 183.
    T. McMullen, Can. J. Chem. 51 (1973) 4038.Google Scholar
  185. 184.
    R. Martens, H. Nägerl, and F. Freund, Ind. Chim. Belg. 38 (1973) 519.Google Scholar
  186. 185.
    V. A. Kiryanov and V. S. Krylov, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1596.Google Scholar
  187. 186.
    V. A. Kiryanov, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1175.Google Scholar
  188. 187.
    L. E. Rybalka, B. B. Damaskin, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 414.Google Scholar
  189. 188.
    R. Ya. Pullerits, U. V. Palm, and V. E. Past, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 886.Google Scholar
  190. 189.
    L. E. Rybalka, D. I. Leikis, and B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 62.Google Scholar
  191. 190.
    L. E. Rybalka, B. B. Damaskin, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 9.Google Scholar
  192. 191.
    L. Antropov, quoted in Ref. 59.Google Scholar
  193. 192.
    O. Klein and E. Lange, Z. Elektrochem. 43 (1937) 570.Google Scholar
  194. 193.
    D. J. Schiffrin, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 1632.Google Scholar
  195. 194.
    G. F. Dionne, J. Appl. Phys. 44 (1973) 5637.Google Scholar
  196. 195.
    E. Zaremba, Phys. Lett. 57A (1976) 156.Google Scholar
  197. 196.
    T. L. Einstein, Surface Sci. 45 (1974) 713.Google Scholar
  198. 197.
    T. B. Grimley, Proc. Phys. Soc. 92 (1967) 776.Google Scholar
  199. 198.
    D. K. Klemperer and J. C. Snaith, Surface Sci. 28 (1971) 209.Google Scholar
  200. 199.
    B. E. Nieuwenhuys, O. G. Van Aardenne, and W. M. H. Sachtler, Chem. Phys. 5 (1974) 418.Google Scholar
  201. 200.
    J Müller, Surface Sci. 45 (1974) 314.Google Scholar
  202. 201.
    D. F. Klemperer and J. C. Snaith, Surface Sci. 45 (1974) 314.Google Scholar
  203. 202.
    B. E. Nieuwenhuys, Surface Sci. 49 (1975) 363.Google Scholar
  204. 203.
    J. Müller, Surface Sci. 49 (1975) 681.Google Scholar
  205. 204.
    M. A. Chesters, M. Hussain, and J. Pritchard, Surface Sci. 35 (1973) 161Google Scholar
  206. 205.
    O. Johnson, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 19 (1972) 152; 20 (1972) 125.Google Scholar
  207. 206.
    F. C. Tomkins, in The Solid-Gas Interface, Ed. by E. A. Flood, Dekker, New York, 1967.Google Scholar
  208. 207.
    P. R. Antoniewicz, Surface Sci. 52 (1975) 703.Google Scholar
  209. 208.
    W. C. Meixner and P. R. Antoniewicz, Phys. Rev. B 13 (1976) 3276.Google Scholar
  210. 209.
    B. E. Niewenhuys, Ned. Tijdschr. Vacuumtech. 13 (1975) 41.Google Scholar
  211. 210.
    B. E. Nieuwenhuys and W. M. H. Sachtler, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58 (1977) 65.Google Scholar
  212. 211.
    R. R. Ford and J. Pritchard, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67 (1971) 216.Google Scholar
  213. 212.
    N. S. Polyanovskaya and A. N. Frumkin, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 246.Google Scholar
  214. 213.
    J W. Schultze, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 483.Google Scholar
  215. 214.
    J. W. Schultze, Electrochim. Acta 17 (1972) 451.Google Scholar
  216. 215.
    C. Kemball, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 90 (1947) 117.Google Scholar
  217. 216.
    R. Suhrmann, J. M. Heras, L. Viscido de Heras, and G. Wedler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 511.Google Scholar
  218. 217.
    R. Suhrmann, J. M. Heras, L. Viscido de Heras, and G. Wedler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 854.Google Scholar
  219. 218.
    C. M. Quinn and R. W. Roberts, Trans. Faraday Soc. 60 (1964) 899.Google Scholar
  220. 219.
    E. E. Huber and C. T. Kirk, Surface Sci. 5 (1966) 447.Google Scholar
  221. 220.
    E. V. Osipova, N. A. Shurmovskaya, and R. Kh. Burshtein, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 1139.Google Scholar
  222. 221.
    A. G. Pshenichnikov, R. Kh. Burshtein, and V. D. Kovalevskaya, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1465.Google Scholar
  223. 222.
    L. Ya. Egorov and I. M. Novoselskii, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 521.Google Scholar
  224. 223.
    A. N. Frumkin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 64 (1975) 247.Google Scholar
  225. 224.
