Taxonomy of Mycobacteria

  • Michael Goodfellow
  • John G. Magee
Chapter

Abstract

Mycobacterium (Gr. n. myces a fungus; Gr. neut. dim. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. neut. n. Mycobacterium a fungus rodlet) is undeniably one of the most clinically important and intensively studied of bacterial taxa. Tuberculosis and leprosy, the most significant diseases caused by mycobacteria, have been recognized throughout recorded times. The taxonomic history of the genus Mycobacterium is intricate and difficult to disentangle from that of related taxa, notably Corynebacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus (1). Comprehensive reviews on the early taxonomic history of these genera are available (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

Keywords

Mycobacterium Avium Mycolic Acid Genus Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Abscessus Mycobacterium Intracellulare 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Bousfield IJ, Goodfellow M (1976) The “rhodochrous” complex and its relationships with allied taxa. In: Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 39–65. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Lechevalier MP (1976) The taxonomy of the genus Nocardia: Some light at the end of the tunnel? In: Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 1–38. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Barksdale L, Kim KS (1977) Mycobacterium. Bacteriol Rev 41:217–312.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1977) Nocardioform bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 31:159–180.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1981) Introduction to the coryneform bacteria. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Triiper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 1811–1826. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1981) The genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 2016–2027. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1984) Circumscription of the genus. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria. A Sourcebook, pp. 1–24. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Koch R (1882) Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose. Berliner Klin Wochenschr 19:221–238.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Timpe A, Runyon EH (1954) The relationship of “atypical” acid-fast mycobacteria to human disease. J Lab Clin Med 44:202–209.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Runyon EH (1958) Mycobacteria encountered in clinical laboratories. Leprosy Briefs 9:21.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Runyon EH (1959) Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 43:273–290.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1896) Atlas und Grundis der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speciellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik, 1st ed. Munchen: J.F. Lehmann.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Hansen GA (1880) Bacillus leprae. Virchow’s Arch 79:32–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Zopf W (1883) Die Spaltpilze. Breslau: Edward Trewendt.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA (1980) Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J System Bacteriol 30:225–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Goodfellow M, Wayne LG (1982) Taxonomy and nomenclature. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, pp. 471–521. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Wayne LG, Kubica GP (1986) Genus Mycobacterium. In: Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG, eds. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 1436–1457. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Lévy-Frébault VV, Portaels F (1992) Proposal for recommended minimal standards for the genus Mycobacterium and for newly described slowly growing Mycobacterium species. Int J System Bacteriol 42:315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Lechevalier MP, and Lechevalier HA (1970) Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int J System Bacteriol 20:435–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Schleifer KH, Kandier O (1972) Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Bacteriol Rev 36:407–477.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Suzuki K, Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1993) Cell envelopes and classification. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 195–250. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Cummins CS, Harris H (1958) Studies on the cell wall composition and taxonomy of Actinomycetales and related groups. J Gen Microbiol 18:173–189.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Brennan PJ (1988) Mycobacterium and other actinomycetes. In: Ratledge C, Wilkinson SG, eds. Microbial Lipids, Volume 1, pp. 203–298. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Minnikin DE, Goodfellow M (1980) Lipid composition in the classification and identification of acid fast bacteria. In: Goodfellow M, Board RG, eds. Microbiological Classification and Identification, pp. 189–256. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Minnikin DE (1988) Isolation and purification of mycobacterial wall lipids. In: Hancock IC, Poxton IC, eds. Bacterial Cell Surface Techniques, pp. 125–135. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Minnikin DE (1993) Mycolic acids. In: Kumar D, Weber N, eds. CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Analysis of Lipids, pp. 339–348. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Rainey FA, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E (1995) Dietzia, a new genus including Dietzia maris comb, nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J System Bacteriol 45:101–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Embley TM, Wait R (1994) Structural lipids of eubacteria. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Procaryotic Systematics, pp. 121–161. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Magee JG (1995) Clinically significant mycobacteria: classification and identification. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Lechevalier MP, DeBiévre C, Lechevalier HA (1977) Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: Phospholipid composition. Biochem System Ecol 5:249–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Lechevalier MP, Stern AE, Lechevalier HA (1981) Phospholipids in the taxonomy of actinomycetes. Zentbl Bakt ParasitKde Abt I Suppl 11, 111–116.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Collins MD (1994) Isoprenoid quinones. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 265–309. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Goodfellow M, Orlean PAB, Collins MD, Alshamaony L, Minnikin DE (1978) Chemical and numerical taxonomy of strains received as Gordona aurantiaca. J Gen Microbiol 109:57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Howarth OW, Grund E, Kroppenstedt RM (1986) Structural determination of a new naturally occurring cyclic vitamin K. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 140:916–923.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Collins MD, Howarth OW, Grand E, Kroppenstedt RM (1987) Isolation and structural determination of new members of the vitamin K series in Nocardia brasiliensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 41:35–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Goren MB, Cernich M, Brokl O (1978) Some observations on mycobacterial acid-fastness. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:151–154.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Draper P (1982) The anatomy of mycobacteria. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, pp. 9–52. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Sneath PHA (1992) International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Ludwig W, Neumaier J, Klugbauer N, Brockmann E, Roller C, Jilg S, Reetz K, Schachter I, Ludvigsen A, Bachleitner M, Fischer U, Schleifer KH (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase β-subunit genes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64:285–305.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Woese C (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221–271.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Embley TM, Stackebrandt E (1994) The molecular phylogeny and systematics of the actinomycetes. Annu Rev Microbiol 48:257–289.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Chun J (1995) Computer assisted classification and identification of actinomycetes. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Rainey FA, Burghardt J, Kroppenstedt RM, Klatte S, Stackebrandt E (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Rhodococcus and Nocardia and evidence for the evolutionary origin of the genus Nocardia from within the radiation of Rhodococcus species. Microbiology 141:523–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Pascual C, Lawson PA, Farrow JAE, Gimenez MN, Collins MD (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int J System Bacteriol 45:724–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Ruimy R, Riegel P, Boiron P, Monteil H, Christen R (1995) Phylogeny of the genus Corynebacterium deduced from analyses of small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Int J System Bacteriol 45:740–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1907) Lehmann’s Medizin, Handatlanten. X. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speciellen bacteriologischen Diagnostik, 4 auflage Teil 2. Munich: J.F. Lehmann.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Chester FD (1897) Report of the mycologist: Bacteriological work. Delaware Agric Exp Station Bull 9:38–145.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Castellani A, Chalmers AJ (1919) Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd. edn. New York: William, Wood and Co.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Jukes TH, Cantor CR (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro HN, ed. Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21–132. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molec Biol Evol 4:406–425.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Fitch WM, Margoliash E (1967) Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155:279–284.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Kluge A, Farris FS (1969) Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. System Zool 18:1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Goodfellow M (1992) The family Nocardiaceae. