The Development of Laser Safety Criteria—Biological Considerations

  • David H. Sliney
Chapter

Abstract

Concurrent with the development of laser technology, understanding of potential hazards associated with the use of lasers has been expanding. A far more elaborate and specific program of hazard control is now possible with the experience gained in the past few years. Initially, only commonsense safety guidelines could be developed based upon a qualitative understanding of the problem. Tentative safe exposure levels and more specific safety guidelines have resulted from quantitative information derived from two sources: (1) thresholds of injury from laser bioeffects studies, and (2) measurements of primary and reflected laser beam parameters encountered in field and laboratory hazard evaluations of hundreds of laser operations. An understanding of the quantitative aspects of the laser hazard problem is essential, for many safety guidelines applicable to one type of laser have been wrongly applied to a laser with completely different characteristics of wavelength and power output, causing completely different biological effects. This is understandable, considering that output powers of lasers in use today range from microwatts of some continuous-wave (CW) lasers to many gigawatts of pulsed lasers. Verhoeff and Bell (1916), writing at a time when the use of high-intensity man-made sources of radiant energy was increasing, stated very well the need for understanding the quantitative relationships of incident energy and the effects. “These relations have generally been left quite out of reckoning in discussing the subject, with the result of leading to vague and quite unwarranted conclusions as irrelevant as if one should condemn steam heating as dangerous because one can burn his finger upon a radiator.” The objective of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the quantitative as well as the qualitative aspects of laser hazards.

Keywords

Safe Level Pupil Size Pupil Diameter Ruby Laser Retinal Damage 
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Copyright information

© Plenum Press, New York 1971

Authors and Affiliations

  • David H. Sliney
    • 1
  1. 1.Laser-Microwave DivisionU.S. Army Environmental Hygiene AgencyEdgewood ArsenalUSA

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