    A. J. Sargood, C. W. Jowett, and B. J. Hopkins, Surface Sci. 22 (1970) 343.Google Scholar
  226. 225.
    C. W. Jowett, P. J. Dobson, and B. J. Hopkins, Surface Sci. 17 (1969) 474.Google Scholar
  227. 226.
    B. J. Hopkins, M. Leggett, and G. D. Watts, Surface Sci. 28 (1971) 581.Google Scholar
  228. 227.
    J. C. Fuggle, L. M. Watson, D. J. Fabian, and S. Affrossman, Surface Sci. 49 (1975) 61.Google Scholar
  229. 228.
    J. Kubota and K. Azuma, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 23 (1975) 190.Google Scholar
  230. 229.
    G. M. Kornacheva, R. Kh. Burshtein, and N. A. Shurmovskaya, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 81.Google Scholar
  231. 230.
    M. A. Leban and A. T. Hubbard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 74 (1976) 253.Google Scholar
  232. 231.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 54, (1974) 19.Google Scholar
  233. 232.
    R. L. Wells and T. Fort, Surface Sci. 32 (1972) 554.Google Scholar
  234. 233.
    N. A. Surplice and W. Brearly, Surface Sci. 52 (1975) 62.Google Scholar
  235. 234.
    M. A. Chesters and G. A. Somorjai, Surface Sci. 52 (1975) 21.Google Scholar
  236. 235.
    W M. H. Sachtler, G. J. H. Dorgelo, and A. A. Holscher, Surface Sci. 5 (1966) 221.Google Scholar
  237. 236.
    B. J. Wood, J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 2186.Google Scholar
  238. 237.
    I. G. Murgulescu and M. I. Vass, Rev. Roum. Chim. 13 (1968) 373.Google Scholar
  239. 238.
    J. H. Thomas and S. P. Sharma, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 13 (1976) 549.Google Scholar
  240. 239.
    A. Cetronio and J. P. Jones, Surface Sci. 44 (1974) 109.Google Scholar
  241. 240.
    D. M. Zehner, B. R. Appleton, T. S. Noggle, J. W. Miller, J. H. Barrett, L. H. Jenkins, and O. E. Schow, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12 (1975) 454.Google Scholar
  242. 241.
    R. W. Joyner, Surface Sci. 39 (1973) 450.Google Scholar
  243. 242.
    J. Lecoeur, C. Sella, J.-C. Martin, L. Tertian, and J. Deschamps, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 281 (1975) 71.Google Scholar
  244. 243.
    N. V. Smith, Phys. Rev. B 9 (1974) 1365.Google Scholar
  245. 244.
    A. N. Frumkin, quoted by A. Matsuda, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 23 (1975) 144.Google Scholar
  246. 245.
    G. C. Bond, Gold Bull. 5 (1971) 11.Google Scholar
  247. 246.
    G. C. Bond, P. A. Sermon, G. Webb, D. A. Buchanan, and P. B. Wells, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1973) 444.Google Scholar
  248. 247.
    G. C. Bond and P. A. Sermon, Gold Bull. 6 (1973) 102.Google Scholar
  249. 248.
    S. Trasatti, Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 98 (1975) 75.Google Scholar
  250. 249.
    R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 5 (1963) 397.Google Scholar
  251. 250.
    B. B. Damaskin, A. A. Survila, S. A. Vasina, and A. I. Fedorova, Elektrokhimiya 3 (1967) 825.Google Scholar
  252. 251.
    A. Hamelin and G. Valette, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 267 (1968) 127.Google Scholar
  253. 252.
    A. Hamelin and G. Valette, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 267 (1968) 211.Google Scholar
  254. 253.
    D. J. Schiffrin, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67 (1971) 3318.Google Scholar
  255. 254.
    G. J. Hills and R. N. Reeves, J. Electroanal. Chem. 31 (1971) 269.Google Scholar
  256. 255.
    T. I. Popova, N. A. Simonova, and L. M. Dubova, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 246.Google Scholar
  257. 256.
    M. P. Pyarnoya, U. V Palm, and N. B. Grigoryev, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 575.Google Scholar
  258. 257.
    V. A. Panin and K. V. Rybalka, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 1202.Google Scholar
  259. 258.
    B. B. Damaskin, I. M. Ganzhina, and R. V. Ivanova, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1540.Google Scholar
  260. 259.
    B B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 1123.Google Scholar
  261. 260.
    R. Parsons, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 261 (1961) 79.Google Scholar
  262. 261.
    R. Parsons and P. C. Symons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 64 (1968) 1077.Google Scholar
  263. 262.
    U. V. Palm, Yu. I. Erlikh, and T. E. Erlikh, Elektrokhimiya 10 (1974) 1180.Google Scholar
  264. 263.