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 1188–1213. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Boiron P, Provost F, Dupont B (1993) Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Nocardiosis. Paris: Institut Pasteur.Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Uchida K, Aida K (1979) Taxonomic significance of cell wall acyl type in Corynebacterium-Mycobacterium-Nocardia group by a glycolate test. J Gen Appl Microbiol 25:169–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Minnikin DE, Dobson G, Goodfellow M, Draper P, Magnusson M (1985) Quantitative comparison of the mycolic and fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium gordonae. J Gen Microbiol 131:2013–2021.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Parlett JH, Goodfellow M, Magnusson M (1984) Mycolic acid patterns of some species of Mycobacterium. Arch Microbiol 139:225–231.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG, Goodfellow M, Grange JM (1984) Mycolic acid patterns of representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, “Mycobacterium peregrinum” and Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Gen Microbiol 130:363–367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Dobson G, Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Parlett JH, Goodfellow M, Ridell M, Magnusson M (1985) Systematic analysis of complex mycobacterial lipids. In: Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE, eds. Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 237–265. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Chun J, Kang S-O, Hah Y-C, Goodfellow M (1996) Phylogeny of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes. J Ind Microbiol 17:205–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Collins MD, Burton RA, Jones D (1988) Corynebacterium amycolatum sp. nov. a new mycolic acid-less Corynebacterium species from human skin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 49:349–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Funke G, Stubbs S, Altwegg M, Carlotte A, Collins MD (1994) Turicella otitidis gen. nov., sp. nov., a coryneform bacterium isolated from patients with otitis media. Int J System Bacteriol 44:270–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Fox GE, Stackebrandt E (1987) The application of 16S rRNA sequencing to bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19:406–458.Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Rogall T, Wolters J, Flohr T, Böttger EC (1990) Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 40:323–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Stahl DA, Urbance JW (1990) The division between fast-and slow-growing species corresponds to natural relationships among the mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 172:116–124.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Pitulle C, Dorsch M, Kazda J, Wolters J, Stackebrandt E (1992) Phylogeny of rapidly growing members of the genus Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 42:337–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Stackebrandt E, Smida J (1988) The phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium as determined by 16S rRNA sequences and development of DNA probes In: Okami Y, Beppu T, Ogawara H, eds. Biology of Actinomycetes ′88, pp. 244–250. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Böttger EC, Hirschel B, Coyle MB (1993) Mycobacterium genavense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:841–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Meier A, Kirschner P, Schröder K-H, Wolters J, Kroppenstedt RM, Böttger EC (1993) Mycobacterium intermedium sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:204–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Springer B, Kirschner P, Rost-Meyer G, Schröder K-H, Kroppenstedt RM, Böttger EC (1993) Mycobacterium interjectum, a new species isolated from a patient with chronic lymphadenitis. J Clin Microbiol 31:3083–3089.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Wayne LG (1959) Quantitative aspects of neutral red reactions of typical and “atypical” mycobacteria. Am Rev Tuber Pulm Dis 79:526.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Wayne LG (1967) Selection of characters for an Adansonian analysis of mycobacterial taxonomy. J Bacteriol 93:1382–1391.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Kubica GP, Silcox VA, Kilburn JO, Smithwick RW, Beam RE, Jones WD, Stottmeier KD (1970) Differential identification of mycobacteria. VI. Mycobacterium triviale Kubica sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 20:161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Bremer H, Dennis PP, (1987) Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell growth rate. In: Neidhardt FC et al., eds. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology.Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Bercovier H, Kafri O, Sela S (1986) Mycobacteria possess a surprisingly small number of ribosomal RNA genes in relation to the size of their genome. Biochem Res Commun 136:1136–1141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Ji YE, Colston MJ, Cox RA (1994) Nucleotide sequence and secondary structures of precursor 16S rRNA of slow-growing mycobacteria. Microbiology 140:123–132.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Ji YE, Colston MJ, Cox RA (1994) The ribosomal RNA (rrn) operons of fast-growing mycobacteria: Primary and secondary structures and their relation to rrn operons of pathogenic slow-growers. Microbiology 140:2829–2840.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Tsukamura M (1967) Identification of mycobacteria. Tubercle, London 48:311–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Wayne LG, Dietz TM, Gernez-Rieux C, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kubica GP, Kwapinski JBG, Meissner G, Pattyn SR, Runyon EH, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Tacquet A, Tsukamura M, Wolinsky E (1971) A co-operative numerical analysis of scotochromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 66:255–271.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Wayne LG, Andrade L, Froman S, Käppier W, Kubala E, Meissner G, Tsukamura M (1978) A co-operative numerical analysis of Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum. J Gen Microbiol 109:319–327.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Beam RE, Blacklock Z, Chaparas SD, Dawson D, Froman S, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Lefford MJ, Mankiewicz E, McDurmont C, Meissner G, Morgan P, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Portaels F, Richards PA, Rüsch S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B (1981) First report of the co-operative open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 31:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Beam RE, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Lefford MJ, Mankiewicz E, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Portaels F, Richards PA, Rüsch S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Vandenbzeen I, Vergmann B (1983) Second report of the co-operative open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 33:265–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Levy-Frébault V, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Portaels F, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Van Den Breen L, Vergmann B, Yakrus MA (1989) Third report of the co-operative, open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 39:267–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Vincent-Lévy-Frébault V, McManus C, Portaels F, Rusch-Gerdes S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Tsukamura M, Van Der Breen L, Yakrus MA (1991) Fourth report of the co-operative, open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 41:463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Tsang A, Butler R, Dawson D, Groothuis D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Kilburn J, Kubin M, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Smith C, Thorel MF, Woodley C, Yakrus MA (1993) Serovar determination and molecular taxonomic correlation in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: A co-operative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 43:482–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Böttger EC, Butler R, Dorsch M, Ezaki T, Gross W, Jonas V, Kilburn J, Kirschner P, Krichevsky MI, Ridell M, Shinnick TM, Springer B, Stackebrandt E, Tarnok I, Tarnok Z, Tasaka H, Vincent V, Warren NG, Knott CA, Johnson R (1996) Semantide-and chemotaxonomy-based analyses of some problematic phenotypic clusters of slowly growing mycobacteria, a comparative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 46:280–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Goodfellow M, Lind A, Mordarska H, Pattyn S, Tsukamura M (1974) A co-operative numerical analysis of cultures considered to belong to the “rhodochrous” taxon. J Gen Microbiol 85:291–302.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Kubica GP, Baess I, Gordon RE, Jenkins PA, Kwapinski JBG, McDurmont C, Pattyn SR, Saito H, Silcox V, Stanford JL, Takeya K, Tsukamura M (1972) A co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 73:55–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Meissner G, Schröder KH, Amadio GE, Anz W, Chaparas S, Engel HWB, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Kubala E, Kubin M, Lauterbach D, Lind A, Magnusson M, Mikova ZD, Pattyn SR, Schaefer WB, Stanford JL, Tsukamura M, Wayne LG, Willers I, Wolinsky E (1974) A co-operative numerical analysis of nonscoto-and nonphoto-chromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 83:207–235.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Saito H, Gordon RE, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kwapinski JBG, McDurmont C, Pattyn SR, Runyon EH, Stanford JL, Tárnok I, Tasaka H, Tsukamura M, Weiszfeiler J (1977) Co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 27:75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Minnikin DE (1982) Lipids: Complex lipids, their chemistry, biosynthesis and role. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, Volume 1, pp. 95–184. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    Stanford JL, Grange JM (1974) The meaning and structure of species as applied to mycobacteria. Tubercle 55:143–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Lind A, Ridell M (1976) Serological relationships between Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium and the “rhodochrous” complex. In Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 220–235. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Chaparas SD, Brown TM, Hyman IS (1978) Antigenic relationships among species of Mycobacterium studied by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Int J System Bacteriol 28:547–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Daffé M, Lanéelle MA, Asselineau C, Lévy-Frébault V, David H (1983) Intérêt taxonomique des acides gras des mycobactéries: Proposition d’une méthode d’analyse. Ann Microbiol (Institut Pasteur) 134B:241–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Minnikin DE, Hutchinson IG, Caldicott AB, Goodfellow M (1980) Thin-layer chromatography of methanolysates of mycolic acid-containing bacteria. J Chromatogr 188:221–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Ausina V, Luquin M, Garcia-Barcelo M, Lanéelle MA, Lévy-Frébault V, Belda F, Prats G (1992) Mycobacterium alvei sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Butler WR, O’Connor SP, Yakrus MA, Smithwick RW, Plikaytis BB, Moss CW, Floyd MM, Woodley CW, Kilburn JO, Vadney FS, Gross WM (1993) Mycobacterium celatum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:539–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Häggblom MM, Nohynek LJ, Palleroni NJ, Kronqvist K, Nurmiaho-Lassila EL, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM (1994) Transfer of polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlowphenolicus (Apajalahti et al., 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 44:485–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Kazda J, Stackebrandt E, Smida J, Minnikin DE, Daffé M, Parlett JH, Pitulle C (1990) Mycobacterium cookii sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 40:217–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Kazda J, Múller HG, Stackebrandt E, Daffé M, Müller K, Pitulle C (1992) Mycobacterium madagascariense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:524–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Kazda J, Cooney R, Monaghan M, Quinn PJ, Stackebrandt E, Dorsch M, Daffé M, Müller K, Cook BR, Tárnok ZS (1993) Mycobacterium hiberniae sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:352–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Kirschner P, Teske A, Schröder KH, Kroppenstedt RM, Wolters J, Böttger EC (1992) Mycobacterium confluentis sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:257–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Koukila-Kähkölä P, Springer B, Böttger ER, Paulin L, Jantzen E, Katila M-L (1995) Mycobacterium branden sp. nov., a new potential human pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 45:549–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Luquin M, Ausina V, Vincent-Lévy-Frébault V, Lanéelle MA, Belda F, Garcia-Barcelo M, Prats G, Daffé M (1993) Mycobacterium brumae sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 43:405–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Lévy-Frébault V, Rafidinarivo E, Prome J-C, Grandry J, Boisvert H, David HL (1983) Mycobacterium fallax sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 33:336–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Padgitt PJ, Moshier SE (1987) Mycobacterium poriferae sp. nov., a scotochromogenic, rapidly growing species isolated from a marine sponge. Int J System Bacteriol 37:186–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Tsukamura M, Yano I, Imaeda T (1986) Mycobacterium moriokaense sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 36:333–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Valero-Guillén PL, Martin-Luengo F, Larsson L, Jiménez J, Juhlin I, Portaels F (1988) Fatty and mycolic acids of Mycobacterium malmoense. J Clin Microbiol 26:153–154.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Yassin AF, Binder C, Schaal KP (1993) Identification of mycobacterial isolates by thin-layer and capillary gas-chromatography under diagnostic routine conditions. Zentbl Bakteriol 278:34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Ratledge C (1982) Nutrition, growth and metabolism. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, Volume 1. Physiology, Identification and Classification, pp. 185–271. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Hall RM, Ratledge C (1984) Mycobactins as chemotaxonomic characters for rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 130:1883–1892.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Wayne LG, Sramek HA (1992) Agents of newly recognised or infrequently encountered mycobacterial diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 5:1–25.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Falkinham JO, lu (1996) Epidemiology of infection by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:177–215.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Gordon RE, Smith MM (1953) Rapidly-growing acid-fast bacteria. I. Species descriptions of Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann and Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan) Lehmann and Neumann. J Bacteriol 66:41–48.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Gordon RE, Smith MM (1955) Rapidly-growing acid-fast bacteria. II. Species descriptions of Mycobacterium fortuitum Cruz. J Bacteriol 69:502–507.Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Gordon RE, Mimh JM (1959) A comparison of species of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 21:736–748.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Bojalil LF, Cérbon J, Trujillo A (1962) Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 28:333–346.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Wayne LG (1964) The mycobacterial mystique: Deterrent to taxonomy. Am Rev Respir Dis 90:255–257.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Wayne LG (1967) Selection of characters for an Adansonian analysis of mycobacterial taxonomy. J Bacteriol 93:1382–1391.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Wayne LG (1981) Numerical taxonomy and co-operative studies: Roles and limits. Rev Infect Dis 3:822–828.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Wayne LG (1984) Mycobacterial speciation. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, pp. 25–65. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    Wayne LG (1985) Computer-assisted analysis of data from co-operative studies on mycobacteria. In: Goodfellow M, Jones D, Priest FG, eds. Computer-Assisted Bacterial Systematics, pp. 91–105. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Wayne LG, Engbaek HC, Engel HWB, Froman S, Gross W, Hawkins J, Käppier W, Karlson AG, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Kubica GP, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Schröder KH, Showalter S, Tárnok I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B, Wolinsky E (1974) Highly reproducible techniques for use in systematic bacteriology in the genus Mycobacterium: Tests for pigment, urease, resistance to sodium chloride, hydrolysis of Tween 80 and β-galactosidase. Int J System Bacteriol 24:412–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Wayne LG, Engel HWB, Grassi C, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Richards PA, Showalter S, Slosárek M, Szabo I, Tárnok I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B, Wolinsky E (1976) Highly reproducible techniques for use in systematic bacteriology in the genus Mycobacterium: Tests for niacin and catalase and for resistance to isoniazid, thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide, hydroxylamine and p-nitrobenzoate. Int J System Bacteriol 26:311–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Wayne LG, Krichevsky EJ, Love LI, Johnson R, Krichevsky MI (1980) Taxonomic probability matrix for use with slowly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 30:528–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Wayne LG, Krichevsky MI, Portyrata D, Jackson CK (1984) Diagnostic probability matrix for the identification of slowly growing mycobacteria in clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 20:722–729.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Goodfellow M, Manfio GP, Chun J (1996) Towards a practical species concept for cultivable bacteria. In: Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR, eds. Species: The Units of Biodiversity, pp. 25–59. Oxford: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Stackebrandt, E., and M. Goodfellow, eds. 1991. Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.Google Scholar
  131. 131.
    Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1993) Roots of bacterial systematics. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 3–54. London Academic Press.Google Scholar
  132. 132.
    Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1994) Chemosystematics: Current state and future prospects. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Procaryotic Systematics, pp. 1–20. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
  133. 133.
    Ravin AW (1960) The origin of bacterial species: Genetic recombination and factors limiting it between bacterial populations. Bacteriol Rev 24:201–220.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. 134.
    Ravin AW (1963) Experimental approaches to the study of bacterial phytogeny. Am Naturalist 97:307–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Colwell RR (1970) Polyphasic taxonomy of bacteria. In: Iizuka H, Hasegawa T, eds. Culture Collections of Microorganisms, pp. 421–436. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
  136. 136.
    Wayne LG, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, Grimont PAD, Kandier P, Krichevsky MI, Moore LH, Moore WEC, Murray RGE, Stackebrandt E, Starr MP, Trüper HG (1987) Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J System Bacteriol 37:463–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Britten RJ, Kohne DE (1968) Repeated sequences in DNA. Science 161:529–540.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    Stackebrandt E, Goebel BM (1994) Taxonomic note; A place for DNA:DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J System Bacteriol 44:846–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Kusunoki S, Ezaki T (1992) Proposal of Mycobacterium peregrinum sp. nov., nom. rev., and elevation of Mycobacterium abscessus (Kubica et al.) to species status: Mycobacterium abscessus comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:240–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. 140.