    L. E. Rybalka and B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1062.Google Scholar
  265. 264.
    N. B. Grigoryev, A. M. Kalyuzhnaya, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1574.Google Scholar
  266. 265.
    N B. Grigoryev, V. P. Kuprin, and Yu. M. Loshkarev, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 638.Google Scholar
  267. 266.
    I. A. Bagotskaya, S. A. Fateev, N. B. Grigoryev, and N. G. Bardina, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 369.Google Scholar
  268. 267.
    N. B. Grigoryev and D. N. Machavariani, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 89.Google Scholar
  269. 268.
    V. S. Krylov and N. B. Grigoryev, Elektrokhimiya 7 (1971) 511.Google Scholar
  270. 269.
    N. B. Grigoryev and V. S. Krylov, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 763.Google Scholar
  271. 270.
    N. B. Grigoryev and D. N. Machavariani, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 87.Google Scholar
  272. 271.
    K. V. Rybalka, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 400.Google Scholar
  273. 272.
    A. Bewick and J. Robinson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 60 (1975) 163.Google Scholar
  274. 273.
    A. Bewick and J. Robinson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 71 (1976) 131.Google Scholar
  275. 274.
    R. Parsons, R. M. Reeves, and P. N. Taylor, J. Electroanal. Chem. 50 (1974) 149.Google Scholar
  276. 275.
    A. Frumkin and B. Damaskin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 66 (1975) 150.Google Scholar
  277. 276.
    R. Parsons, Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Butterworths, London, 1959.Google Scholar
  278. 277.
    J. O’M. Bockris and E. C. Potter, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 614.Google Scholar
  279. 278.
    J. O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, J. Electroanal. Chem. 68 (1976) 367.Google Scholar
  280. 279.
    D. D. Bodè, in Chemical Dynamics, Ed. by J. O. Hirschfelder, Wiley, New York, 1971, p. 361.Google Scholar
  281. 280.
    C. L. Gardner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 61 (1975) 113.Google Scholar
  282. 281.
    J. W. Schultze and F. D. Koppitz, Electrochim. Acta 21 (1976) 327.Google Scholar
  283. 282.
    N. F. Mott, R. Parsons, and R. J. Watts-Tobin, Philos. Mag. 7 (1962) 483.Google Scholar
  284. 283.
    J. O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido Univ. 23 (1975) 47.Google Scholar
  285. 284.
    K. Robinson and S. Levine, J. Electroanal. Chem. 47 (1973) 395.Google Scholar
  286. 285.
    B. A. Abd-El-Nabey and S. Trasatti, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 71 (1975) 1230.Google Scholar
  287. 286.
    A. De Battisti, B. A. Abd-El-Nabey, and S. Trasatti, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 72 (1976) 2076.Google Scholar
  288. 287.
    B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 428.Google Scholar
  289. 288.
    J. I. Padova, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworths, London, 1972, Vol. 7.Google Scholar
  290. 289.
    S. Levine, J. Mingins, and G. M. Bell, J. Electroanal. Chem. 13 (1967) 280. 29° J. B. Hasted, in Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, Ed. by F. Franks, Plenum Press, New York, 1972, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  291. 291.
    J. E. Chamberlain, M. N. Afsar, J. B. Hasted, M. S. Zafar, and G. J. Davies, Nature 225 (1975) 319.Google Scholar
  292. 292.
    H. P. Schwan, R. J. Sheppard, and E. H. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 64 (1976) 2257.Google Scholar
  293. 293.
    K. R. Foster and H. A. Resing, J. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 1390.Google Scholar
  294. 294.
    B. E. Conway, J. O’M. Bockris, and I. A. Ammar, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47 (1951) 756.Google Scholar
  295. 295.
    R. G. Barradas and J. M. Sedlak, Electrochim. Acta 17 (1972) 683.Google Scholar
  296. 296.
    R. Pottel, K. Giese, and U. Kaatze, in Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, Ed. by W. A. P. Luck, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1974, p. 391.Google Scholar
  297. 297.
    U. Kaatze, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 77 (1973) 447.Google Scholar
  298. 298.
    L. K. Partridge, A. C. Tansley, and A. S. Porter, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 2029.Google Scholar
  299. 299.
    M. A. V. Devanathan, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 264 (1961) 133.Google Scholar
  300. 300.
    C. N. R. Rao, in Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, Plenum Press, New York, 1972, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  301. 301.
    I. L. Cooper and J. A. Harrison, J. Electroanal. Chem. 66 (1975) 85.Google Scholar
  302. 302.
    R. R. Salem, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 48 (1974) 2581.Google Scholar
  303. 303.
    R. R. Salem, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 50 (1976) 1352.Google Scholar
  304. 304.