    Chester FD (1901) A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. New York: The Macmillan Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. 141.
    Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM, eds. (1923) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.Google Scholar
  142. 142.
    Hurley SS, Splitter GA, Welch RA (1988) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other members of the family Mycobacteriaceae. Int J System Bacteriol 38:143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. 143.
    Saxegaard F, Baess I, Jantzen E (1988) Characterisation of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by DNA: DNA hybridisation and cellular fatty acid analysis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 96:497–502.Google Scholar
  144. 144.
    Yoshimura HH, Graham DY, Estes MK, Merkel RS (1987) Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridisation. Clin Microbiol 25:45–51.Google Scholar
  145. 145.
    Springer B, Böttger E, Kirschner P, Wallace RJ Jr (1995) Phytogeny of the Mycobacterium chelonae-like organisms based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the proposal of Mycobacterium mucogenicum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 45:262–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. 146.
    Wayne LG (1985) The “atypical” mycobacteria; recognition and disease association. Crit Rev Microbiol 12:185–222.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. 147.
    Salfinger M, Pfyffer GE (1994) The new diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:961–979.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. 148.
    Drake TA, Hindier JA, Berlin OGW, Bruckner DA (1987) Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium complex in culture using DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 25:1442–1445.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. 149.
    Musial CE, Tice LS, Stockman L, Roberts GD (1988) Identification of mycobacteria from culture by using Gen-Probe Rapid Diagnostic System for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J Clin Microbiol 26:2120–2123.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. 150.
    Saito H, Tomioka H, Sato K, Tasaka H, Dawson DJ (1990) Identification of various serovar strains of Mycobacterium avium complex by using DNA probes specific for Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol 28:1694–1697.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. 151.
    Tasaka H, Kiyotani K, Matsuo Y (1983) Purification and antigenic specificity of alpha protein (Yoneda and Fukui) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Hiroshima J Med Sci 32:1–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    Tasaka H, Nomura T, Matsuo Y (1985) Specificity and distribution of alpha antigens of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofidaceum, and related species of mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:173–174.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. 153.
    Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1987) Intrinsic catalase dot blot immunoassay for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol 25:1687–1690.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. 154.
    Luquin M, Ausina V, Lόpez Calahorra F, Belda F, Garcia Barcelo M, Celma C, Prats G (1991) Evaluation of practical Chromatographic procedures for identification of clinical isolates of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 29:120–130.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    Butler WR, Thibert L, Kilburn JO (1992) Identification of Mycobacterium avium complex strains and some similar species by high performance liquid chromatography. J Clin Microbiol 30:2698–2704.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. 156.
    Murray RGE, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, de Vos P, Goodfellow M, Grimont PAD, Pfennig, NP, Stackebrandt E, and Zavarzin GA (1990) Report of the ad hoc committee on approaches to taxonomy within the Proteobacteria. International J System Bacteriol 40:213–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. 157.
    Castets, M, Rist N, Boisvert H (1969) La variété africaine du bacille tuberculeux humain. Méd Afrique Noire 16:321–322.Google Scholar
  158. 158.
    Karlsen AG, Lessel EF (1970) Mycobacterium bovis nom. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 20:273–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. 159.
    Aronson JD (1926) Spontaneous tuberculosis in salt water fish. J Infect Dis 39:315–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. 160.
    Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR, eds. (1957) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.Google Scholar
  161. 161.
    Fenner F (1950) The significance of the incubation period in infectious diseases. Med J Australia 2:813–818.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. 162.
    Grange JM (1981) Koch’s tubercle bacillus—a century reappraisal. Zentralblatt Bakteriol Originale A251:297–307.Google Scholar
  163. 163.
    Calmette A, Guérin C (1908) Sur quelques propriétés du bacille tuberculeux culture sur la bile. C R Acad Séances 147:1456–1459.Google Scholar
  164. 164.
    Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Dobson G, Goodfellow M, Portaels F, Van Den Breen L, Sesardic D (1983) Mycolic acid patterns of four vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Gen Microbiol 129:889–891.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  165. 165.
    Sisson PR, Freeman R, Magee JG, Lightfoot NF (1991) Differentiation between mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Tubercle 72:206–209.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. 166.
    David HL, Jahan M-T, Jumin A, Grandry J, Lehman EH (1978) Numerical taxonomy analysis of Mycobacterium africanum. Int J System Bacteriol 28:467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. 167.
    Wells AQ (1937) Tuberculosis in wild voles. Lancet 232:1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. 168.
    Smith N (1960) The “Dassie” bacillus. Tubercle 41:203–212.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  169. 169.
    Magnusson M (1980) Classification and identification of mycobacteria on the basis of sensitin specificity. In: Meissner G, Scheidel A, Nelles A, Pfaffenberg R, eds. Mykobakterien und mykobakterielle Krankheiten. Teil 1. Systematik det Mykobakterien, pp. 319–348. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.Google Scholar
  170. 170.
    Wayne LG, Diaz G A (1979) Reciprocal immunologic distances of catalase derived from Mycobacterium avium, M. tuberculosis and closely related species. Int J System Bacteriol 29:19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  171. 171.
    Baess I (1979) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of slowly-growing mycobacteria. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B87:221–226.Google Scholar
  172. 172.
    Magnusson M (1967) Identification of species of Mycobacterium on the basis of the specificity of the delayed type reaction in guinea pigs. Zeitsch Tuberkulose Erkrankungen Thoraxorgane 127:55–56.Google Scholar
  173. 173.
    Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1982) Serological, taxonomic and kinetic studies of the T and M classes of mycobacterial catalase. Int J System Bacteriol 32:296–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  174. 174.
    Thorel M-F, Krichevsky M, Lévy-Frébault VV (1990) Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 40:254–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. 175.
    Cuttino JT, McCabe AM (1949) Pure granulomatous nocardiosis, a new fungus disease distinguished by intracellular parasitism. Am J Clin Pathol 25:1–34.Google Scholar
  176. 176.
    Runyon EH (1959) Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 43:273–290.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  177. 177.
    Marchaux E, Sorel F (1912) Recherches sur la leprae. Ann Institut Pasteur 26:675–700.Google Scholar
  178. 178.
    Gross WM, Wayne LG (1970) Nucleic acid homology in the genus Mycobacterium. J Bacteriol 104:630–634.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  179. 179.
    Hawkins JE (1977) Scotochromogenic mycobacteria which appear intermediate between M. avium/intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:963–964.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. 180.
    Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1988) Detection of a novel catalase in extracts of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect Immun 56:936–941.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. 181.
    Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1986) A double staining method for differentiation between two classes of mycobacterial catalase in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Anal Biochem 157:89–92.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. 182.
    Baess I (1983) Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships between different serovars of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B91:201–203.Google Scholar
  183. 183.
    McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Thompson J, Chiodini R, Hermon-Taylor J (1987) The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to examine the Mycobacterium avium complex. Molec Microbiol 1:283–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. 184.
    Whipple DL, LeFebre B, Andrews RE, Thiermann AB (1987) Isolation and analysis of restriction endonuclease digestive patterns of chromosomal DNA from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and from other Mycobacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 25:1511–1515.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. 185.