    P Jackson and G. D. Parfitt, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67 (1971) 2469.Google Scholar
  305. 305.
    G. E. Van Gils, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 30 (1969) 272.Google Scholar
  306. 306P.
    W Schindler, E. Waelti, and B. Fuerst, Chimia 30 (1976) 107. 307 V. N. Pak, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 48 (1974) 2338.Google Scholar
  307. 308J.
    A. Schufle, C.-T. Huang, and W. Drost-Hansen, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 54 (1976) 184.Google Scholar
  308. 309.
    P. C. Owzarski and W. E. Ranz, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3628.Google Scholar
  309. 310.
    F. W. Röllgen and H. D. Beckey, Surface Sci. 26 (1971) 100.Google Scholar
  310. 311.
    E. P. Mikheeva and N. P. Keier, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 219 (1974) 906.Google Scholar
  311. 312.
    A. J. Bennet, Surface Sci. 50 (1975) 77.Google Scholar
  312. 313.
    S. Gottsfeld and B. E. Conway, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 170 (1974) 1793.Google Scholar
  313. 314.
    J. R. Macdonald and C. A. Barlow, J. Chem. Phys. 39 (1963) 412.Google Scholar
  314. 315.
    G. D. Parfitt, in Progress in Surface and Membrane Science, Ed. by D. A. Cadenhead and J. F. Danielli, Academic Press, New York, 1976, Vol. 11.Google Scholar
  315. 316.
    F. Dumont, D. Van Tan, and A. Watillon, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 55 (1976) 678.Google Scholar
  316. 317.
    F. S. Baker, C. Phillips, and K. S. W. Sing, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Oxide-Electrolyte Interfaces, The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, 1973, p. 65.Google Scholar
  317. 318.
    B. E. Conway, D. J. Mackinnon, and B. V. Tilak, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970) 1203.Google Scholar
  318. 319.
    K. Johansson and J. C. Eriksson, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 40 (1972) 398.Google Scholar
  319. 320.
    V. N. Khabarov, A. I. Rusanov, and N. N. Kochurova, Kolloidn. Zh. 38 (1976) 120.Google Scholar
  320. 321.
    B. E. Conway, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 491.Google Scholar
  321. 322.
    K. W. Allen, D. R. Lewis, and K. G. A. Pankhurst, J. Chem. Soc. A (1971) 3028.Google Scholar
  322. 323.
    H. S. Frank, in Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, Ed. by F. Frank, Plenum Press, New York, 1972, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  323. 324.
    K. Tempelhoff, Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 257 (1976) 49.Google Scholar
  324. 325.
    H. S. Frank, in Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, Ed. by W. A. P. Luck, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1974, p. 9.Google Scholar
  325. 326.
    G. M. Bell and D. W. Salt, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 72 (1976) 76.Google Scholar
  326. 327.
    G. Nemethy, in Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions, Ed. by W. A. P. Luck, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1974, p. 73.Google Scholar
  327. 328.
    G. M. Bell and H. Sallouta, Mol. Phys. 29 (1975) 1621.Google Scholar
  328. 329.
    M. A. Ryazanov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 49 (1975) 788.Google Scholar
  329. 330.
    A. V. Karyakin, G. A. Kriventsova, and N. V. Soboleva, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 221 (1975) 1096.Google Scholar
  330. 331.
    J. W. Perram and S. Levine, Adv. Mol. Relaxation Processes 6 (1974) 85.Google Scholar
  331. 332.
    B. L. Lentz, A. T. Hagler, and H. A. Scheraga, J. Phys. Chem. 78 (1974) 1531.Google Scholar
  332. 333.
    M Weissmann and L. Blum, Trans. Faraday Soc. 64 (1968) 2605.Google Scholar
  333. 334.
    J. A. Pople, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser A 205 (1951) 163.Google Scholar
  334. 335.
    J Del Bene and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 52 (1970) 4858.Google Scholar
  335. 336.
    O. Ya. Samoilov, Structure of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and the Hydration of Ions, -Consultant Bureau, New York, 1965.Google Scholar
  336. 337.
    G. Nemethy and H. A. Scheraga, J. Chem. Phys. 36 (1962) 3382.Google Scholar
  337. 338.
    E. Forslind, Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 56 (1975) 12.Google Scholar
  338. 339.
    A. H. Narten, M. D. Danford, and H. A. Levy, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 43 (1967) 97.Google Scholar
  339. 340.
    R. W. Hendricks, P. G. Mardon, and L. B. Shaffer, J. Chem. Phys. 61 (1974) 319.Google Scholar
  340. 341.
    B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 63.Google Scholar
  341. 342.
    T. Smith, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 3 (1972) 161.Google Scholar
  342. 343.