    Crawford JT, Bates JH (1986) Analysis of plasmids in M. avium-intracellulare isolates from persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:659–661.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  186. 186.
    Meissner PS, Falkinham JO (1986) Plasmid DNA profiles of epidemiologic markers for clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. J Infect Dis 153:325–331.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  187. 187.
    Brennan PJ, Mayer H, Aspinall GO, Nam Shin JE (1981) Structures of the glycopeptidolipid antigens from serovars in the Mycobacterium avium/ Mycobacterium intracellulare/Mycobacterium scrofulaceum serocomplex. Eur J Biochem 115:7–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. 188.
    Wayne LG, Good RC, Tsang A, Butler R, Dawson D, Groothuis D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Kilburn J, Kubin M, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Smith C, Thorel MF, Woodley C, Yakrus MA (1993) Serovar determination and molecular taxonomic correlation in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: A cooperative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 43:482–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. 189.
    Wards BJ, Collins DM, DeLisle GW (1987) Restriction endonuclease analysis of members of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocomplex. J Clin Microbiol 25:2309–2313.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. 190.
    Johne HA, Frothingham L (1895) Ein eigenthümlicher fall von Tuberculose beim Rind. Deutsche Zeitschr Tiermedizine 21:438–454.Google Scholar
  191. 191.
    McFadden JJ, Collins J, Beaman B, Arthur M, Gitnick G (1992) Mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease: DNA probes identify the wood pigeon strains of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from human tissue. J Clin Microbiol 30:3070–3073.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  192. 192.
    Green EP, Tizard MLV, Moss MT, Thomson J, Winterbourne DW, McFadden JJ, Hermon-Taylor J (1989) Sequence and characteristics of IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn’s disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucl Acids Res 17:9063–9073.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  193. 193.
    Weiszfeiler G, Karasseva V, Karzag E (1971) A new Mycobacterium species: Mycobacterium asiaticum n. sp. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 18:247–252.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  194. 194.
    Karasseva V, Weiszfeiler J, Krasznay E (1965) Occurrence of atypical mycobacteria in Macacus rhesus. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 12:275–282.Google Scholar
  195. 195.
    Baess I, Magnusson M (1982) Classification of Mycobacterium simiae by means of comparative reciprocal intra-dermal sensitin testing on guinea pigs and deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 90:101–107.Google Scholar
  196. 196.
    Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1985) Identification of mycobacteria by specific precipitation of catalase with absorbed sera. J Clin Microbiol 21:721–725.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  197. 197.
    Wayne LG (1966) Classification and identification of mycobacteria. III. Species within group III. Am Rev Respir Dis 93:919–928.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  198. 198.
    Hauduroy P (1955) Derniers Aspects du Monde des Mycobacteries. Paris: Masson et Cie.Google Scholar
  199. 199.
    Magnusson M (1971) A comparative study of Mycobacterium gastri and Mycobacterium kansasii by delayed type skin reactions in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 104:377–384.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  200. 200.
    Huang ZH, Ross BC, Dwyer R (1991) Identification of Mycobacterium kansasii by DNA hybridisation. J Clin Microbiol 29:2125–2129.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  201. 201.
    Ross BC, Jackson K, Yang M, Sievers A, Dwyer B. Identification of a genetically distinct subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii. J Clin Microbiol 30:2930–2933.Google Scholar
  202. 202.
    Ross BC, Raios K, Jackson K, Dwyer B (1992) Molecular cloning of a highly repeated DNA element from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it’s use as an epidemiological tool. J Clin Microbiol 30:942–946.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  203. 203.
    Anz W, Schröder KH (1970) Photochromogene Stämme von Mycobacterium gastri Zentralblatt Bakteriol A214:553–554.Google Scholar
  204. 204.
    Norlin M, Lind A, Ouchterlony Ö (1969) A serologically based taxonomic study of Mycobacterium gastri. Zeitschr Immunitatsforsch Allergie Klinische Immunol 137:241–248.Google Scholar
  205. 205.
    Tsukamura M (1965) A group of mycobacteria from soil sources resembling nonphotochromogens (group III), a description of Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum. Med Biol 71:110–113.Google Scholar
  206. 206.
    Imaeda T, Broslawski G, Imaeda S (1988) Genomic relatedness among mycobacterial species by nonisotopic blot hybridisation. Int J System Bacteriol 38:151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  207. 207.
    Valdivia Alvarez JA, Ferra Salazar C, Echemendia Font M, Dumas Valdivisieso S (1975) Estudio de 16 cepas de microbacterias cromogenicas y de crecimiento rapido Rev Cubana Med Trop 27:213–233.Google Scholar
  208. 208.
    Meissner G, Schröder KH (1975) Relationship between Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium habana. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:196–200.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  209. 209.
    Thorel MF (1976) Utilisation d’une methode d’immunoelectrophorese bidimensionalle dans 1-etude des antigenes de Mycobacterium simiae et Mycobacterium habana. Ann Institut Pasteur Microbiol 127B:41–55.Google Scholar
  210. 210.
    Weiszfeiler JG, Karczag E (1976) Synonymy of Mycobacterium simiae Karasseva et al. 1965 and Mycobacterium habana Valdivia et al. 1971. Int J System Bacteriol 26:474–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  211. 211.
    Coyle MB, Carlson LDC, Wallis CK, Leonard RB, Raisys VA, Kilburn JO, Sanadpour M, Böttger EC (1992) Laboratory aspects of “Mycobacterium genavense”, a proposed species isolated from AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 30:3206–3212.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  212. 212.
    Schröder KH, Juhlin I (1977) Mycobacterium malmoense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 27:241–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  213. 213.
    Marks J, Jenkins PA, Tsukamura M (1972) Mycobacterium szulgai—A new pathogen. Tubercle 53:210–214.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  214. 214.
    Sompolinsky D, Lagziel A, Naveh D, Yankilevitz T (1978) Mycobacterium haemophilum sp. nov., a new pathogen of humans. Int J System Bacteriol 28:67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  215. 215.
    Sompolinsky D, Lagziel A, Rosenberg I (1979) Further studies of a new pathogenic mycobacterium (M. haemophilum sp. nov.). Can J Microbiol 25:217–26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  216. 216.
    Dawson DJ, Jennis F (1980) Mycobacteria with a growth requirement for ferric ammonium citrate, identified as Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol 11:190–192.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  217. 217.
    Damato JJ, Collins MT (1984) Radiometric studies with gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography for rapid demonstration of haem dependence and characterisation of Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol 20:515–518.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  218. 218.
    Portaels F, Dawson DJ, Larsson L, Rigouts L (1993) Biochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium haemophilum: Study of 16 isolates from Australian patients. J Clin Microbiol 31:26–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  219. 219.
    Besra GS, Minnikin DE, Rigouts L, Portaels F, Ridell M (1990) A characteristic phenolic glycolipid antigen from Mycobacterium haemophilum. Lett Appl Microbiol 11:202–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  220. 220.
    Kauppinen J, Pelkonen J, Katila M-L (1994) RFLP analysis of Mycobacterium malmoense strains using ribosomal RNA gene probes: An additional tool to examine intraspecies variation. J Microbiol Methods 19:261–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  221. 221.
    Springer B, Tortoli E, Richter I, Grünewald R, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Uschmann K, Suter F, Collins MD, Kroppenstedt R, Böttger EC (1995) Mycobacterium conspicuum sp. nov., a new species isolated from patients with disseminated infections. J Clin Microbiol 33:2805–2811.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  222. 222.
    Castelnuovo G, Morellini M (1962) Gli antigeni di alcuni dei cosidetti “Micobatten atipici” O “anonimi”. Ann Institute Carlo Forlanini 22:1–20.Google Scholar
  223. 223.
    Schaefer WB (1965) Serologic identification and classification of atypical mycobacteria by their agglutination. Am Rev Respir Dis 92(Suppl):85–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  224. 224.
    Schaefer WB (1968) Incidence of the serotypes of Mycobacterium avium and atypical mycobacteria in human and animal diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 97:18–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  225. 225.
    Jenkins PA, Marks J, Schaefer WB (1972) Thin layer chromatography of mycobacterial lipids as an aid to classification. The scotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. aquae, M. gordonae and M. flavescens. Tubercle 53:118–127.Google Scholar
  226. 226.
    Brennan PJ (1981) Structures of the typing antigens of atypical mycobacteria: A brief review of present knowledge. Rev Infect Dis 3:905–913.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  227. 227.
    Goslee S, Rynearson JK, Wolinsky E (1976) Additional serotypes of M. scmfulaceum, M. gordonae, M. marinum and M. xenopi determined by agglutination. Int J System Bacteriol 26:136–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  228. 228.
    Prissick FA, Masson AM (1956) Cervical lymphadenitis in children caused by chromogenic mycobacteria. J Can Med Assoc 75:798–803.Google Scholar
  229. 229.
    Judicial Commission (1978) Opinion 53. Rejection of the species name Mycobacterium marianum Penso 1953. Int J System Bacteriol 28:334.Google Scholar
  230. 230.
    Tsukamura M (1982) Mycobacterium shimoidei sp. nov., nom. rev., a lung pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 32:67–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  231. 231.
    Schwabacher H (1959) A strain of mycobacterium isolated from skin lesions of a cold blooded animal, Xenopus laevis, and it’s relation to atypical acid fast bacilli occurring in man. J Hyg Cambridge 57:57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  232. 232.
    Hansen GA (1874) Unders0gelser angående spedalskhedens årsager. Norsk Magazin Laegevidenskaben (Oslo, Norge) 3:88, LIU.Google Scholar
  233. 233.
    Shepard CC (1960) The experimental disease that follows the injection of human leprosy bacilli into foot-pads of mice. J Exp Med 112:445–454.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  234. 234.
    Kirchheimer WF, Storrs EE (1971) Attempts to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) as a model for the study of leprosy. (1). Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo. Int J Leprosy 39:693–702.Google Scholar
  235. 235.
    Portaels F, Francken A, Pattyn SR (1982) Bacteriological studies of armadillo livers infected with Mycobacterium leprae. Ann Soc Belge méd trop 62:233–245.Google Scholar
  236. 236.
    Portaels F, De Ridder K, Pattyn SR (1985) Cultivable mycobacteria isolated from organs of armadillos uninoculated and inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae. Ann Inst Pasteur/Microbiol 136A:181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  237. 237.
    Portaels F, Asselineau C, Baess I, Daffé M, Dobson G, Draper P, Gregory D, Hall RM, Imaeda T, Jenkins PA, Lanéelle MA, Larsson L, Magnusson M, Minnikin DE, Pattyn SR, Wieten G, Wheeler PR (1986) A comparative taxonomic study of mycobacteria isolated from armadillos with Mycobacterium leprae. J Gen Microbiol 132:2693–2707.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  238. 238.
    De Kesel M, Coene M, Portaels F, Cocito C (1987) Analysis of deoxyribonucleic acids from armadillo-derived mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 37:317–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  239. 239.
    Wallace RJ Jr (1994) Recent changes in taxonomy and disease manifestations of the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:953–960.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  240. 240.
    Tsukamura M, Nemoto H, Yugi H (1983) Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov., a porcine pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 33:162–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  241. 241.
    Gordon RE (1937) The classification of acid-fast bacteria. J Bacteriol 34:617–630.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  242. 242.
    Gordon RE, Hagan WA (1938) The classification of acid-fast bacteria. J Bacteriol 36:39–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  243. 243.
    Lind A, Ridell M (1984) Mycobacterial species: Immunological classification. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, Part A, pp. 67–82. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
  244. 244.
    Ridell M, Baker R, Lind A, Ouchterlony Ö (1979) Immunodiffusion studies of ribosomes in classification of mycobacteria and related taxa. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 59:162–172.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  245. 245.
    Takeya K, Tokiwa H (1972) Mycobacteriocin classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 22:178–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  246. 246.
    Baess I, Bentzon W (1969) Rapidly growing mycobacteria. Susceptibility to bacteriophages, reactions in the amidase test, production of acids from carbohydrates and growth at various temperatures. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B75:331–347.Google Scholar
  247. 247.
    Butler WR, Jost KC Jr, Kilburn JO (1991) Identification of mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography 29:2468–2472.Google Scholar
  248. 248.
    Yassin AF, Brzezinka H, Schaal KP (1993) Cellular fatty acid methyl ester profiles as a trial in the differentiation of members of the genus Mycobacterium. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 279:316–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  249. 249.
    Lévy-Frébault F, Grimont F, Grimont PAD, David HL (1986) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness study of the Mycobacterium fortuitum-Mycobacterium chelonae complex. Int J System Bacteriol 36:458–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  250. 250.
    Domenech P, Menendez MC, Garcia MJ (1994) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes in the differentiation of fast-growing mycobacterial species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 116:19–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  251. 251.
    Springer B, Böttger EC, Kirschner P, Wallace RJ Jr (1995) Phytogeny of Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and proposal of Mycobacterium mucogenicum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 45:262–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  252. 252.
    Moore M, Frerichs B (1953) An unusual acid-fast infection of the knee with subcutaneous, abscess-like lesions of the gluteal region; Report of a case with a study of the organism, Mycobacterium abscessus, n. sp. J Invest Dermatol 20:133–169.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  253. 253.
    Hill LR, Skerman VBD, Sneath PHA (1984) Corrigenda to the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int J System Bacteriol 34:508–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  254. 254.
    Redpath F, Seabury JH, Sanders CV, Domer J (1976) Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonae. South Med J 69:1244–1246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  255. 255.
    Bönicke R, Stottmeier JL (1965) Erkennung und Identifizierung von Stämmen der Species Mycobacterium borstelense. Beitr Klinck Erforsch Tuberkulose Lungenkrankheiten 130:210–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  256. 256.
    Stanford JL, Beck A (1969) Bacteriological and serological studies of fast growing mycobacteria identified as Mycobacterium friedmannii. J Gen Microbiol 58:99–106.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  257. 257.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1968) Classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 12:151–166.Google Scholar
  258. 258.
    Tsukamura M (1970) Differentiation between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium borstelense. Am Rev Respir Dis 101:426–428.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  259. 259.
    Weiszfeiler JG, Karasseva V, Karczag E (1969) Comparative studies on the taxonomic relationship between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium borstelense. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 16:317–379.Google Scholar
  260. 260.
    Jenkins PA, Marks J, Schaefer WB (1971) Lipid chromatography and seroagglutination in the classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 103:179–187.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  261. 261.