    S. Levine, G. M. Bell, and M. Calvert, Can. J. Chem. 40 (1962) 518.Google Scholar
  343. 344.
    R. Parsons and J. M. Parry, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 992.Google Scholar
  344. 345.
    H. Dhar, B. E. Conway, and K. M. Joshi, Electrochim. Acta 18 (1973) 789.Google Scholar
  345. 346.
    J. Lawrence and R. Parsons, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3577.Google Scholar
  346. 347J.
    O’M. Bockris and D. A. Swinkels, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 736.Google Scholar
  347. 348.
    B. E. Conway and H. P. Dhar, Surface Sci. 44 (1974) 261.Google Scholar
  348. 349.
    A. Goel, A. S. N. Murthy, and C. N. R. Rao, Indian J. Chem. 9 (1971) 56Google Scholar
  349. 350.
    J. T. Law, Ph.D. Dissertation, Royal College of Science, London, 1951.Google Scholar
  350. 351.
    K. V. Rybalka and V. A. Panin, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 172.Google Scholar
  351. 352.
    L. S. Prabhumirashi and C. I. Jose, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 72 (1976) 1721.Google Scholar
  352. 353.
    G. H. F. Diercksen, W. P. Kraemer, and B. O. Roos, Theor. Chim. Acta 36 (1975) 249.Google Scholar
  353. 354.
    C. Braun and H. Leidecker, J. Chem. Phys. 61 (1974) 3104.Google Scholar
  354. 355.
    M. S. Gordon, D. E. Tallman, C. Monroe, M. Steinbach, and J. Armbrust, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97 (1975) 1326.Google Scholar
  355. 356.
    T. H. Spurling and I. K. Snook, Chem. Phys. Lett. 32 (1975) 159.Google Scholar
  356. 357.
    F. H. Stillinger and H. L. Lemberg, J. Chem. Phys. 62 (1975) 1340.Google Scholar
  357. 358.
    O. Matsuoka, E. Clementi, and M. Yoshimine, J. Chem. Phys. 64 (1976) 1351.Google Scholar
  358. 359.
    J H. Keighley and A. J. Whitaker, Mol. Phys. 31 (1976) 643.Google Scholar
  359. 360.
    A. Kitaura and K. Morokuma, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 10 (1976) 325.Google Scholar
  360. 361.
    L. L. Shipman, J. C. Owicki, and H. A. Scheraga, J. Phys. Chem. 78 (1974) 2055.Google Scholar
  361. 362.
    J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, J. Chem. Phys. 28 (1958) 707.Google Scholar
  362. 363.
    G. G. Susbielles, J. Electroanal. Chem. 12 (1966) 230.Google Scholar
  363. 364.
    C. W. De Kreuk, M. Sluyters-Rehbach, and J. H. Sluyters, J. Electroanal. Chem. 35 (1972) 137.Google Scholar
  364. 365.
    J. O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, and K. Müller, J. Chem. Phys. 44 (1966) 1445.Google Scholar
  365. 366.
    S. M. Nelson, H. H. Huang, and L. E. Sutton, Trans. Faraday Soc. 65 (1969) 225.Google Scholar
  366. 367J.
    O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 98 (1975) 43.Google Scholar
  367. 368.
    J. O’M. Bockris and M. A. Habib, An. Quim. 71 (1975) 952.Google Scholar
  368. 369.
    A. M. Morozov, N. B. Grigoryev, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 2 (1966) 1235.Google Scholar
  369. 370.
    C. V. D’Alkaine, E. R. Gonzalez, and R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 32 (1971) 57.Google Scholar
  370. 371.
    A. De Battisti and S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 59 (1975) 137.Google Scholar
  371. 372.
    R. Parsons and R. Payne, Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 98 (1975) 9.Google Scholar
  372. 373.
    R. Parsons, R. Peat, and R. M. Reeves, J. Electroanal. Chem. 62 (1975) 151.Google Scholar
  373. 374.
    A. De Battisti, V. Faggiano, and S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 73 (1976) 327.Google Scholar
  374. 375.
    J. E. B. Randles and K. S. Whiteley, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52 (1956) 1509.Google Scholar
  375. 376.
    D. C. Grahame, E. M. Coffin, J. I. Cummings, and M. A. Poth, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 1207.Google Scholar
  376. 377.
    W. Paik, T. N. Andersen, and H. Eyring, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 1891.Google Scholar
  377. 378.
    Z. Koczorowski and Z. Figaszewski, Rocz. Chem. 44 (1970) 191.Google Scholar
  378. 379.
    R. G. Barradas and J. M. Sedlak, Electrochim. Acta 17 (1962) 67.Google Scholar
  379. 380.
    M. Privat, J. Dupin, and R. Grand, J. Chim. Phys. 10 (1972) 1415.Google Scholar
  380. 381.
    J A. Harrison, J. E. B. Randles, and D. J. Schiffrin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 25 (1970) 197.Google Scholar
  381. 382.
    S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem., 82 (1977) 391.Google Scholar
  382. 383.
    K. V. Rybalka, Elektrokhimiya 7 (1971) 242.Google Scholar
  383. 384.
    V. A. Panin, K. V. Rybalka, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 390Google Scholar
  384. 385.
    B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 1258.Google Scholar
  385. 386.
    V. F. Ivanov, B. B. Damaskin, A. N. Frumkin, A. A. Ivashchenko, and N. I. Peshkova, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 279.Google Scholar
  386. 387.
    V. F. Ivanov, B. B. Damaskin, A. A. Ivashchenko, V. F. Khovina, and N. I. Melekhova, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 886.Google Scholar
  387. 388.
    H. D. Hurwitz and C. V. D’Alkaine, J. Electroanal. Chem. 42 (1973) 77.Google Scholar
  388. 389.
    R. R. Salem, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 43 (1969) 2876.Google Scholar
  389. 390.
    F. D. Koppitz and J. W. Schultze, Electrochim. Acta 21 (1976) 337.Google Scholar
  390. 391.
    V. V. Eletskii and Yu. V. Pleskov, Elektrokhimiya 10 (1974) 179.Google Scholar
  391. 392.
    B. E. Conway, J. G. Mathieson, and H. P. Dhar, J. Phys. Chem. 78 (1974) 1226.Google Scholar
  392. 393.
    I. L. Cooper and J. A. Harrison, J. Electroanal. Chem. 66 (1975) 85.Google Scholar
  393. 394.
    D. Schuhmann, P. Vanel, and C. Bertrand, J. Chim. Phys. 74 (1977) 643.Google Scholar
  394. 395.
    B. E. Conway, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 17 (1966) 481.Google Scholar
  395. 396.
    K. Heinziger, Z. Naturforsch. 31a (1976) 1073.Google Scholar
  396. 397.
    H. G. Hertz and C. Rädle, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 77 (1973) 521.Google Scholar
  397. 398.
    E. Clementi and H. Popkie, J. Chem. Phys. 57 (1972) 1077.Google Scholar
  398. 399.
    B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworths, London, 1954, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
  399. 400.
    M. J. Jaycock and J. C. R. Waldsax, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 70 (1974) 1501.Google Scholar
  400. 401.
    P. B. Barraclough and P. G. Hall, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 70 (1975) 2266.Google Scholar
  401. 402.
    R. W. Rice and G. L. Haller, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Catalysis, 1972, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1973, p. 317.Google Scholar
  402. 403.
    J. Clavilier and N. Van Huong, J. Electroanal. Chem. 41 (1973) 193.Google Scholar
  403. 404.
    K. Palts, R. Pullerits, and V. Past, Uch. Zap. Tartu. Gos. Univ. 235 (1969) 64.Google Scholar
  404. 405.
    R. Payne, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Wiley, New York, 1970, Vol. 7.Google Scholar
  405. 406.
    R. Payne, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 1548.Google Scholar
  406. 407.
    U. V. Palm, M. G. Byaèrtnyu, and E. K. Petyarv, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1849.Google Scholar
  407. 408.
    B. B. Damaskin, R. V. Ivanova, and A. A. Survila, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 767.Google Scholar
  408. 409.
    S. Minc, J. Jastrzebska, and M. Brzostowska, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 1161Google Scholar
  409. 410.
    G. H. Nancollas, D. S. Reid, and C. A. Vincent, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 3300.Google Scholar
  410. 411.
    E. Dutkiewicz and R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11 (1966) 196.Google Scholar
  411. 412.
    R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 53 (1974) 479.Google Scholar
  412. 413.
    R. Payne, J. Electroanal. Chem. 47 (1973) 265.Google Scholar
  413. 414.
    V. F. Ivanov, B. B. Damaskin, V. F. Khonina, A. A. Ivashchenko, and N. L Melekhova, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1852.Google Scholar
  414. 415.
    Z. N. Ushakova and V. F. Ivanov, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 1880.Google Scholar
  415. 416.
    W R. Fawcett and R. O. Loutfy, J. Electroanal. Chem. 39 (1972) 185.Google Scholar
  416. 417.
    B. B. Damaskin and Yu. M. Povarov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 140 (1961) 394.Google Scholar
  417. 418.
    D. C. Grahame, Z. Elektrochem. 59 (1955) 740.Google Scholar
  418. 419.
    R. Parsons and M. A. V. Devanathan, Trans. Faraday Soc. 49 (1953) 673.Google Scholar
  419. 420.