    Silcox VA, Good RC, Floyd MM (1981) Identification of clinically significant Mycobacterium fortuitum complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 14:686–691.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  262. 262.
    Baess, I (1982) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Acta Path Microbiol Scand B90:371–375.Google Scholar
  263. 263.
    Häggblom M, Nohynek LJ, Palleroni NJ, Kronqvist K, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM (1994) Transfer of polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (Apajalahti et al. 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 44:485–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  264. 264.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1981) Numerical analysis of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium obuense sp. nov., comb, nov., Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov., nom. rev., and Mycobacterium tokaiense sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 31:263–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  265. 265.
    Chamoiseau G (1973) Mycobacterium farcinogenes agent causal du farcin du boeuf en Afrique. Ann Microbiol Inst Pasteur (Paris) 124:215–222.Google Scholar
  266. 266.
    da Costa Cruz JC (1938) Mycobacterium fortuitum um novo bacillo acidoresistance pathogenico para o homen. Acta Med Rio de Janiero 1:297–301.Google Scholar
  267. 267.
    Chamoiseau G (1979) Etiology of farcy in African bovines: Nomenclature of causal organisms Mycobacterium farcinogenes Chamoiseau and Mycobacterium senegalense (Chamoiseau) comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 29:407–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  268. 268.
    Stanford JL, Gunthorpe WJ (1969) Serological and bacteriological investigation of Mycobacterium ranae (fortuitum). J Bacteriol 98:375–383.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  269. 269.
    Runyon EH (1972) Conservation of the specific epithet fortuitum in the name of the organism known as Mycobacterium fortuitum da Costa Cruz—Request for an opinion. Int J System Bacteriol 22:50–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  270. 270.
    Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (1974) Opinion 51. Conservation of the epithet fortuitum in the combination Mycobacterium fortuitum da Costa Cruz. Int J System Bacteriol 24:552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  271. 271.
    Haas H, Michel J, Sachs T (1974) Identification of Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium borstelense by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their cell proteins. Int J System Bacteriol 24:366–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  272. 272.
    Nakayama Y (1967) The electrophoretical analysis of esterase and catalase and its use in taxonomical studies of mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 11:95–101.Google Scholar
  273. 273.
    Van den Berghe DA, Pattyn SR (1979) Comparison of proteins from Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum and Mycobacterium terrae using flat bed electrophoresis. J Gen Microbiol 111:283–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  274. 274.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S, Tsukamura J (1979) Comprehensive numerical classification of 369 strains of Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus and Nocardia. Int J System Bacteriol 29:110–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  275. 275.
    Castelnuovo G, Guadiano A, Morellini M, Penso G, Rossi C (1960) Gli antigeni der micobatteri. Rend Inst Superiore de Sanita, Roma 23:1222–1233.Google Scholar
  276. 276.
    Gimpl F, Lanyi M (1965) Use of the gel-precipitation method for determining the type of mycobacteria and the clinical diagnosis. Bull Int Union Tuberculosis 36:22–25.Google Scholar
  277. 277.
    Drzins E (1960) Tuberculose das gias (Leptodactylus pentadactylus). Arch Inst Brasil Invest Tuberculose, Bahia 9:23–37.Google Scholar
  278. 278.
    Penso G, Castelnuovo G, Guadiana A, Prinivalle M, Vella L, Zampiere A (1952) Studi e recerche sui micobatteri. VIII. Un nuovo bacillo tuberculare; il Mycobacterium minettii n. sp.-studio microbiologico e patogenetico. Rend Inst Superiore de Sanita, Roma 15:491–548.Google Scholar
  279. 279.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Silcox VA, Tsukamura M, Nash DR, Steele LC, Steingrube A, Smith J, Sumter G, Zhang Y, Blacklock Z (1991) Clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and biochemical patterns of the unnamed third biovar complex of Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Infect Dis 163:598–603.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  280. 280.
    Kirschner P, Kiekenbeck M, Meissner D, Wolters J, Böttger EC (1992) Genotypic heterogeneity within Mycobacterium fortuitum complex species: Genotypic criteria for identification. J Clin Microbiol 30:2772–2775.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  281. 281.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Swenson JM, Silcox VA, Good RC, Tschen JA, Stone MS (1983) Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis 5:657–679.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  282. 282.
    Wolinsky E (1979) Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:107–159.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  283. 283.
    Ingram CW, Tanner DC, Durack DT, Kernodie GW Jr, Corey GR (1993) Disseminated infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 16:463–471.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  284. 284.
    Wallace RJ Jr (1994) Recent changes in taxonomy and disease manifestations of the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:953–960.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  285. 285.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Musser JM, Hull SI, Silcox VA, Steele LC, Forester GD, Labidi A, Seiander RK (1989) Diversity and sources of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with infections following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 159:708–716.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  286. 286.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Steele LC, Labidi A, Silcox VA (1989) Heterogeneity among isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria responsible for infections following augmentation mammoplasty despite case clustering in Texas and other southern coastal states. J Infect Dis 160:281–288.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  287. 287.
    Wallace RJ Jr, O’Brien R, Glassroth J, Raleigh J, Dutt A (1990) Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:940–953.Google Scholar
  288. 288.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Hull SL, Bobey DG, Price KE, Swensen JH, Steele LC, Christensen L (1985) Mutational resistance as the mechanism of acquired drug resistance to aminoglycosides and antibacterial agents in Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:409–416.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  289. 289.
    Pattyn SR, Magnusson M, Stanford JL, Grange JM (1974) A study of Mycobacterium fortuitum (ranae). J Med Microbiol 7:67–76.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  290. 290.
    Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG, Goodfellow M, Grange JM (1984) Mycolic acid pattern of Mycobacterium fortuitum, “Mycobacterium peregrinum”, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Gen Microbiol 130:363–367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  291. 291.
    Tsang AY, Barr VL, McClatchy JK, Goldberg M, Drupa I, Brennan PJ (1984) Antigenic relationship of the Mycobacterium fortuitum-M. chelonae complex. Int J System Bacteriol 34:35–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  292. 292.
    Asselineau J, Lanéelle MA, Chamoiseau G (1969) De l’etiologie du farcin de zebus tchadiens: Nocardiose ou mycobactériose? II. Composition lipidique. Rev Elevage Méd Véterin Pays Trop 22:205–209.Google Scholar
  293. 293.
    Chamoiseau G (1969) De l’etiologie du farcin de zebus tchadiens. Nocardiose ou mycobactériose? I. Étude bacteriologique et biochemique. Rev Elevage Méd Véterin Pays Trop 22:195–204.Google Scholar
  294. 294.
    El-Sanousi SM, Tag El-Din MH, Abdel Wahab SM (1977) Classification of bovine farcy organism. Trop Animal Health Product 9:124.Google Scholar
  295. 295.
    Lanélle G, Asselineau J, Chamoiseau G (1971) Présence de mycosides C′ (formes simplifié de mycoside C) dans les bactéries isolées de bovins atteint du farcin. FEBS Lett 19:109–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  296. 296.
    Baess I, Weiss Bentzon M (1978) Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation between different species of mycobacteria. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B86:71–76.Google Scholar
  297. 297.
    Ridell M, Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG (1982) Classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium senegalense by immunodiffusion and thin-layer chromatography of long-chain components. J Gen Microbiol 128:1299–1307.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  298. 298.