    S. Minc, J. Jastrzebska, and M. Jurkiewicz-Herbich, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 351.Google Scholar
  420. 421J.
    E. B. Randles, B. Behr, and Z. Borkowska, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 775.Google Scholar
  421. 422.
    J. D. Garnish and R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1754.Google Scholar
  422. 423.
    E. K. Petyar, K. A. Kolak, and U. V. Palm, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 100.Google Scholar
  423. 424.
    E. K. Petyar and U. V. Palm, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1343.Google Scholar
  424. 425.
    Z. N. Ushakova and V. F. Ivanov, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 485.Google Scholar
  425. 426.
    V. F. Ivanov, B. B. Damaskin, N. I. Peshkova, A. A. Ivashchenko, and V. F. Balashov, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 851.Google Scholar
  426. 427.
    S. Minc and J. Jastrzebska, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 135.Google Scholar
  427. 428.
    Z. Koczorowski and I. Zagorska, Rocz. Chem. 44 (1970) 911.Google Scholar
  428. 429.
    A. Mellier and M. Leard, J. Chim. Phys. 73 (1976) 379.Google Scholar
  429. 430.
    Z. N. Ushakova, V. F. Ivanov, V. F. Khonina, A. A. Ivashchenko, and N. I. Melekhova, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1883.Google Scholar
  430. 431.
    R. R. Salem, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 43 (1969) 1839.Google Scholar
  431. 432.
    R. R. Salem and A. F. Sharovarnikov, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1016.Google Scholar
  432. 433.
    D. I. Dzhaparidze, G. A. Tedoradze, and Sh. S. Dzheparidze, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 955.Google Scholar
  433. 434.
    D. I. Dzhaparidze, A. E. Kakhadze, and V. A. Chagelishvili, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1318.Google Scholar
  434. 435.
    R. Payne, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3598.Google Scholar
  435. 436.
    Ya. Dolido, R. V. Ivanova, and B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 567.Google Scholar
  436. 437.
    E. K. Petyarv and U. V. Palm, Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1836.Google Scholar
  437. 438.
    I. M. Ganzina, B. B. Damaskin, R. I. Kaganovich, and R. V. Ivanova, Elektrokhimiya 7 (1971) 362.Google Scholar
  438. 439.
    I. M. Ganzina, B. B. Damaskin, and R. I. Kaganovich, Electrokhimiya 8 (1972) 93.Google Scholar
  439. 440.
    R. R. Salem, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1096.Google Scholar
  440. 441.
    R. I. Kaganovich, B. B. Damaskin, and M. K. Kaisheva, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1359.Google Scholar
  441. 442.
    I. M. Ganzhina and B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1715.Google Scholar
  442. 443.
    U. V. Palm and E. K. Petyarv, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 139.Google Scholar
  443. 444.
    IN. R. Fawcett and R. O. Loutfy, Can. J. Chem. 51 (1973) 230.Google Scholar
  444. 445.
    P. Champion, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 269 (1969) 1159.Google Scholar
  445. 446.
    A. Frumkin, I. Bagotskaya, and N. Grigoryev, Z. Phys. Chem. 98 (1975) 3Google Scholar
  446. 447.
    N. B. Grigoryev, A. M. Kalyuzhnaya, and I. A. Bagotskaya, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 418.Google Scholar
  447. 448.
    N. B. Grigoryev and Yu. M. Povarov, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 471.Google Scholar
  448. 449.
    B. Case, N. S. Hush, R. Parsons, and M. E. Peover, J. Electroanal. Chem. 10 (1965) 360.Google Scholar
  449. 450.
    A. De Battisti and S. Trasatti, J. Electroanal. Chem. 48 (1973) 213.Google Scholar
  450. 451.
    R. Payne, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 489.Google Scholar
  451. 452.
    J Lawrence and R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 64 (1968) 751.Google Scholar
  452. 453.
    J. Lawrence and R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 64 (1968) 1656.Google Scholar
  453. 454.
    W R. Fawcett and M. D. Mackey, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 69 (1973) 634.Google Scholar
  454. 455.
    W. R. Fawcett and M. D. Mackey, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 70 (1974) 947.Google Scholar
  455. 456.
    T. Biegler and R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) App. 4.Google Scholar
  456. 457.
    V. A. Kuznetsov, N. G. Vasilkevich, and B. B. Damaskin, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1339.Google Scholar
  457. 458.
    B. Jakuszewski and Z. Kozlowski, Soc. Sci. Lodz. Acta Chim. 10 (1965) 5.Google Scholar
  458. 459.
    Z. Kozlowski and B. Jakuszewski, Soc. Sci. Lodz. Acta Chim. 11 (1966) 5.Google Scholar
  459. 460.
    B. Jakuszewski, Z. Kozlowski, and W. Granosik, Soc. Sci. Lodz. Acta Chim. 13 (1968) 15.Google Scholar
  460. 461.
    L. I. Antropov, M. A. Gerasimenko, and Yu. S. Gerasimenko, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1571.Google Scholar
  461. 462.
    S. Minc and I. Zagorska, Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 1211Google Scholar
  462. 463.
    D. Bax, C. L. De Ligny, and A. G. Remijnse, Rec. Tray. Chim. 91 (1972) 1225.Google Scholar
  463. 464.
    H. J. M. Denessen, C. L. De Ligny, and A. G. Remijnse, J. Electroanal. Chem. 51 (1974) 215.Google Scholar
  464. 465.
    I. Zagorska and Z. Koczorowski, Rocz. Chem. 44 (1970) 1559.Google Scholar
  465. 466.
    D. Bax, C. L. De Ligny, and M. Alfenaar, Rec. Tray. Chim. 91 (1972) 452.Google Scholar
  466. 467.
    C. L. De Ligny, H. J. M. Denessen, and M. Alfenaar, Rec. Tray. Chim. 90 (1971) 1265.Google Scholar
  467. 468.
    D. Bax, C. L. De Ligny, and A. G. Remijnse, Rec. Tray. Chim. 91 (1972) 965.Google Scholar
  468. 469.
    B. Jakuszewski, M. Przasnyski, and A. Siekowska, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Chim. 20 (1972) 43.Google Scholar
  469. 470.
    B. Jakuszewski, M. Przasnyski, H. Scholl, and A. Siekowska, Electrochim. Acta 20 (1975) 119.Google Scholar
  470. 471.
    H. J. M. Denessen, C. L. De Ligny, and A. G. Remijnse, J. Electroanal. Chem. 44 (1973) 153.Google Scholar
  471. 472.
    B. Jakuszewski and H. Scholl, Electrochim. Acta 17 (1972) 1105.Google Scholar
  472. 473.
    R. Parsons and B. T. Rubin, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 70 (1974) 1636.Google Scholar
  473. 474.
    U. Palm and V. Past, Usp. Khim. 44 (1975) 2035.Google Scholar
  474. 475.
    A. Frumkin and B. Damaskin, J. Electroanal. Chem., 79 (1977) 259.Google Scholar
  475. 476.
    A. N. Frumkin and B. B. Damaskin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 221 (1975) 395.Google Scholar
  476. 477.
    R. Payne, in Techniques of Electrochemistry, Ed. by E. Yeager and A. Salkind, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, Vol. 1, p. 71.Google Scholar
  477. 478.
    J. Clavilier and N. Van Huong, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 269 (1969) 736.Google Scholar
  478. 479.
    N. B. Grigoryev and A. M. Kalyuzhnaya, Elektrokhimiya 10 (1974) 1287.Google Scholar
  479. 480.
    L. E. Rybalka and B. B. Damaskin,Elektrokhimiya 9 (1973) 1562.Google Scholar
  480. 481.
    G. A. Dobrenkov and G. D. Shilotkach, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1416.Google Scholar
  481. 482.
    N. B. Grigoryev and D. N. Machavariani, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 406.Google Scholar
  482. 483.
    A. R. Alumaa and U. V. Palm, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 790.Google Scholar
  483. 484.
    Yu. P. Ipatov, V. V. Batrakov, and V. V. Shalaginov, Elektrokhimiya 12 (1976) 286.Google Scholar
  484. 485.
    Yu. P. Ipatov and V. V. Batrakov, Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1282.Google Scholar
  485. 486.
    N. B. Grigoryev, V. P. Kuprin, Yu. M. Loshkarev, and R. V. Malaya Elektrokhimiya 11 (1975) 1400.Google Scholar
  486. 487.
    B. B. Damaskin, V. M. Gerovich, I. P. Gladkikh, and R. I. Kaganovich, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 38 (1964) 2495.Google Scholar
  487. 488.
    B. B. Damaskin, I. P. Mishutushkina, V. M. Gerovich, and R. I. Kaganovich, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 38 (1964) 1797.Google Scholar
  488. 489.
    V. A. Panin, K. V. Rybalka, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 8 (1972) 1507. 498 V. Bartenev, E. Sevastyanov, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1868. 491 Z. Görlich, quoted in Ref. 472.Google Scholar
  489. 490.
    V. Bartenev, E. Sevastyanov, and D. I. Leikis, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970)Google Scholar
  490. 491.
    Z. Görlich, quoted in Ref. 472.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1979

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sergio Trasatti
    • 1
  1. 1.University of MilanMilanItaly

Personalised recommendations