    Hall R, Ratledge C (1985) Equivalence of mycobactins from Mycobacterium senegalense, Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Gen Microbiol 131:1691–1696.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  299. 299.
    Hamid ME, Minnikin DE, Goodfellow M, Ridell M (1993) Thin layer Chromatographic analysis of glycolipids and mycolic acids from Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 279:354–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  300. 300.
    Besra GS, Gurcha SS, Khoo K-H, Morris HR, Dell A, Hamid ME, Minnikin DE, Brennan PJ (1994) Characterisation of the specific antigenicity of representatives of M. senegalense and related bacteria. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 281:415–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  301. 301.
    Ridell M, Goodfellow M (1983) Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa. J Gen Microbiol 129:599–611.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  302. 302.
    Ridell M (1981) Immunodiffusion analysis of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and some other mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Suppl 11:235–241.Google Scholar
  303. 303.
    Ridell M (1983) Immunodiffusion analysis of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and some other mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 129:613–619.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  304. 304.
    Tsukamura M, van der Meulen HJ, Grabow WOK (1983) Numerical taxonomy of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium parafortuitum complex: Mycobacterium austroafricanum sp. nov. and Mycobacterium diernhoferi sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 33:460–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  305. 305.
    Tsukamura M (1972) A new species of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium neoaurum Tsukamura n. sp. Med Biol 85:229–233.Google Scholar
  306. 306.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1977) Numerical analysis of relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 98:511–517.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  307. 307.
    Davison MB, McCormack JG, Blacklock ZM, Dawson DJ, Tilse MH, Cummins FB (1988) Bacteremia caused by Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Clin Microbiol 26:762–764.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  308. 308.
    Bönicke R, Juhasz SE (1965) Mycobacterium diernhoferi nom. sp., eine in der Umgebung des Rindes häufig vorkommende neue Mycobacterium-Species. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig 197:292–294.Google Scholar
  309. 309.
    Stanford JL, Wang JKC (1974) A study of the relationship between Nocardia and Mycobacterium diernhoferi—A typical fast growing Mycobacterium. Br J Exp Pathol 55:291–295.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  310. 310.
    Tsukamura M (1966) Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 45:253–273.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  311. 311.
    Bönicke R, Juhasz SE (1964) Beschreibung der neuen species Mycobacterium vaccae n. sp. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig 197:292–294.Google Scholar
  312. 312.
    Pattyn SR (1970) Agglutination with rapidly growing (Runyon’s Group IV) mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig A 215:99–105.Google Scholar
  313. 313.
    Tsukamura M (1967) Mycobacterium chitae: A new species. Japan J Microbiol 11:43–47.Google Scholar
  314. 314.
    Trevisan V (1889) I Generi e le Specie delle Bacteriacea. Milano: Zanaboni and Gabuzzi.Google Scholar
  315. 315.
    Alvarez E, Tavel E (1885) Rechérches sur le bacillé de lustgarten. Arch Physiol Normal Pathol 6:303–321.Google Scholar
  316. 316.
    Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1899) Lehmann’s Medizin Handatlanten. X. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik. 2 Auflage. Munchen, Germany.Google Scholar
  317. 317.
    Lind A (1960) Serological studies of mycobacteria by means of the diffusion-in-gel techniques. IV. The precipitinogenic relationships between different species of mycobacteria with special reference to M. tuberculosis, M. phlei, M. smegmatis and M. avium. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 17:300–322.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  318. 318.
    Norlin M (1965) Unclassified mycobacteria, a comparison between a serological and biochemical classification method. Bull Int Union Tuberculosis 36:25–32.Google Scholar
  319. 319.
    Magnusson M (1962) Specificity of sensitins. III. Further studies in guinea pigs with sensitins of various species of Mycobacterium and Nocardia. Am Rev Respir Dis 86:395–404.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  320. 320.
    Wallace RJ Jr, Nash DR, Tsukamura M, Blacklock ZM, Silcox VA (1988) Human disease due to Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Infect Dis 158:52–59.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  321. 321.
    Casai M, Rey Calero J (1974) Mycobacterium gadium sp. nov. a new species of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Tubercle 55:299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  322. 322.
    Stanford JL, Gunthorpe WJ (1971) A study of some fast-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria including species descriptions of Mycobacterium gilvum (new species) and Mycobacterium duvalii (new species). Br J Exp Pathol 52:627–637.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  323. 323.
    Kazda J, Müller K (1979) Mycobacterium komossense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 29:361–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  324. 324.
    Kazda J (1980) Mycobacterium sphagni sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 30:77–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  325. 325.
    Möeller A (1898) Microorganismen, die den Tuberkelbacillen verwandt sind und bei Thieren eine miliare Tuberkelkrankheit verursachen. Deutsche Med Wochenschr 24:376–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  326. 326.
    Möeller A (1898) Ueber den Tuberkelbacillus verwandte Microorganismen. Therapeut Monalshefte 12:607–613.Google Scholar
  327. 327.
    Jones WD Jr, Kubica GP (1968) Fluorescent antibody techniques with mycobacteria. III. Investigation of five serologically homogeneous groups of mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitKde Abt I Orig A207:58–62.Google Scholar
  328. 328.
    Kubica GP, Silcox VA, Hall E (1973) Numerical taxonomy of selected slow growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 74:159–167.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  329. 329.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1975) Differentiation among mycobacterial species by thin-layer chromatography. Int J System Bacteriol 25:271–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  330. 330.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1967) Numerical classification of atypical mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 11:233–241.Google Scholar
  331. 331.
    Tsukamura M (1968) Classification of scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 12:63–75.Google Scholar
  332. 332.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1978) A further study on the method of identification of mycobacteria by thin-layer chromatography after incubation with 35S-methionine. Kekkaku 54:15–27.Google Scholar
  333. 333.
    Tsukamura M (1972) Mycobacterium agri Tsukamura sp. nov. A relatively thermophilic Mycobacterium. Med Biol Tokyo 85:153–156.Google Scholar
  334. 334.
    Tsukamura M (1981) Numerical analysis of rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium agri (Tsukamura 1972) Tsukamura sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 31:247–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  335. 335.
    Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Toyama H (1983) Mycobacterium pulveris sp. nov., a nonchromogenic Mycobacterium with an intermediate growth rate. Int J System Bacteriol 33:811–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  336. 336.
    Band JD, Ward JI, Frazer DW, Peterson NJ, Silcox VA, Good RC, Ostroy PR, Kennedy J (1982) Peritonitis due to a Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism associated with intermittent chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Infect Dis 145:9–17.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  337. 337.
    Silcox VA, Good RC, Floyd MM (1981) Identification of clinically significant Mycobacterium fortuitum isolates. J Clin Microbiol 14:686–691.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  338. 338.
    Duvall CW, Wellman C (1912) A critical study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy, with consideration of their etiological significance. J Infect Dis 11:116–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  339. 339.
    Tsukamura M (1966) Mycobacterium paraforiuitum: A new species. J Gen Microbiol 42:7–12.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  340. 340.
    Canhos VP, Manfio GP, Blaine LD (1993) Software tools and databases for bacterial systematics and their dissemination via global networks. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64:205–229.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  341. 341.
    O’Donnell AG, Embley TM, Goodfellow M (1993) Future of bacterial systematics. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 513–524. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1998

Authors and Affiliations

  • Michael Goodfellow
  • John G. Magee

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations